Cambridge International AS and A level Physics
Exam-style questions 4 a Volume increases.
b
1 a 185 °C
b Total kinetic energy is constant.
c Potential energy is increasing.
d Internal energy is increasing.
e Rate at which energy is supplied
Volume
f The metals should be solids for the full range of normal room
temperatures, so as to remain solid in use. They should both melt
at relatively low temperatures, to minimise the amount of energy
required to make them liquid. They should have significantly
lower melting points than the metal used to make the wires, so
the liquid solder does not melt the wires. They should be good
electrical conductors (although all metals are).
0
2 a specific latent heat of vaporisation: the energy required per 0 Temperature / K
kilogram to change a liquid to a gas without any change in
temperature c It will condense before it reaches 0 K, so its volume will
b 12 500 J suddenly decrease rapidly.
d 0.064 m3
c L = 12 500 × 10 −3 = 2.9 × 106 J kg−1
4 31
5 a constant = nR
d For example: energy conducts downwards into balance;
unit = J K−1
energy radiates from beaker; energy lost by convection
currents rising from sides of beaker. b 46.67 J K−1
e Estimated value for L is an over-estimate; less than 12 500 J would c 4.91 × 105 Pa
be required to evaporate 4.31 g, so value of L would be smaller.
d 421 K = 148 °C
36
Chapter 22: Exercise 22.2 The kinetic model of a gas
Ideal gases 1 a The molecules of the air are too small to be seen in visible
light.
Exercise 22.1 Ideal gases b particles of smoke, reflecting light into the microscope
1 a p = pressure (Pa) c The molecules of the air are colliding with the smoke
V = volume (m3) particles, repeatedly changing their momentum.
n = number of moles (mol) d The speed of the smoke particles is much less than the speed
R = universal molar gas constant (8.31 J mol−1 K−1) of the molecules of the air. The smoke particles have much
T = thermodynamic temperature (K). greater mass, since the KEs of the two types of particle are
similar, the air molecules must be moving much faster.
b Boyle’s law relates p and V; n, R and T are constant (mass is
constant since n is constant). 2 a The total volume of the particles is much less than the total
c n; mass = n × molar mass. volume of the box.
b The particles of a gas attract one another, but this is only
2 a 0.015 mol significant when they are very close together. They do not
b 4.0 g influence each other between collisions.
c 2820 mol c They move with constant velocity (constant speed in a
straight line).
3 a 3200 × 103 Pa
d The collisions between particles are elastic; the total kinetic
b energy of the particles is constant.
3 a 500 kg m s −1
1000 kg m s −1
Pressure
b
c time interval = 0.004 s
frequency = 250 Hz
d 250 000 N
e 250 000 Pa
0
0 Volume f the same (250 000 Pa)
c 3.2 mol g one-third; 83 300 Pa
Answers
h greater (by a factor of 1.29, so p = 108 000 Pa) 2 a
i Collisions are elastic; no KE is lost when velocity is unchanged
after collision.
4 a m = mass of an atom or molecule
c 2 = mean square speed of atoms/molecules
b k = Boltzmann constant; T = thermodynamic temperature
c It is doubled.
d
Mean kinetic energy / J
b 30 cm
3 a F F
+ +
1 cm
0
0 Temperature / K
b Forces are equal and opposite in direction; act on two
different bodies (the two charges); both are electrical (the
Exam-style questions same type).
1 a An ideal gas is a gas that behaves according to the equation c Magnitude is unchanged but both change direction (they
pV = nRT become attractive).
b 1.50 m3 d ×4
1
c 1.24 × 10 Pa 5
e × 4 37
d density = 0.080 kg m ; root mean square speed = 2160 m s
−3 −1
f ×4
g 9.0 × 1015 N
2 a Particles of the gas move around, colliding with walls; each
collision exerts a force. 4 a 24 N C−1 away from +Q
b twice as many particles so twice as many collisions per b 120 N towards Q
second with walls
c At higher temperature particles move faster so there is greater 5 a
change in their momentum at each collision so greater force
per collision.
d mean kinetic energy = 6.21 × 10 −21 J
e The two types of particle have the same mean KE; those +Q
with smaller mass (nitrogen) must have greater mean square
KE 12 m c 2 .
speed for this to be so, since mean K
Chapter 23:
Coulomb’s law b No, the lines are not evenly spaced, they get farther apart with
distance from the charge.
c 2.81 × 1013 N C−1
Exercise 23.1 Electric field around a
d
point charge
1 a An electric field is a region where a force acts on an electric
charge due to its charge.
force (N)
b electric field strength (N C ) =
charge (C)
E
F
E=
Q
c electric force = 8.0 × 10 −16 N to the left
d gravitational force = 8.9 × 10 −30 N downwards 0
0 t