NEOCOLONIAL PERIOD
1946-1972
BURNING ISSUES/CONCERNS
1. Devastation brought by the war
2. Collaboration with the Japanese
3. American recognition of Philippine
independence
4. Continuing American domination
5. Peace and order situation (Hukbalahap threat)
6. Industrialization of the country
ROXAS ADMINISTRATION
Rehabilitation of the country
Tydings Philippine Rehabilitation Act
Parity Rights
Military Bases Agreement
Military Assistance Agreement
ROXAS ADMINISTRATION
Key developments:
1. collaboration issue
2. guerrilla benefits
• Hukbalahap
• March 6, 1948: amnesty for the
collaborators
ROXAS ADMINISTRATION
3. radicalization of farmers and
laborers
4. sovereignty of the Philippines more
imagined than real
5. America looked up to as
compassionate
QUIRINO ADMINISTRATION
Import control
Dollar supply control
Economic Mobilization Program
Industrialization of the Philippines
Infrastructure for agriculture
Synchronized development of industry and
agriculture
QUIRINO ADMINISTRATION
• 1949 Economic crisis
• Bell Mission from the US
• Causes of crisis based on Bell Report:
1. Inefficient production
2. Low income
3. Excessive imports
4. Graft and corruption in government
QUIRINO ADMINISTRATION
• Bell Mission’s recommendations:
1. Reforms in public administration
2. Enhanced production
3. Higher taxes
4. More efficient tax collection
5. Minimum wage law
6. Taxes on trade of dollars
7. Land reform
QUIRINO ADMINISTRATION
• American aid: $250-M
• Conditions:
• Implementation of Bell Mission
recommendations
• Quirino forced to comply
• Employment of American advisers in the areas
of military, economy, and education
QUIRINO ADMINISTRATION
• 1951: Mutual Defense Treaty
• Militarization: response to Hukbalahap threat
• Psychological warfare
• Discrediting of Quirino
• Impeachment filed
• Unsuccessful
MAGSAYSAY ADMINISTRATION
Heightened American intervention in the
Philippines
Elimination of the rebellion by farmers and
laborers:
1. Use of military force and enticement of
the leaders of progressive movement
2. Land reform
3. Presidential Assistance for Community
Development
MAGSAYSAY ADMINISTRATION
Key developments:
1. Opening of Malacañang to the
common people
2. Laurel-Langley Agreement
(1955)
3. Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
containment of communism in
Asia
GARCIA ADMINISTRATION
Programs and policies:
1. A well-balanced agro-industrial
economy
Rice
Integrated steel industry
2. “Filipino First” policy
Filipinos prioritized in the use of
US Dollars
Support for Filipino capital
GARCIA ADMINISTRATION
3. Foreign relations
“Asia for the Asians”
“Pro-Filipino, not anti-foreign
or anti-American”
4. Cultural program
Promotion of Filipino culture
Lost American support
MACAPAGAL ADMINISTRATION
“The poor boy of Lubao”
Programs and policies:
1. Land Reform
Farmers became leaseholders
Limited success - resistance from
landlords
2. Territorial claim on Sabah
3. Commemoration of Philippine
Independence
MACAPAGAL ADMINISTRATION
4. Foreign exchange de-control
Peso devaluation (from P2: $1
to P3.90:$1)
Flooding of imported goods
Increase in foreign debt ($365-
M in 1962 to $599.5-M in 1965)
Decline in manufacturing
Dictates of IMF-WB
MARCOS ADMINISTRATION
Key developments:
1. Continuation of foreign
domination
de-control
IMF-WB
2. PHILCAG
Filipino soldiers sent to Vietnam
to “combat communism”
MARCOS ADMINISTRATION
3. Growing social unrest
CPP-NPA
Protest movement
4. Political agenda
Charter change
Declaration of Martial Law