Answers

ii full-wave or bridge 7 a 3.3 × 10 −19 J b 3.0 × 1019

b i 1.0 V
8 a increases b decreases
ii 0.71 V
c decreases d increases
iii 50 Hz
c The output voltage rises because the voltage of the
alternating supply is larger than the output voltage V across
Exercise 30.2 The photoelectric equation
the load resistor. This causes the rectifier to conduct current, 1 a Quantum or packet of energy of electromagnetic radiation.
charging the capacitor and raising the voltage across the b Minimum energy required by a single electron to escape from
capacitor. The output voltage falls because the voltage of a metal surface.
the alternating supply voltage decreases to a value below
c Maximum KE corresponds to electron emitted from surface.
the output voltage V. When this happens, the rectifier stops
passing any current. However, current continues to flow d Some electrons given energy below the surface and lose
through the load resistor using charge or energy stored in energy in coming to surface.
the capacitor. As the capacitor loses charge (which passes
2 7.0 × 10 −19 J
through the load resistor) the voltage across the capacitor
falls. To reduce the ripple a capacitor with larger capacitance 3 3.0 × 10 −19 J
should be used.
4 7.1 × 1014 Hz
5 a 5.3 × 1014 Hz b 3.5 × 10 −19 J c 4.6 × 10 −20 J
Chapter 30:
6 3.8 × 10 −19 J
Quantum Physics 7 Energy of photon (4.0 × 10 −19 J) is larger than the work function for
sodium but not zinc, so emission only occurs for sodium.
Exercise 30.1 Light: wave or particle?
8 a EK 12 mv 2max hf − φ
1 a diffraction and interference so, a graph of EK against f has slope h.
b Light from the two slits arrives out of phase and cancel; using
simple ideas, particles go through one slit or the other and do b 6.63 × 10 −34 J s
not cancel. c −1 × y-intercept 47
d 2.5 × 10 −19
J
2 a Light shines on a metal surface and electrons are emitted.
e same gradient, intercept closer to the origin
b A gold-leaf electroscope with a clean zinc or magnesium
surface is charged negatively. When ultraviolet light shines on
Exercise 30.3 Line spectra and band theory
it (above the threshold frequency), the leaf collapses.
1 a
3 a The minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation that Energy of new Energy of photon Does the electron
will eject electrons from the surface of a metal. level emitted or emit or absorb a
absorbed photon to move to
b If frequency is low one should be able to increase intensity or
the new level?
wait long enough for emission to occur.
c Emission occurs when the energy of a photon is larger than −0.54 × 10 −18 J 0.3 × 10 −18 J emits
the energy needed for the electron to escape. −0.14 × 10 −18 J 0.1 × 10 −18 J absorbs
d Emission occurs immediately the light strikes the surface; the −2.18 × 10 −18 J 1.94 × 10 −18 J emits
maximum KE of the photoelectrons does not depend on light −0.09 × 10 −18
J 0.15 × 10 −18
J absorbs
intensity but only on the frequency of the light.

4 a amplitude increases; frequency and speed are the same b high temperature; hit by an electron (in a discharge tube)
b energy of a photon the same; number of photons emitted per 2 a Emission spectra are bright lines at specific wavelengths in a
second increases spectrum. Absorption spectra are dark lines in an otherwise
c same maximum energy continuous spectrum of colours.
d more electrons per second b Both are caused by electrons moving between the same
energy levels and so either a photon is absorbed or emitted of
5 a Emission does not occur because the energy of the photon is the same frequency.
less than the work function. Increasing brightness does not
c Use a diffraction grating to view a hot gas (or view a discharge
change the energy of the photon.
tube of the gas across which there is a high p.d.).
b increase the frequency of the light (or decrease the
d Shine white light through the cool gas and look at the
wavelength); use a metal with lower work function
spectrum with a diffraction grating.
6 a 4.0 × 10 −19 J b 5.0 × 10 −19 J
3 a Calling the levels A, B, C and D transitions are AB, AC, AD, BC,
BD and CD.
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

b −2.4 × 10 −19 to −7.6 × 10 −19 J b E 1 mv 2 =

(mv )2
2
2m
c 5.2 × 10 −19 J
d −2.4 × 10 −19 to −3.0 × 10 −19 J
mv = ( mE )
h h
4 a a range of energies which an electron in a solid cannot have λ= =
b energy of photon = 3.32 × 10 −19 J; band gap 2.4 × 10 −19 J
mv ( )
c An electron may absorb a photon and move from valence to c 2.7 × 10 −11
m
conduction band. It is free to move in the conduction band d The wavelength is similar to the spacing of the atoms in the
and the resistance decreases. crystal.
d 3.6 × 1014 Hz
3 a Each line corresponds to one wavelength or frequency. Since
5 a a range of electron energies in which electrons are free to E = hf this implies there is a specific or discrete energy change
move throughout the material E1 − E2 between energy levels.
b 1.1 × 10 −6 m b i 2.23 and 3.47 eV (or 3.57 × 10 −19 and 5.55 × 10 −19 J)
c The thermal energy of electrons in the valence band is not ii from A to B (557 nm) and from A to C (358 nm)
enough for the electron to reach the conduction band. iii −1.51 eV
d Electrons move around the conduction band; at higher iv 1.00 × 10 −6 m
temperatures the atoms in the solid vibrate with larger
amplitudes and the free movement of the electrons is Chapter 31:
restricted.
Nuclear Physics
Exercise 30.4 De Broglie
Exercise 31.1 Balancing equations
1 the wavelength associated with a moving particle
1
1 p; proton
1
2 a 4.5 × 10 −10 m
b 2.7 × 10 −23 N s 2 a 1
c 2.5 × 10 −11 m b 0
48
c neutron
3 a 1.3 × 10 −22 N s
d fission
b 7.8 × 10 4 m s −1
3 a 2
4 a 1.6 × 10 −16 J
b positron
b 1.9 × 107 m s −1
c fusion
c 1.7 × 10 −23 N s
d They are protons with a positive charge and repel each other,
d 3.9 × 10 −11 m so high amounts of energy are required to force the particles
together.
5 a electron diffraction
b λ wave p particle 4 a 234
J s (Nm s ) b alpha-particle (a helium nucleus)
= = m
c
(N s) (N s) c alpha emission
6 a 6.6 × 10 −35
m 5 3
2 He + 01n → 42He
b If wavelength is much less than the gap then no diffraction is
6 10
5 B + 01n → 73Li + 42He
observed. Spacing of atoms provides a gap for diffraction of
electrons.
Exercise 31.2 Mass defect, mass excess and
Exam-style questions binding energy
1 a The energy of the photon is lower than the work function. 1 binding energy: the minimum external energy required to
separate all the nucleons in a nucleus to infinity
b Emission occurs immediately the light strikes the surface; the
maximum KE of the photoelectrons does not depend on light nucleon number: the total number of protons and neutrons in one
intensity but only on the frequency of the light. nucleus
c 9.2 × 1014 Hz mass excess: the difference between the mass of a nuclide (in u)
d 6.6 eV and its nucleon number

2 a de Broglie wavelength = Planck’s constant/momentum mass defect: the difference between the total mass of the
individual, separate nucleons and the mass of the nucleus
2 a 9.0 ×1013 J