Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

3 a right hand 5 a must conduct and must not be magnetic

b direction of the field lines inside the coil b so that all current flows in the section between the magnets
c direction of the current around the coils c ammeter
d increase the current; increase the number of coils per unit d Measure width of magnets.
length; add a ferrous core. e They balance the frame before the current is switched on;
e attract; the second coil will have a south pole at its right hand more are added when the magnetic force acts on the current.
end and will attract the north pole of the first coil f Find:
f reverse the current in one coil ● F from the weight of the small weights;
● I from the ammeter;
Exercise 26.2 Force on a current-carrying ● l from the width of the magnets.
conductor Then use B =
F
1 a– c Il
g Find F for several values of I and plot F against I; this should
produce a straight line through the origin.
N
Exam-style questions
F I
1 a magnetic flux density: the force experienced per unit length
by a long straight conductor carrying unit current and placed
S at a point in a magnetic field and at right angles to the field
b north pole
c attract; S-pole of A is facing N-pole of B
d The forces are equal in magnitude (but opposite in direction);
d Field lines of magnet and around current cancel on the left an example of Newton’s third law. A has a bigger current acted
(because they are in opposite directions); they add up on the on by a weaker field; B has a smaller current acted on by a
right; so force is to the left . stronger field, and the resulting forces are equal and opposite.
42
2 a thumb = direction of force 2 a 6.7 × 10 −5 N downwards into page
first finger = direction of magnetic field b 6.7 × 10 −5 N upwards out of page
second finger = direction of current c Current is parallel to magnetic field so θ = 0° and sinθ = 0.
(Or, current does not cut across field lines.)
b left-hand example: force towards top of page
right-hand example: force downwards into page
3 a F = force (newton, N) Chapter 27:
B = magnetic flux density (tesla, T)
Charged particles
I = current (amp, A)
l = length of conductor (metre, m) Exercise 27.1 Magnetic forces on particles
F Q = charge
b B = ; 1 T = 1 kg A − 1 s − 2 1 a
Il v = speed (or velocity)
c B, F and I θ = angle between direction of motion and magnetic field
d F = BIl sinθ b Must be moving at an angle to the magnetic field.
e 0.03 N c Not moving or moving along the magnetic field.
f B
mv 2
2 a F BQv sin θ = BQv =
R
mv
wire so, R =
I Bq
2π R 2π m
b T= =
v Bq
c v = rω
4 a 0.4 T
v Bq
b 160 μN = 1.6 × 10 −4 N so, ω = =
r m
c weight of wire = 0.2 N approximately; 1000 times the 3 a towards the centre of the circle
magnetic force
b into the page
 Answers

c The force is always at right angles to the motion and so does d between faces R and S
not move in its own direction, therefore the force does no e the electric force and the magnetic force on an electron
work on the electron.
f So there is no resultant force and electrons can move from
d 1.0 × 10 −17 N P to Q. Otherwise, if the forces are not equal, electrons will
e 4.3 × 10 −5 T build up on face R or S until the forces balance and then the
f 8.4 × 10 −7 s build-up stops.
g VH E × d Bvd
4 a a circular arc, a quarter of a circle
b upwards but, I = Anvq where A = area of face P = td
c to the left I
so, v =
d into the page Anq

e 1.6 × 10 −13 N BI
and, VH =
f electron deflected in opposite direction (downwards) and ntq
smaller radius of circle (more deflection in square) h 0.10 T
g reduce magnetic flux density i 2.0 × 10 −2 V m−1
j 0.19 m s −1
5 0.28 m
6 a 3.2 × 10 −19 C 3 a The magnetic field is caused by the current in the wire.
b 1.7 m b The plane of the probe and the B-field are parallel to each other.
c ion has larger mass or smaller charge c The B-field into the plane of the probe is reversed.
d The field from the current decreases with distance from the wire.
Exercise 27.2 Electric forces on charged e 3.1 × 1022 m−3
particles f 3.3 m s −1
g 4.3 × 10 −20 N
1 a speed of movement; direction of movement
h 4.3 × 10 −20 N
b No force in magnetic field; force in electric field forwards 43
horizontally. Both travel in a straight line but in the electric 4 a 6.5 × 1028 m−3
field the charge speeds up. b The number density of free electrons is much larger in the
c Force is out of page initially in magnetic field but towards the metal. With the same current, the velocity of the charge
centre of a circle and vertically upwards in electric field. Path carriers is smaller in the metal and the sideways force on the
is a horizontal circle in the magnetic field and not circular charge carriers is smaller, leading to a smaller Hall voltage.
(part of a parabola) in the electric field.

2 a Stays the same Exercise 27.4 The velocity selector

b increases 1 a towards the left
c stays the same, downwards b B-field is into the page
d acceleration is constant in direction; in circular motion the E
c v=
acceleration changes direction to be always towards the B
centre of the circle. d 2.0 × 105 m s −1
e 9.7 × 1011 m s −2 e 0.021 m
f acceleration is much larger than the acceleration due to f magnetic force is larger than electric force and ion deflected
gravity 10 m s −2 to left
g same shape but half the deflection downwards within
the field 2 a eE
h double the voltage across the plates; halve their separation b Bev
i both modifications double the electric field strength c downwards or down the page
d out of the page (current is to the left and the magnetic force is
up the page)
Exercise 27.3 The Hall effect
e The electric and magnetic forces are equal and cancel.
1 the production of a p.d. (voltage) across an electrical conductor
f The electric force and the magnetic force are both doubled
at right angles to both the electric current in the conductor and a
but are equal to each other.
magnetic field perpendicular to the current
g The magnetic force is larger than the electric force and the
2 a towards the left , face R electrons hit the top half of S2.
b from the front face S to the back face R
c face R
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

Exercise 27.5 The charge-to-mass ratio b At the start, the radii of the two circles are equal to each other
v
of a particle and, since specific charge = and v, B and r are the same for
Br
the two particles, the specific charges are equal.
1 a 1.8 × 1011 C kg−1 mv
c Speed is decreasing; since r = and the radius is decreasing,
b 9.4 × 107 C kg−1 Bq
v is decreasing.
c 4.7 × 107 C kg−1
3 a Into the front (largest) face; by Fleming’s left-hand rule
2 The forces are the same but as the mass of the proton is more it this produces a force upwards on the negatively charged
has less acceleration (F = ma). electrons moving from left to right.
mv 2 b i The voltage between A and B creates an electric field in
3 Bqv = the strip. This creates an electric force on the electrons
r
q v to cancel the magnetic force.
=
m rB ii Increasing the current increases the mean drift velocity
of the electrons and the magnetic force increases. More
4 4.7 × 107 C kg−1 electrons move to the top face to increase the electric
5 Obtain a beam of electrons and pass them through a velocity field until the forces cancel.
selector, adjusting the electric field until the electrons are c 8.5 × 1028 m−3
undeviated. This allows the speed of the electrons to be
measured as E . Then, pass electrons into just a magnetic field and
B
v.
Chapter 28:
measure the radius of curvature. Find specific charge using
rB
Electromagnetic induction
6 a Change in PE = qV = increase in kinetic energy = ½mv2
2vq Exercise 28.1 Flux, flux density and flux linkage
b v2 =
m
2Vq 1 magnetic flux: the magnetic flux density perpendicular to a circuit
so, v = multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the circuit
m
44 c Equate magnetic force on charged particle with centripetal magnetic flux linkage: magnetic flux through a circuit times the
force, so: number of turns
mv 2 magnetic flux density: the strength of a field equal to the force per
Bqv =
r unit length on a wire carrying unit current at right angles to the
2vq field
v =
2
m
the weber: the magnetic flux that passes through an area of 1 m2
q 2V
d = 2 2 when the magnetic flux density is 1 T
m r B
2 a Magnetic flux density gives the strength of the field or how
e Accelerate electrons through a measured p.d. and then pass
close together the field lines are.
them into a magnetic field of measured field strength. Finally,
measure the radius of the circular path and apply the formula. Magnetic flux tells us the number of lines that pass through
a circuit, e.g. a coil.
7 2.7 × 105 m s −1
Magnetic flux linkage gives us the number of lines counting
each line separately or again each time it passes through a
Exam-style questions different turn.
1 a As the particle moves round, the force on the particle is
always perpendicular to its velocity or direction of travel. The b Wb
speed of the particle is constant. T (or Wb m−2)
b magnetic force = the centripetal force
Wb (or Wb-turns)
mv 2
Bqv =
r c All the flux passes from one coil to the other (none passes
q V through the air); the coils have different numbers of turns.
=
m Br 3 a The plane of the coil is at 90º to the field (the normal to the
c 2.5 × 107 m s −1 coil is along the direction of the field)
2 a The force on the positron is in the opposite direction and b 9.0 × 10 −9 Wb
thus by Fleming’s left-hand rule, the ‘current’ is in opposite c There is only one turn.
directions. As both particles are initially moving towards the
right, they must have opposite charges. The positron has 4 component of field perpendicular to coil Bperp= B sin θ
opposite charge to the electron, which is negative. flux linkage = NΦ = NBperp A = NBA sinθ