Rana Tigrina (Frog)
Phylum :-Chordata
Class:- Amphibians
Tadpoles:Respire through gills.
Adult frogs
On Land :-Respirates through pulmonary respiration
(lungs)
In Water :-Cutaneous respiration (respire through skin)
MALE FROGS FEMALE FROGS
● Sound ● No vocal sacs are
producing vocal present
sacs are present ● No copulatory pads
● Copulatory parts
are present on
the first digit of
the fore limb
ANATOMY OF FROG
Digestive sytem
● The digestive system consists
of alimentary canal and
digestive glands.
● The alimentary canal is short
because frogs are carnivores
hence two lengths of the
intestine is reduced.
● Food captured by bilobed
tongue which goes to buccal
cavity that goes to esophagus
through pharynx
● Oesophagus is short and
opens into the stomach.
Digestion of food in stomach
takes place by HCl and gastric
juice secreted by wall of
stomach
● Partially digested food, chyme
is passed on to the first part of
intestine, duodenum.
● The duodenum receives bile
from gallbladder and
pancreatic juice through a
common duct.
● Bile emulsifies fat and
pancreatic juice digests
carbohydrates and proteins
● Final digestion takes place in
intestine. Digested food is
absorbed by finger like
projections villi and microvilli
present in the walls intestine.
● The undigested solid waste
mixes into rectum and goes out
of the body through the cloaca.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
● In water, frogs respire
through skin (cutaneous
Respiration) by diffusion.
● On land, buccal cavity, skin
and lungs
(pulmonary respiration) acts
as organ of respiration.
● During hibernation and
aestivation, they respire
through skin.
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
● Heart is three-chambered
(two auricles and one ventricle)
and is covered by
double-layered pericardium.
Sinus venosus is associated
with the right auricle and
truncus arteriosus is
associated with the ventricle.
● Sinus venosus receives
deoxygenated blood from body
parts via two precavals and
one postcaval.
● The two auricles are
separated by interauricular
septum.
● Right auricle is larger. Auricle
open into the ventricle by
auriculo-ventricular aperture
guarded by auriculo-ventricular
valves.
● Inner the walls of ventricles
have numerous projections
called columnae carneae.
● Opening of sinus venosus
into right auricle is guarded by
a pair of sinoauricular valves.
Left auricle receives
oxygenated blood via a
common pulmonary vein from
lungs through a circular pore.
A special connection between
liver and intestine called a
hepatic portal system exists.
Renal portal system is the
connection between kidney
and lower parts of the body
Blood contains RBC, WBC,
and platelets. RBCs have
hemoglobin pigment on the
surface
Lymph is different from blood
as it lacks few proteins and
RBCS.
Blood is circulated by the
pumping action of the heart. It
carry nutrients, gasses ,water
and waste to respective sites
during the circulation.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
● The nervous system is very
well organized and consists of
the central nervous system and
the peripheral nervous system
● . The central nervous system
consists of the brain and the
spinal cord and the peripheral
nervous system consists of
cranial and spinal nerves.
● The autonomic nervous
system has the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous
system.
● The brain is enclosed in a
cranium and there are ten pairs
of cranial nerves that emerge
out of the brain. The brain is
divided into three parts –
forebrain, midbrain, and
hindbrain.
● The olfactory lobes, cerebral
hemispheres, and unpaired
diencephalon are included in the
forebrain.
● A pair of optic lobes is present
in the midbrain. Cerebellum and
medulla oblongata are part of
the hindbrain.
● The spinal cord is enclosed in
the vertebral column.
● There are different sense
organs that present in a frog,
which include :-
Sensory papillae,
Taste buds,
nasal epithelium,
eyes,
and internal ears.
● The eyes and the ears are
well developed.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine glands are as follow:-
●Pituitary
●Thyroid
●Para Thyroid
●Thymus
●Pineal Body
●Pancreatic Islets
●Adrenal
●Testes/ Ovaries
Control and coordination are evolved
to a higher extent in frogs.
The nervous system along with the
endocrine system achieves this.
Hormones that are secreted by the
endocrine glands help in the
chemical coordination
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
●It consists of a pair of kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder and
cloaca.
● Kidneys are dark red in color and
are present in the posterior region
of the body. Several nephrons or
uriniferous tubules are present in
the kidney.
●These are the structural and
functional units of the excretory
system.
●Two ureters are present that come
out of the kidney.
●In male frogs, the ureters act as
the urogenital tract and open into
the cloaca.
●But in female frogs, the ureters
and cloaca open separately into
the cloaca. The urinary bladder is
thin-walled and opens into the
cloaca. And frogs are
ureotelic animals. They excrete
urea.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male reproductive system:-
●A male reproductive system of
frog consist of pair of yellowish
ovoid testes which are adhered
to kidneys by a double fold of
peritoneum called mesorchium
●10-12 vasa efferentia arrive from
testes that enter into the kidney
on either side and open into
Biders canal.
●Finally, it communicates with the
urinogenital duct and opens into
the cloaca.
●Cloaca is a small medium
chambered that is used pass
faecal matter, urine, and sperms
to the exterior.
Female reproductive system:-
●Female reproductive system
consists a pair of ovaries that
are situated near the kidney
but there is no functional
connection with kidneys
●A pair of oviduct arises from
ovaries open separately in
cloaca.
●A mature female lays 2500 to
3000 ova at a time fertilization
is external development
involves a larva stage called
tadpole.
●Tadpole undergoes
metamorphosis to become
adult frog.
Morphology of frog
The frog is a chordate, showing
the characteristics of the Phylum
Chordata. The body of the frog is
divisible into head and trunk. Neck
and tail are absent in a frog. The
skin of the frog has mucus, which
makes the skin moist, smooth and
slippery. The skin of the frog has
the ability to absorb water.
It is dark green in color with
irregular spots on the dorsal side,
while in the ventral side; it is pale
yellow in color. The head of a frog
is triangular in shape with a blunt
snout. The eyes of a frog have a
nictitating membrane that gives
protection when the frog is in
water. On the sides of the eyes, a
membranous tympanum (ear) is
present that receives the sound
signals.
A frog has two forelimbs and two
hind limbs. They help in walking,
swimming, leaping as well as
burrowing. Sexual dimorphism is
seen in frogs, with the male
species having vocal sacs and
copulatory pad. These are absent
in female frogs.