Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Introduction:
- 19th century mein Nationalism Europe ka major political idea ban gaya.
- Nationalism = apne desh ke prati loyalty aur unity ka strong feeling.
- French Revolution (1789) ne is concept ko popular banaya.
French Revolution aur Nationalism:
- 1789 French Revolution ka aim: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
- King Louis XVI ki monarchy end hui → France republic bana.
- Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code):
- Feudal system abolish kiya.
- Equality before law ensure kiya.
- Property rights secure kiye.
- Napoleon ne nationalism spread kiya, lekin uska expansion military control ke saath tha.
Vienna Congress (1815):
- Napoleon defeat ke baad Vienna Congress hui.
- Aim: Monarchy restore karna, revolutionary ideas ko suppress karna.
- Austria ke Metternich ne conservative policies follow ki.
Revolutionaries aur Secret Societies:
- Young revolutionaries ne secret societies banayi (e.g., Carbonari in Italy).
- Italy mein Giuseppe Mazzini important leader tha.
- "Young Italy" organisation banayi.
Unification Movements:
- Italy ka Unification: Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi; 1871 mein Victor Emmanuel II king bana.
- Germany ka Unification: Otto von Bismarck; wars – Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), France
(1870); 1871 mein Kaiser William I emperor bana.
Balkans and Nationalism:
- Balkans ethnic diversity se bhara region tha.
- Nationalism yahan conflicts create karta tha jo World War I ka cause bana.
Key Terms:
- Nation-state: Majority log ek hi culture, language share karein.
- Liberalism: Freedom, equality before law.
- Conservatism: Monarchy aur aristocracy ko preserve karna.
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Introduction:
- British colonial rule ke against nationalist movement ka rise.
- Gandhiji ka role central tha.
First World War ka Impact:
- War ke baad economic hardship, inflation, food shortages.
- Return soldiers unemployed hue.
Gandhi ji aur Satyagraha:
- Champaran (1917) – indigo farmers.
- Kheda (1918) – crop failure relief.
- Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918).
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22):
- Khilafat Movement ke saath launch hua.
- Foreign clothes, schools, titles boycott.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930):
- Salt March (Dandi March) 12 March 1930 se shuru.
- Salt tax ka boycott.
Quit India Movement (1942):
- British 'Quit India' demand.
- Mass arrests, protests.
Key Leaders:
- Gandhi ji, Nehru, Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose.
Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
Introduction:
- Globalisation ka history samajhna.
Pre-modern World:
- Silk Routes: trade of silk, spices, ideas.
- 16th century: European colonialism start.
19th Century World:
- Industrial revolution: production increase.
- Colonies raw materials supply karte the.
Inter-war Economy:
- Great Depression (1929) – unemployment, trade collapse.
Post-War World:
- Bretton Woods Institutions: IMF, World Bank.
Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
Introduction:
- Industrialisation se production, transport, communication badle.
Before Industrial Revolution:
- Proto-industrialisation: rural industry.
Industrial Revolution:
- Britain mein shuru (textile industry).
- Steam engine – James Watt.
Impact on India:
- India ka handicraft industry decline.
- British imported goods cheap mile.
Workers Life:
- Low wages, long hours, poor conditions.
Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World
Introduction:
- Printing press ka invention Europe mein 15th century.
- Johannes Gutenberg – printing press inventor.
Print Revolution:
- Books affordable hui.
- Literacy rate increase hua.
India mein Print:
- 16th century Portuguese press.
- Newspapers freedom struggle mein important bane.
Impact:
- Ideas spread fast.
- Reform movements strengthen hue.