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INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE OLYMPIAD
FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS (IMSO) 2008
Mathematics Contest (Second Round) in Taiwan
Short Answer Problems
Name: School: Grade: ID number:
Short Answer: there are 20 questions, fill in the correct answers in the answer
sheet. Each correct answer is worth 2 points. Time limit: 60 minutes.
1. Jack wrote the word on a frosty window. From the other side of the
window it appears as :
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
ANS: (E)
2. The swimming pool is filled with water at a constant rate.
Which graph below best shows the increase in height of
the water with the passing of time?
(A) (B) (C)
Height
Height
Height
Time Time Time
(D) (E)
Height
Height
Time Time
The depth of the water will be steadily increased until the top of the lower section
of the pool; then it will increase steadily at a slower rate until it is full. So graph
(E) is the best graph.
ANS: (E)
3. How many two-digit numbers have the property of being equal to 7 times the
sum of their digits?
Suppose that a two-digit number is written ab . Then a is one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8 and 9, while b is one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The number written ab is
then 10a+b. Thus we require the numbers ab which satisfy 10a+b=7(a+b). This
equation is equivalent to 10a+b=7a+7b and so to 3a=6b, or a=2b. Therefore the
required numbers are the numbers ab such that a=2b, which are 21, 42, 63 and
84. There are totally 4 such numbers.
ANS: 4
4. Two snails, Gastero and Pod, were completing in an exciting marathon. Gastero
set off first, and rested for a day every third day. Pod started a week later, covered
twice as much as ground in a day as Gastero did, but rested every second day. At
least how many days was Pod overtake Gastero?
The diagram below shows how far the snails have travelled by the end of days 1,
2, 3, 4 and so on. The unit of distance used is the distance travelled by Gastero on
any one day when he is moving. Gastero started moving on day 1, but Pod did
not move until 7 days had elapsed and so her position is first given for the end of
day 8.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Distance
Gastero 1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 19 20 22
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Pod 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
9 11 13 15 17 19 21
We see that both had moved the same distance, 14 units, by the end of day 20,
when Pod caught up with Gastero but did not overtake him. They both rested on
day 21 and then, immediately after the start of day 22, Pod galloped clear.
ANS: 22 days
5. Jane and her dog Jimmy have a favorite walk in which they cover a total of 32
km between them. On the outward journey, Jimmy runs four times as far as Jane
walks, and on the return he covers twice the distance she does. Jane comes back
by the same route as she followed on the outward journey. How far does she
walk?
Outward journey Return journey
Jane ↔ ↔
Jimmy ↔↔↔↔ ↔↔
Total distance covered between them is eight times one of Jane’s journeys. Since
we are told this is 32 km, then each of Jane’s journeys=4 km. Hence Jane travels
8 km in total.
ANS: 8 km
1 4
6. When it is full of water (by weight) a jug weights 560 grams. When it is
5 5
full, the jug weights 740 grams. What does the jug weigh when it is empty?
The difference between the two weights is the weight of three fifths of a jugful of
water and is 180 grams. Hence one fifth of a jugful weights 60 grams. Since the
weight of the jug + one fifth of a jugful weights 560 grams, the jug itself must
weight 500 grams.
ANS: 500 grams
7. How many integers from 1 to 1200 are not divisible by 2, 3 or 5?
Let n be a positive integer. If n is divisible by 2, 3 or 5 then so is n+30. If n+30 is
divisible by 2, 3 or 5 then so is n. The integers between 1 and 30 which are not
divisible by 2, 3 or 5 is 1, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29. Since 1200=40×30, there
are 40×8=320 integers between 1 and 1200 which are not divisible by 2, 3 or 5.
ANS: 320
8. A benefactor left a sum of money to be divided equally amongst a number of
charities. From the full amount of money, Oxfam received $4000 plus one ninth
of the remainder. Next, from what was left, Save the Children received $6000
plus one ninth of the remainder. Then what was left was distributed amongst the
other charities. How many charities eventually benefited?
Suppose that the total sum of money in the benefaction was $N, that Oxfam
received $X and that Save the Children received $S. Then
1 1
X = 4000 + ( N − 4000) = ( N + 32000)
9 9
1
and S = 6000 + ( N − X − 6000)
9
1
= 6000 + (9 N − N − 32000 − 54000)
81
1
= (400000 + 8 N )
81
Since X=S, we get 9N+288000=400000+8N and so N=112000. Therefore
1
X = (112000 + 32000) = 16000 . Since all the charities received the same total
9
sum of money, the number of charities which eventually benefited was
112000÷16000=7.
ANS: 7
9. The pages of a book are numbered consecutively: 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. No pages
are missing. If in the page numbers the digit 3 occurs exactly 99 times, what is
the number of the last page?
In the integer 1 to 99 there are 20 threes. We can see that by nothing that there are
10 threes in the units places (in 3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73, 83 and 93) and other
10 in the tens places (in 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39).
Similarly there are 20 threes in 100 to 199 and other 20 in 200 to 299. So up to
page 299 we have 60 threes in total.
In 300 to 309 there are 10+1 threes, i.e. 11. Similarly in 310 to 319 and 320 to
329. Thus the grand total is 60+33=93 by page 329. From then the total goes as
follows:
Page 329 330 331 332 333
Total 93 95 97 99 102
Thus, since the next page would bring the total to 102, the number of the last
page must be 332.
ANS: 332
10. For admission to the school play, adult were charged $130 each and students $65
each. A total of $30225 was collected, from fewer than 400 people. What was the
smallest possible number of adults who paid?
Let x be the number of adults and y the number of students. Then
30225=130x+65y and x+y<400.
Dividing the first equation by 65 we get
465=2x+y=(x+y)+x
which shows that
x>465 − 400=65.
For x=66 we get y=333 giving a total attendance of 399. Hence the smallest
possible number of adults was 66.
ANS: 66
11. Peter: How many scouts attended the jamboree last weekend?
Paul : I cannot remember, but I know that when the organizers attempted to
group us into “threes” there were 2 scouts left over. However, when they
attempted to group us into “fives” there were 3 scouts left over. Also the
number of scouts present was odd and less than 1000.
Peter: I need more information!
Paul : I remember two other facts. The total present was a palindromic number
(i.e. it reads the same backwards as forwards). Also, when they attempted
to divide us into “sevens” there were 5 scouts left over.
Peter: Now I know the answer.
How many scouts were present at the jamboree?
Numbers which have remainder 2 on division by 3, and 3 on division by 5, are 8,
23, 38, 53, 68, 83, 98, 113 and so on, in step of 15 (=3×5). The first such number
having remainder 5 on division by 7 is 68 and the others satisfying this condition
will go up in step of 105 (=3×5×7):
68, 173, 278, 383, 488, 593, 698, 803, 908
are all the values less than 1000. Of these, only 383 is palindromic. Hence 383
scouts were present at the jamboree.
ANS: 383
12. Alistair and I travelled by car to my cousin’s wedding, which was due to begin at
12 noon in a village an exact number of miles away. Alistair had slept in, so we
did not leave until 7.30 a.m., later than planned. On the first 15 miles of road we
averaged 40 miles per hour. Then, on a main road, we covered an exact number
of ninths of the total distance at an average of 49 miles per hour, until we had to
turn into a country lane for the final one-seventh of the journey. Here we were
held up, first by a tractor and later by a flock of sheep, but eventually we reached
our destination just before the bridge arrived at the church, with the clock
striking 12. What was our average speed on the last frustrating leg of our
journey?
Let d be the total distance and k the number of ninths of the total distance for the
‘main road’ section. Then d and k are positive integers and k<8, since one seventh
of the distance is covered in final section. From all this we get
kd d
15 + + = d or 7 kd = 9(6d − 105)
9 7
from which we can see that k must be odd. The possible values of k are thus 1, 3,
5, 7. When k=1 the second equation gives 47d=945, which contradicts the fact
that d is positive integer. Similarly k=3 gives 11d=315 and k=5 gives 19d=945
which also give the same contradiction. Thus k=7 and d=189. Armed with this,
7 × 189
we have that on the main road the distance covered was = 147 miles and
9
189
on the last seventh of the journey the distance covered was = 27 miles. The
7
15
first part of the journey took hours (i.e. 22.5 minutes). The middle part took
40
147
= 3 hours. The total time was 4 hours and 30 minutes, so the time taken on
49
the last part of the journey was 1 hour 7.5 minutes. Since 27 miles were covered
60
the average speed on this stretch was 27 × = 24 miles per hour.
67.5
ANS: 24 miles per hour
13. How many integers between 1 and 1,000,000 contain the digit 5 at least twice?
Think of all the integers between 1 and 999999 inclusive written as 6-digit
numbers, with initial zeros to pad them out where appropriate. There are 96 − 1
which do not contain a 5, and 6 × 95 which contains exactly one 5. Hence the
number containing at least two fives is 999999 − (15 × 95 ) + 1 = 114265 .
ANS: 114265
14. A certain positive integer n has its digits all equal to 3 and is exactly divisible by
383. Find the last five digits in the quotient n÷383.
Let n=333…333=383×q. Then we can write q = a0 + 10a1 + 102 a2 + 103 a3 + L,
where a0 , a1 , a2 , … are digits. Then
( ) ( )
383 × q = 3 + 8 × 10 + 3 × 102 × a0 + 10a1 + 102 a2 + 103 a3 + L .
(i) The unit digit of n, 3, is obtained by 3 × a0 , so a0 = 1 .
(ii) The tens digit of n is given by the units digit in 8 × a0 + 3 × a1 = 8 + 3a1 ,
using a0 = 1 . Therefore, 3a1 must end in 5, and hence a1 = 5 and
8 + 3a1 = 23 , giving a carry of 2 into the hundreds.
(iii) The hundreds digit of n is the units digit in 3a0 + 8a1 + 3a2 + 2 = 3a2 + 45 .
So 3a2 ends in 8. So 3a2 = 18 and hence a2 = 6 . Also 3a2 + 45 = 63 ,
giving a carry of 6 into the thousands.
(iv) The thounds digit of n is the units digit in 3a1 + 8a2 + 3a3 + 6 = 3a3 + 69 .
So 3a3 ends in 4. So 3a3 = 24 and hence a3 = 8 . Also 3a3 + 69 = 93 ,
giving a carry of 9 into the next place.
(v) Finally, we need the units digit in 3a2 + 8a3 + 3a4 + 9 = 3a4 + 91 . So 3a4
ends in 2. So 3a3 = 12 and hence a4 = 4 .
The last 5 digits of the quotient is 48651.
ANS: 48651
15. The square alongside has sides of length 8 units. The four
identical circles fit tightly inside the square. What is the radius of A
the largest circle that will fit in the central hole? P
Let A, B and C be the centres of three of the large circles as Q
shown. Since the large circles touch and fit tightly into the B C
square, the diameter of each circle is 8÷2=4. Thus AC and BC
have length 4, and, by Pythagoras’ Theorem, AB has length
equal to the square root of 32. By symmetry, the centre of the largest circle that
will fit in the central hole is on AB and its diameter PQ has length equal to AB－
AP－QB=AB－2－2 since AP and QB are radii of the larger circles. Thus, the
radii of the largest circle that will fit is 2 2 − 2
ANS: 2 2 − 2
16. The Big Wheel at a fairground is a regular polygon.
Here is a part of it. How many sides does it have? 160˚
20˚
20˚
20˚
The external angle shown is 20°. The number of sides is 360°÷20°=18.
Another approach is to use the 160° of the polygon, giving 20° at the centre.
Then, again, the number of sides is 360°÷20°=18.
ANS: 18
17. I have a collection of Mathematical Challenge posters, all on A3 paper, so that
they are rectangular in shape and have the same measurements. I have some
drawing pins which I am going to use to pin the posters on my wall. Each poster
must have a pin at each of its four corners, but adjacent posters can share a pin by
allowing them to overlap slightly. I want to arrange them so that they cover a
rectangular area of the wall, with their longer sides vertical.
In the diagrams, 24 pins are used for 14 posters and 15 posters respectively. What
is the greatest number of posters that I can pin up using 36 drawing pins?
To fill a rectangular area of wall the pins must be arranged in some rectangular
pattern. The 36 pins can be arranged as: (a) 2 rows of 18, (b) 3 rows of 12, (c) 4
rows of 9, or (d) 6 rows of 6.
(a)
17 posters
(b)
22 posters
(c)
24 posters
(d)
25 posters
Hence the greatest number of posters that can be pinned up using 36 pins is 25.
ANS: 25
18. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB=2AD. K is the D
midpoint of AB. Find the size of ∠DKC. C
Since AB=2AD and K is the midpoint of AB,
AK=AD and BK=BC. Hence ∠ADK=∠AKD and
∠BKC=∠BCK. A K B
Because AD//BC and AB is a straight segment,
∠ADC +∠BCD =180° and ∠AKD +∠DKC +∠BKC=180°.
Hence ∠ADK +∠KDC+∠KCD +∠BCK =∠AKD +∠DKC +∠BKC
or ∠KDC +∠KCD =∠DKC.
Since ∠KDC +∠KCD +∠DKC =180°, ∠DKC =90°
ANS: 90°
19. To cover the Christmas present (shown alongside) with
sticky backed paper, you will require six rectangular 9 cm
pieces. What are the dimensions of the smallest single 4 cm
rectangular piece of sticky backed paper from which
you could cut out the six pieces with the minimum of
wastage?
Because the covering is sticky backed paper, we require
two 9×5 pieces, two 9×4 pieces and two 5×4 pieces. 5 cm
2
Total area is therefore 202 cm . A rectangle measuring
9×23 i.e. 207 cm2 gives one possible rectangular piece of paper with 5 cm2.
9 9 5
4 4
9
5 5 5 5
1 4 4 9
Another arrangement using the same size of paper is
1
5
4
9
4
4 4 5 5
ANS: 23 cm × 9 cm
20. A hexagon ABCDEF has each side 6 cm in length. The
A
angles at A, C, E are all right angles, and the angles at
B, D, F are obtuse angles. Find the area of the B
hexagon.
The area of the hexagon is the sum of the areas of the F
right-angled isosceles triangles ABF, BCD and DEF,
together with the equilateral triangle BDF (see the C
figure). Since AB=AF=6 cm, and ∠FAB is a right P
angle, then, using the fact that the area of a triangle is
E D
1
equal to ×base×perpendicular height, the area of
2
1
triangle ABF is × 6 × 6 = 18 cm2. Similarly, triangles BCD and DEF also haave
2
2
area 18cm . The length of each side of the equilateral triangle BDF is 6 2 cm. If
P is the foot of the perpendicular from B to DF then P is the mid-point of DF and
so, by Pythagora’s Theorem, BP 2 = BD 2 − DP 2 = (6 2) 2 − (3 2) 2 = 72 − 18=54
cm2. Hence the height BP of triangle BDF is 54 = 3 6 cm and so the area of
1 1
this triangle is × DF × BP = × 6 2 × 3 6 = 18 3 cm2. It follows that the area
2 2
of hexagon ABCDEF is 3 × 18 + 18 3 = 54 + 18 3 cm2.
ANS: 54 + 18 3 cm2