COURSE OUTLINE
UNIT I. BASIC IDEAS IN STATISTICS
1.1. DEFINITION OF STATISTICS
1.2. APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
1.3 AREAS OF STATISTICS
1.3.1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1.3.2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1.4. POPULATION AND SAMPLE
1.5. PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
1.6. VARIABLE AND CONSTANT
UNIT II. TYPES OF DATA
2.1. QUALITATIVE DATA
2.2. QUANTITATIVE DATA
2.2.1 DISCRETE DATA
2.2.2 CONTINUOUS DATA
2.3. VARIABLES ACCORDING TO MEASUREMENT SCALES
2.3.1 NOMINAL
2.3.2 ORDINAL
2.3.3 INTERVAL
2.3.4 RATIO
2.4. VARIABLES ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
2.4.1. DEPENDENT
2.4.2 INDEPENDENT
UNIT III. COLLECTION OF DATA AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.1. SOURCES OF DATA
3.2. COLLECTION OF DATA
3.2.1. THE INTERVIEW METHOD
3.2.2. THE QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
3.2.3. THE REGISTRATION METHOD
3.2.4. THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.31. RANDOM SAMPLING
3.3.2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
[Link] STRATIFIED SAMPLING
[Link]. CLUSTER SAMPLING
[Link] MULTI STAGE SAMPLING
3.3.3. NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
[Link] PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
[Link] QUOTA SAMPLING
[Link] CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
UNIT IV. METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
4.1 TEXTUAL FORM
4.2 TABULAR FORM
4.3 GRAPHICAL FORM
4.3.1 LINE GRAPH
4.3.2. BAR GRAPH
4.3.3. CIRCLE GRAPH/PIE CHART
UNIT V. SUMMATION NOTATION
UNIT VI. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
6.1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
6.1.1. BASIC TYPES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
6.2 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
UNIT VII. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS
7.1 HISTOGRAM
7.2 FREQUENCY POLYGON
7.3. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY POLYGON OR "OGIVE"
UNIT VIII. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
A. MEAN
B. MODE
C. MEDIAN
UNIT IX. MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
A. RANGE
B. STANDARD DEVIATION
C. VARIANCE
UNIT X. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
A. PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL CURVE
2. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A. T-test
3. SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
UNIT XI. CORRELATION
A. PEARSONS PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
B. SPEARMAN'S RANK ORDER CORRELATION
UNIT I. BASIC IDEAS IN STATISTICS
1.1. Definition of Statistics
Statistics is a field of study concerned with collecting,
organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data
to make informed decisions. It transforms raw data into
meaningful insights.
📌 Etymology: Derived from the Latin "status", meaning
state or condition.
1.2. Application of Statistics
Statistics is used in virtually every field:
Education: Student performance, school ranking
Medicine: Drug trials, patient outcomes
Business: Market trends, consumer behavior
Government: Census, economic forecasting
Social Sciences: Surveys, public opinion
Engineering: Quality control, reliability testing
Case Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, statistics
guided policy through data on infection rates, mortality,
and vaccine effectiveness.
1.3. Areas of Statistics
1.3.1. Descriptive Statistics
Deals with summarizing and organizing data
Tools: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Tables,
Charts
Purpose: To describe the main features of a dataset
1.3.2. Inferential Statistics
Involves drawing conclusions about a population based on
a sample
Tools: Hypothesis testing, Confidence intervals, Regression
Purpose: To generalize and make predictions or decisions
✨ Analogy: Descriptive is like taking a photo, inferential is
like making a movie prediction based on a trailer.
1.4. Population and Sample
Population: The entire group under study (e.g., all senior
high students in the Philippines)
Sample: A subset of the population used to infer
information (e.g., 500 students from selected schools)
🎯 Why sample? It’s impractical and costly to study entire
populations.
1.5. Parameter and Statistic
Parameter: Numerical value that describes a characteristic
of a population (e.g., average height of all students)
Statistic: Value calculated from a sample (e.g., average
height from 100 students)
🔍 Remember: All statistics estimate parameters.
1.6. Variable and Constant
Variable: A characteristic that can change (e.g., age,
height, income)
Constant: A fixed value that does not change (e.g., number
of days in a week)
⚖️Variables are the core of statistical analysis.
UNIT II. TYPES OF DATA
2.1. Qualitative Data
Non-numeric, categorical
Examples: Gender, Civil Status, Eye Color
Usually analyzed through frequencies and percentages
Graphs: Pie chart, Bar graph
2.2. Quantitative Data
Numerical values
Can be subjected to arithmetic operations
2.2.1. Discrete Data
Countable values
Examples: Number of students, test scores
2.2.2. Continuous Data
Measurable values that can take on decimals
Examples: Height, weight, time, temperature
🔍 Discrete = countable; Continuous = measurable
2.3. Variables According to Measurement Scales
Measurement scales define the type of statistical analysis
applicable.
2.3.1. Nominal Scale
Categories only, no ranking
Examples: Blood type, nationality
Permissible Analysis: Mode, frequency
2.3.2. Ordinal Scale
Categories with ranking, but intervals not equal
Examples: Socioeconomic status (low, medium, high),
Likert scale responses
Permissible Analysis: Median, mode, non-parametric tests
2.3.3. Interval Scale
Ordered data with equal intervals, but no true zero
Examples: Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, IQ scores
Permissible Analysis: Mean, standard deviation, correlation
🚫 No "true zero": 0°C doesn’t mean the absence of
temperature
2.3.4. Ratio Scale
Ordered data with equal intervals and true zero
Examples: Weight, age, income, height
Permissible Analysis: All statistical operations including
ratios
✅ True zero allows meaningful multiplication and division
2.4. Variables According to Functional Relationship
2.4.1. Dependent Variable
The variable being measured or tested
Changes as a result of the independent variable
Example: Test score (dependent) changes based on hours
studied
2.4.2. Independent Variable
The variable manipulated or categorized to observe its
effect
Example: Number of hours studied
🎯 In experiments: Independent causes, Dependent reacts.
Suggested Class Activities:
1. Categorization Exercise
Give a list of variables. Ask students to categorize them:
Height – Ratio
Favorite color – Nominal
Temperature – Interval
Satisfaction rating – Ordinal
2. Group Work / Worksheet
Create a mini dataset (e.g., student heights, test scores)
Identify the population, sample, variables, scale of
measurement
3. Real-Life Discussion Prompt
“How does understanding levels of measurement affect
survey design and data interpretation in research?”
✅ Recap Quiz Sample (for 10 minutes)
Which of the following is an example of an ordinal scale?
What distinguishes interval from ratio scale?
What is the difference between parameter and statistic?
Identify the scale: Monthly income = _____ scale?
Classify the following variable: Number of siblings = _____
data?