EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
AMIL, CAVAN, JUPLI
MET 1:
Chunk 1: Nature and Elements of Communication
ACTIVITY 1: Let’s Warm Up, tick the column that determines how often you practice what
the statements say. Do this as objectively as possible. Bear in mind that there are no wrong
answers.
Usually Sometimes Seldom Never
1. I communicate to convey my messages
and express my ideas.
2. I describe communication as a process.
3. I understand that communication can be
expressed in words and/or in actions
4. I can distinguish the features of the
communication process.
5. I effectively convey a message both in
words and actions.
TOTAL
Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one
person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack,
2014). There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication can be
manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a group discussion, a
meeting or interview, a letter correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.
Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions
(nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.
Elements of communication
1. Speaker – the source of information or message
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or
in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other
forms that the speaker understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
8. Context – the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
Process of Communication Example
The speaker generates an idea. Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend.
The speaker encodes an idea or converts She thinks of how to tell him using their
the idea into words or actions. native language.
The speaker transmits or sends out a She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang
message. kaibigan.”
The receiver gets the message. Rico hears what Daphne says.
He tries to analyzed what she means based
on the content and their relationship, and
The receiver decodes or interprets the he is heartbroken.
message based on the context.
He frowns and does not say something,
The receiver sends or provides feedback. because he is in pain.
CHUNK 2: TYPE OF SPEECH CONTEXT
Speaker communicates for five reasons which is called Functions of Communication. But a
speaker also creates a speech based on the purpose he or she wants to achieve. These
purposes are called the Goals of Speech. It becomes obvious as the speaker shows through
the speech what he/she wants to achieve. The speaker through the speech can make one
think, change one’s mind, or smile or laugh.
The speaker through the speech can make one think, change one’s smile, or smile or laugh.
The purposes of speech are studied in order to deepen one’s knowledge and learn how to
apply them in one’s own speech. The four types of speech according to purpose are
Informative, Persuasive, Inspirational, and Entertainment.
Directions. Identify the type of speech described. Choose your answer from the options
below.
Informative Entertaining inspirational Persuasive
1. It aims to make the audience smile.
2. It aims to teach the audience something new.
3. Its objective is to convince people to change their ways.
4. It helps the audience to gain confidence when feeling low.
5. It aims to show people why one thing is more important than the other.
Types of Speech According to Purpose
Informative Speech
An informative speech is given for the purpose of providing information about a topic to the
audience. To write an informative speech, you first choose a topiceither one that you already
know about or one that you are willing to research and learn about. Then, you outline and draft
your informative speech based on the topic, key points, and details and information you want
to give about your topic. Make sure you catch your audience's attention and that you
summarize key points and "take-aways" as you go.
The main types of informative speeches include definition, descriptive, explanatory, and
demonstrative.
A definition speech explains the meaning, theory, or philosophy of a specific topic that the
audience likely does not know much about. The topics may be general, such as a sport, or
highly specific, like a particular person. The main goal of this speech is to educate the audience
so that they understand the main points regarding this subject.
A demonstration speech explains how to do something. If you have ever sat through a
lecture where a teacher explained how to create a bibliography, then you have heard a
demonstration speech. Like most informative speeches, a howto speech will likely use visual
examples that show the audience how to move from step to step through a particular activity.
Visualizations help the audience retain what each step looks like, increasing the likelihood that
they will retain the overall information of the speech.
An explanatory speech might give a description of the state of a given topic. As an example,
consider the types of speeches that are given at industry conferences. The goal of these
speeches is for the speaker to inform the audience on a particular part of an industry.
Commonly, these will also utilize visualizations that give the audience a visual representation
of the particular data or statistics contained in the speech. This is one way to condense highly
complex information into an easily retainable package for the audience.
A descriptive speech creates a vivid picture in a person's mind regarding an object, person,
animal, or place. An archaeologist who has discovered a new temple in South America or a
palaeontologist who believes they have found a new dinosaur may use a descriptive speech
to inform an interested audience about their recent discoveries.
As all of these types make clear, there are many ways that a given set of information can be
communicated in a speech. When deciding what type of informative speech you want to write
and deliver, consider what you want the audience to know about your topic.
Examples:
1. College professor lecturing on a specific topic during a class
2. Guest speaker presenting information to a group of students about how to apply for
college
3. Company president presenting information about last quarter's sales to a group of
board members
Persuasive Speech
A persuasive speech is given for the purpose of persuading the audience to feel a certain way,
to take a certain action, or to support a specific view or cause. To write a persuasive speech,
you choose a topic about which people disagree or can have differing opinions. Your
persuasive argument will be made stronger if you can demonstrate that you are passionate
about the topic and have a strong opinion one way or the other. Then, you outline and draft
your persuasive speech by taking a position on the topic and outlining your support for your
position. It is often helpful to also discuss why the "other side" is incorrect in their beliefs about
the topic. Make sure you catch your audience's attention and that you summarize key points
and "take-aways" as you go.
Examples:
1. A teenager attempting to convince her parents that she needs to be able to stayout
until 11pm instead of 10pm
2. A student council president trying to convince school administrators to allow the
students to have a dance after the final football game of the season
3. A lawyer giving a closing argument in court, arguing about whether the defendant is
innocent or guilty of the crime
Here is an excerpt from a speech entitled “Poverty in the Philippines”.
“I said earlier that it would be far off from reality that poverty would be solved, why? Because
first, we should identify the cause of poverty and from there it would be solved. So what do
you think the cause ladies and gentlemen? Is it overpopulation? Unemployment? Pollution?
Lack of education? Poor governance? Or is it corruption? Ladies and gentlemen all of these
are the causes and who should we blame? Who do you think we should blame? The
government? Yes, certainly it is. But who’s more to blame are the citizens. Yes, it is us.
Every Filipino, every people are to blame and why it is us? Just imagine if all people have
proper discipline, what would our country be? A nice, clean, peaceful country. Who wouldn't
want to see a Philippines like that? No pollution, less crime, no corruption. For only if its
people are disciplined, the politicians, the workers, professionals, students, the old ones
and even kids, this country could be developed and fight for poverty.”
Inspirational Speech
Inspirational Speech is a kind of speech that convinces people they can succeed in life. This
speech includes uplifting stories that the speaker thinks the people listening to it will be moved
and inspired to do greater and better things in their life.
Edmund Chow, a motivational speaker, explained how to structure a motivational or
inspirational speech
“For you, you would need to find the monster figures in your life. They could be oppressive
colleagues, bosses, teacher, parents, or other authoritative figures. Ask:
What did they prevent you from doing, or from becoming?
In your pursuit to “slay the dragon” or “overcome this monster”, what steps, strategies, or hacks
did you take with you on your journey? Retrace the steps and find out what you did. Ask:
What did I do at Level 1? And then when it happened again, how did I react and was it
successful? What happened next? How did I become better? Did I run away/ escape from its
control? Did I stand up for my own rights instead?
You see, the things you did are the things that helped develop your values —your inner
strength, your resilience, your determination and your authenticity in becoming who you are.
And that’s the inspiring part.
Make the emotional connection for your audience and invite them to take similar actions. This
is where you can motivate them to regain their confidence or faith in themselves or in a higher
power. This is also important in helping them connect with your story heart-to-heart, where
they can feel you and can empathize with you. But, more importantly, because they see that
you have done it, they now know that it’s possible for them too. That’s the positive effect you
want in your audience.
Here is an excerpt from Inspirational Speech delivered by Steve Jobs in 2005 at Stanford
University.
Source: 13 Inspiring Graduation Speeches and How to Write One | Fairygodboss
“When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: 'If you live each day as if it was
your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.' It made an impression on me, and since
then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: 'If
today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?' And
whenever the answer has been 'No' for too many days in a row, I know I need to change
something.”
Entertainment Speech
The primary purpose of the speech is to entertain, to have the audience relax, smile and enjoy
the occasion. The speech should have a central theme or a focus.
The sole purpose is to have the audience enjoy the presentation. There are many ways to
entertain the audience. You can tell jokes, tell funny stories, and dramatize an anecdote or tell
a scary story.
Common Forms of Entertainment Topics
There are three basic types of entertaining speeches: the after-dinner speech, the ceremonial
speech, and the inspirational speech. The after-dinner speech is a form of speaking where
a speaker takes a serious speech topic (either informative or persuasive) and injects a level
of humor into the speech to make it entertaining.
A ceremonial speech is a type of entertaining speech where the specific context of the
speech is the driving force of the speech. Common types of ceremonial speeches include
introductions, toasts, and eulogies.
The final type of entertaining speech is one where the speaker's primary goal is to inspire her
or his audience. Inspirational speeches are based in emotion with the goal to motivate
listeners to alter their lives in some significant way.
The following is an excerpt from a speech by an undergraduate student named Adam Fink.
Notice that the tenor of this speech is persuasive but that it persuades in a more inspiring way
than just building and proving an argument.
“Graduates, we are not here to watch as our siblings, our parents, friends, or other family
walk across this stage. We are here because today is our graduation day. I am going to go
off on a tangent for a little bit. Over the past umpteen years, I have seen my fair share of
graduations and ceremonies. In fact, I remember getting dragged along to my older brothers'
and sisters' graduations, all 8,000 of them – at least it seems like there were that many now.
Seriously, I have more family members than friends.
I remember sitting here in these very seats, intently listening to the president and other
distinguished guests speak, again saying welcome and thank you for coming. Each year, I
got a little bit better at staying awake throughout the entire ceremony. Every time I would
come up with something new to keep myself awake, daydreams, pinching my arms, or
pulling leg hair; I was a very creative individual.
I am proud to say that I have been awake for the entirety of this ceremony. I would like to
personally thank my classmates and colleagues sitting around me for slapping me every
time I even thought about dozing off. Personal story, check and now, application!”
Source: PRDV008: Entertaining Speeches | Saylor Academy
Directions. Write the type of speech that is appropriate for the following.
1. To teach the audience the importance of exercise. ________________________
2. To have the audience be amused by a dance performance_________________
3. To have the audience understand cultural diversities _____________________
4. To have the audience support the school project _________________________
5. To have the audience participate in an anti-pollution ____________________
6. To have the audience start a small business _____________________________
7. To encourage the audience attend a concert ______________________________
8. To explain the importance of family bonding ______________________________
9. To teach the audience the importance of exercise ________________________
10. To have the audience be amused by a dance performance________________
Directions. Choose and write one type of speech according to purpose. The speech can be
about any topic. It should have three paragraphs: introduction, body, and conclusion. Apply
what you have learned in the lesson.
Content: 30 pts. Includes relevant details
Organization: 30 pts. Introduction: Gets attention, clearly identifies topic, establishes
credibility and previews the main points Body: Main points are clear, well supported, and
sources are documented. Conclusion: Reviews main points and brings closure
Word Choice: 20 pts. Effective and engaging use of words
Conventions: 20 pts. Consistent agreement between parts of speech. Uses correct
punctuation, capitalization etc.
Chunk 3: Strategies in Various Speech Context
Dell Hymes, a sociolinguist helped the pioneer connection between speech and social
relations. According to him, communicative competence refers to what speaker needs to know
in order to communicatively competent in speech community.
In simple language, communicative competence is the knowledge of language and the ability
to use such language appropriately in any given situation or circumstance.
Intrapersonal Communication refers to communication that centres on one person where
the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message.
Examples:
1. You spent the night thinking and analysing why a student from the other class talked
to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing.
2. You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for submitting
your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so.
Interpersonal communication refers to communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them.
Types of Interpersonal Context
Dyad Communication refers to communication that occurs between two people
Examples:
1. You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
2. You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
Small Group refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve
people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal. All participants can
freely share ideas in a loose and open discussion.
Examples:
1. You are participating in an organizational meeting which aims to address the concerns
of your fellow students.
2. You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish the assigned tasks.
Public Communication refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or
persuasive purposes.
Examples:
1. You deliver a graduation speech to your batch
2. You participate in a declamation, oratorical, or debate contest watched by a number of
people.
Mass Communication refers to communication that takes place through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Examples:
1. You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the
school’s newspaper.
2. The production of live events that are communicated to a broad audience such as
concert that is broadcast by internet, radio or television
Organizational Communication refers to communication that occur within organizations,
such as corporations, non-profits, and governmental bodies. It includes both communications
within an organization and public-facing communications.
Examples:
1. A manager discussing a new project to his/her subordinates.
2. A Club President discussing the organizational rules.
Intercultural Communication refers to communication of different groups of varied cultures
gather and convey information correctly and skilfully in a manner acceptable to the group’s
diverse opinions.
Examples:
1. An American and African share their views.
2. A Chinese politician’s discussion with an American leader.
Verbal and Non-verbal Behaviour in a Speech Context
Different speech context whether it is intrapersonal, interpersonal, public or mass
communication requires different approaches. Though there might be some occasional
similarities, you should at least know how to behave and respond to various speech contexts
appropriately.
When talking to your self
You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly talking to yourself in your mind, and it's normal
— and good for you. By performing this, it makes you think and reflect on the things you have
done or are planning to do. But here are some important reminders that you need to keep in
mind:
Use self-talk to your advantage: Cheering yourself
up before an important event or talking to yourself
while completing a task are two perfect opportunities
for self-talk (Gould, 2018, Talking to yourself is
normal, n.d.).
Don’t overdo it. While it is normal to talk to yourself
constantly, it is better not to overuse yourself of doing
so. The most common reason why people end up
talking to themselves is because they feel like they do
not have someone else to talk to. To address this, you
need to be more sociable, it would give you more
people to talk to other than yourself.
When talking to one person or a small group of people
Consoling your friend who is feeling down, or simply talking with your classmates about your
plans for a group activity is an example of a dyad and small group communication. This kind
of communication implies that the conversation is being shared and there is exchange of
ideas. Small group involves different skills because unlike dyad, it consists of more than two
people. In both cases, you can be as natural as yourself, however, unlike a running
conversation in your head, you have to consider that there are others who are equally
important in the conversation.
Thus, to achieve successful communication in
a dyad or small group, you have to consider the
following;
Listen carefully - Needless to say, this is the
very basic foundation of effective
communication. You have to listen carefully
and understand what the other person is
saying. Asking clarifying questions lets the
other person know that you are indeed listening
attentively. More so, take active part. You also
need to be heard and understood when it is
your time to speak.
Check your tone and body language. The
vocabulary of the body is more revealing than
the actual words you speak. So, watch your
tone and body language while you are
talking. Is your tone tough? Do you smile and
encourage the person you are talking to?
Your body language tells more about your
emotions and thoughts than your actual
words. Bear this in mind the next time you
have a conversation with someone. Check
your body language to ensure that it is
consistent with your words (Oakes, 2017).
When talking to the public. Speaking in
front of the crowd requires many
preparations; from analysing your target
audience, to planning and drafting your
speech up to the rehearsing part. The key
therefore is to come prepared. Be yourself
while you are on stage and speak in the way
that you will be easily understood by your
audience.
Activity 1: Directions: Complete the statement by writing the appropriate term in the blanks.
1. ___________communication refers to communication between and among people
and establishes personal relationship between and among them.
2. ___________communication refers to communication that centers in one person
where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message.
3. __________communication requires to deliver or send the message before or in front
of a group.
4. ____________communication is a small group public mass communication that
occurs between people.
5. ___________communication refers to the exchange of concepts, traditions, values
and practices between and among people of different nationalities and ways of life.
6. __________communication refers to the interaction of members along the links in an
organizational structure.
Activity 2: Directions: Identify the types of speech context appropriate for the following
situations. Using the word pool below, choose the letter of the best answer.
a) intrapersonal communication
b) interpersonal communication
c) interpersonal communication (dyad)
d) interpersonal communication (small group)
e) dyad communication
f) public communication
g) mass communication
h) organizational communication
i) intercultural communication
1. Talking to a counselor or psychiatrist
2. Delivering an oratorical speech
3. Delivering a news report
4. Discussion with your group mates on how to finish the assigned tasks.
5. Providing comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
6. Feeling happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you.
7. A contestant performing declamation in front of a group of audience.
8. Recounting your past experiences.
9. A student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the school’s
newspaper.
10. Offering feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.