Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

4 a They pass through the ionosphere with little reflection and iii thermal vibrations of the atoms of the material; electrical
can carry large amounts of information. interference (for example, wire acts as aerial); induced
b To prevent the satellite’s high power transmitted signal emf caused by change in magnetic field
swamping reception of the very low power signal received ⎛ signal power ⎞
iv 10 lg ⎜
from Earth. ⎝ noise power ⎟⎠
c Space wave to satellite, sky wave reflected from ionosphere, v increases as the signal reduces and the noise remains,
surface wave travels direct. approximately, constant
d Ionospheric reflection varies as layers of ions vary in height b i 1.52 mW
and density according to the time of day.
ii 27 dB
5 Optic fibres have a wide bandwidth and large transmission iii 4.5 km
capacity. Signal power losses are relatively small and allow longer c i less attenuation with fibre optic cable; longer distance
distances between regenerator amplifiers. The diameter, weight before signal attenuated to minimum acceptable signal;
and cost of fibre optic cables are much less than those of metal also, noise may be lower on an optic fibre
cables. Optic fibres have negligible ‘cross-talk’ and do not pick
ii larger bandwidth; larger transmission capacity; smaller
up electromagnetic interference.
diameter, weight and cost; negligible ‘cross-talk’; less
electromagnetic interference/noise
Exercise 20.4 Attenuation
1 a 2.0
Chapter 21:
b 15.8

2 a 190 or −190 dB
Thermal physics
b Logarithm provides a smaller number or attenuation in series
is added when using logarithms.
Exercise 21.1 Kinetic model and internal energy
1 a most closely together: solid
3 20 dB farthest apart: gas
4 3.0 × 10 −14 W b They vibrate with greater amplitude; their velocity is greater
34
5 a 6.0 × 10 −2 mW or 6.0 × 10 −5 W as they oscillate through the midpoint of their oscillation.
b 49.6 km c attractive
d Potential energy increases as particles are pulled apart;
6 a 4.6 × 10 −4 W energy is being added to the material.
b 7.3 × 10 −3 W e greater separation: greater potential energy
7 a 240 dB greater speed: greater kinetic energy

b six 2 a greater amplitude of oscillation

b greater separation
Exam-style questions c The potential and kinetic energies of the atoms have
increased.
1 a Amplitude of carrier wave varies in synchrony with the
displacement of the information signal. 3 a B
b i spectrum A as only the carrier wave is present b More molecules in B have sufficient kinetic energy to escape
ii spectrum C as the carrier and one signal in the two from the surface of the water.
sidebands is present c Evaporation means that the molecules with the highest
iii spectrum B as the carrier and two sidebands are present; kinetic energies escape, so the average kinetic energy of the
music has a number of different frequencies and thus molecules remaining in the liquid decreases.
different lines in the sidebands d More molecules escape initially from B (see answer to b), so
c i 200 kHz the average kinetic energy of the molecules remaining in the
liquid decreases more quickly.
ii 3.0 kHz
iii 12 kHz 4 a average speed of the particles increases
d disadvantages: more noise; more interference; less b total kinetic energy increases
bandwidth; lower quality c temperature of the gas increases
advantages: longer range; fewer repeaters or transmitters d a force is doing work
needed; less complex electronics; cheaper
e 2.4 J
2 a i the gradual loss of power along a wire
ii thermal energy lost in the wire
 Answers

f work done = area under the force–distance graph e Non-linear: graph of voltage against temperature is not a
straight line.
area = work done
Calibration: setting of a scale of measurement by testing
known values and recording the response (for example
finding fixed temperatures such as melting and boiling
points of water).
Force

4 a absolute zero, 0 K and −273.15 °C

b Water can exist in solid, liquid and gas forms at this
temperature.
c 273.16 K and 0.01 °C
Distance moved
Exercise 21.3 Energy change calculations:
5 a ΔU = change in internal energy s.h.c. and s.l.h.
q = energy supplied by heating
1 a c = specific heat capacity in J kg−1 K−1
w = energy supplied by an external force doing work; all
E = energy supplied in J
in joules (J).
m = mass in kg
b Δ U = 700 kJ Δθ = increase in temperature in K (or °C)
c w = 12 J b 1260 J
q = −4.0 J
c 8 °C
Δ U = 8.0 J
6 a from B to A 2 a energy lost by the steel = mcΔθ = 5 × 450 × (200 – X)
b Energy is being transferred continually both from A to B and b energy gained by the water = 50 × 4200 × (X – 20)
from B to A, but more is moving from B to A. c 5 × 450 × (200 – X) = 50 × 4200 × (X – 20)
c A and C, because they are at the same temperature. d 450 000 – 2250X = 210 000 X – 4200 000; X = 21.90 °C
d A and C, because the net transfer of energy between them will e Heat the material. Drop it into water. Measure the final
temperature. 35
be zero.
e All three temperatures will be the same. Need to measure: initial temperature of the material and of
the water, final temperature of water + material, and the mass
of the material and of the water.
Exercise 21.2 Thermometers and temperature
Need to know: the specific heat capacity of water.
scales
3 a temperature increase = 13 °C in 200 s.
1 a i 273 K
b energy supplied = 12 000 J
ii 373 K
c specific heat of copper = 12 000 / (2.00 × 13) = 462 J kg −1 K−1
iii 800 K
d The graph curves at higher temperatures; energy is being lost
iv 77 K to the surroundings so the block’s temperature rises more
b i −273 °C slowly.
ii −73 °C e The true value is likely to be lower; the heater has had to
iii 77 °C supply extra energy because of the energy that escapes into
the surroundings.
iv 727 °C
c 400 K = 127 °C so is greater than 125 °C 4 a L = specific latent heat in J kg −1
d 20 K E = energy supplied in J
m = mass in kg
2 a 25 °C
b specific = per unit mass (i.e. per kg); fusion = melting (change
b 3000 Ω
of state from solid to liquid)
c The thermistor has greater sensitivity (is more sensitive) close
c 3300 J
to 0 °C because its resistance decreases by a greater amount
for each degree rise in temperature than at 100 °C. 5 a six
3 a thermocouple thermometer b Number reduces as material becomes a liquid; reduces to
zero as it becomes a gas.
b thermocouple thermometer
c Less energy is required to make the atoms separate a little,
c thermistor
as in the change from solid to liquid, than to make the atoms
d Smaller amount of energy needed to change voltage; fewer separate completely as in the change from liquid to gas.
particles to be affected.
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

Exam-style questions 4 a Volume increases.

b
1 a 185 °C
b Total kinetic energy is constant.
c Potential energy is increasing.
d Internal energy is increasing.
e Rate at which energy is supplied

Volume
f The metals should be solids for the full range of normal room
temperatures, so as to remain solid in use. They should both melt
at relatively low temperatures, to minimise the amount of energy
required to make them liquid. They should have significantly
lower melting points than the metal used to make the wires, so
the liquid solder does not melt the wires. They should be good
electrical conductors (although all metals are).
0
2 a specific latent heat of vaporisation: the energy required per 0 Temperature / K
kilogram to change a liquid to a gas without any change in
temperature c It will condense before it reaches 0 K, so its volume will
b 12 500 J suddenly decrease rapidly.
d 0.064 m3
c L = 12 500 × 10 −3 = 2.9 × 106 J kg−1
4 31
5 a constant = nR
d For example: energy conducts downwards into balance;
unit = J K−1
energy radiates from beaker; energy lost by convection
currents rising from sides of beaker. b 46.67 J K−1
e Estimated value for L is an over-estimate; less than 12 500 J would c 4.91 × 105 Pa
be required to evaporate 4.31 g, so value of L would be smaller.
d 421 K = 148 °C

36
Chapter 22: Exercise 22.2 The kinetic model of a gas
Ideal gases 1 a The molecules of the air are too small to be seen in visible
light.
Exercise 22.1 Ideal gases b particles of smoke, reflecting light into the microscope
1 a p = pressure (Pa) c The molecules of the air are colliding with the smoke
V = volume (m3) particles, repeatedly changing their momentum.
n = number of moles (mol) d The speed of the smoke particles is much less than the speed
R = universal molar gas constant (8.31 J mol−1 K−1) of the molecules of the air. The smoke particles have much
T = thermodynamic temperature (K). greater mass, since the KEs of the two types of particle are
similar, the air molecules must be moving much faster.
b Boyle’s law relates p and V; n, R and T are constant (mass is
constant since n is constant). 2 a The total volume of the particles is much less than the total
c n; mass = n × molar mass. volume of the box.
b The particles of a gas attract one another, but this is only
2 a 0.015 mol significant when they are very close together. They do not
b 4.0 g influence each other between collisions.
c 2820 mol c They move with constant velocity (constant speed in a
straight line).
3 a 3200 × 103 Pa
d The collisions between particles are elastic; the total kinetic
b energy of the particles is constant.

3 a 500 kg m s −1
1000 kg m s −1
Pressure

b
c time interval = 0.004 s
frequency = 250 Hz
d 250 000 N
e 250 000 Pa
0
0 Volume f the same (250 000 Pa)

c 3.2 mol g one-third; 83 300 Pa