Concrete and Abstract Nouns
1. What is a Noun?
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: teacher (person), park (place), pencil (thing), love (idea).
2. Concrete Nouns
Definition: Nouns that name things you can see, hear, smell, taste, or touch.
They are tangible (can be perceived by the five senses).
Examples:
People: doctor, child, singer, policeman
Places: school, beach, playground, church
Things: apple, dog, chair, flower, ball
Animals: cat, elephant, bird, fish
Sentences:
1. The dog barked loudly.
2. I bought a red umbrella.
3. We visited the museum last Saturday.
3. Abstract Nouns
Definition: Nouns that name ideas, feelings, qualities, or concepts.
They are intangible (cannot be touched, seen, or directly perceived by the
senses).
Examples:
Feelings: happiness, sadness, anger, fear
Qualities: honesty, kindness, bravery, patience
Ideas/Concepts: freedom, education, peace, love
Sentences:
1. Honesty is the best policy.
2. Her happiness is important to me.
3. Education is the key to success.
4. Comparing Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Concrete Abstract
Noun Noun
teacher wisdom
rose beauty
song joy
school knowledge
rain sadness
5. Practice Sentences (Identify if Concrete or Abstract)
1. The baby is sleeping.
2. Love can heal a broken heart.
3. The car is parked outside.
4. Her kindness touched many lives.
5. We went to the zoo yesterday.
Gender of Nouns
Definition:
Gender of nouns refers to the classification of nouns according to sex or absence of
sex.
There are four kinds of gender in English:
1. Masculine Gender
Refers to male persons or animals.
Examples: man, boy, father, king, uncle, rooster, lion, stallion, actor, prince
2. Feminine Gender
Refers to female persons or animals.
Examples: woman, girl, mother, queen, aunt, hen, lioness, mare, actress,
princess
3. Common Gender
Refers to either male or female (gender is not specified).
Examples: teacher, doctor, child, student, cousin, friend, classmate, baby,
singer, dancer
4. Neuter Gender
Refers to non-living things or objects with no life and therefore no gender.
Examples: book, table, car, computer, pencil, school, mountain, tree, river
Special Notes:
1. Masculine ↔ Feminine Forms
o Some nouns change form to indicate gender:
king → queen
prince → princess
actor → actress
waiter → waitress
hero → heroine
2. Using words "male" or "female"
o Some nouns need the words "male" or "female" to show gender:
male teacher, female teacher
male nurse, female nurse
3. Animals without specific gender words
o For some animals, gender is shown with "he" or "she":
he-goat, she-goat
he-bear, she-bear
Examples Table:
Masculi Femini Comm Neuter
ne ne on
father mother teache book
r
uncle aunt studen table
t
rooster hen child chair
lion lioness doctor phone
king queen cousin mountai
n
Practice Exercise
Write M for Masculine, F for Feminine, C for Common, and N for Neuter gender.
1. Queen
2. Dog
3. Brother
4. Chair
5. King
6. Teacher
7. Mother
8. Book
9. Police officer
10. Bull
11. Aunt
12. Table
13. Cousin
14. Nurse
15. Stallion
16. Father
17. Baby
18. Hen
19. Car
20. Rooster
Sentence and Sentence Fragments
Definition
Sentence – A group of words that expresses a complete thought. It has a
subject and a predicate.
Example: The cat sleeps on the couch.
Sentence Fragment – A group of words that does not express a complete
thought. It may be missing a subject, a predicate, or both.
Example: On the couch. (Who? What happened?)
Examples
Sentence: She baked a chocolate cake.
Fragment: Baking a chocolate cake.
Sentence: The sun rises in the east.
Fragment: In the east.
Tips to Identify
1. Check if it has both a subject (who/what) and a predicate (what it does).
2. Check if it makes sense by itself.
Exercise: Write “S” for Sentence and “F” for Fragment
1. The children are playing in the park.
2. Under the big mango tree.
3. We went to the library yesterday.
4. Because it was raining heavily.
5. My mother is cooking dinner.
6. Went to the store to buy milk.
7. The stars twinkled brightly.
8. Before the bell rang.
9. The boy with the red hat.
10. They sang a song together.
Plural Form of Nouns
Definition:
The plural form of a noun means more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Most nouns form their plurals by following specific rules.
RULES for Forming Plurals
Rule 1: Add –s
For most nouns, simply add –s to form the plural.
Examples:
cat → cats
book → books
chair → chairs
Rule 2: Add –es
For nouns ending in –s, –x, –z, –ch, –sh, add –es.
Examples:
bus → buses
box → boxes
quiz → quizzes
church → churches
brush → brushes
Rule 3: Change –y to –ies
If a noun ends in a consonant + y, change y to i and add –es.
Examples:
baby → babies
lady → ladies
story → stories
BUT: If a noun ends in a vowel + y, just add –s.
Examples:
boy → boys
key → keys
toy → toys
Rule 4: Change –f or –fe to –ves
For most nouns ending in –f or –fe, change f/fe to v and add –es.
Examples:
leaf → leaves
knife → knives
wolf → wolves
EXCEPTIONS: Some just add –s.
Examples:
roof → roofs
chief → chiefs
Rule 5: Change vowels or spelling
Some nouns change spelling to form the plural.
Examples:
man → men
woman → women
tooth → teeth
foot → feet
goose → geese
mouse → mice
Rule 6: Same form for singular and plural
Some nouns stay the same in plural form.
Examples:
deer → deer
sheep → sheep
fish → fish (sometimes “fishes” is used for different kinds of fish)
Rule 7: Plurals of compound nouns
If written as one word, change the main noun.
Examples:
o toothbrush → toothbrushes
o mailbox → mailboxes
If written as separate words or with a hyphen, change the main noun only.
Examples:
o mother-in-law → mothers-in-law
o passer-by → passers-by
Rule 8: Foreign nouns
Some words from other languages keep their foreign plurals.
Examples:
cactus → cacti (or cactuses)
radius → radii
datum → data
REMEMBER:
Some nouns are always plural (scissors, trousers, spectacles) and take plural verbs.
Practice Exercise – Plural Form of Nouns
Part A: Write the plural form of each noun.
1. dress
2. fox
3. lady
4. toy
5. leaf
6. chief
7. mouse
8. tooth
9. sheep
10. baby
Part B: Change each sentence by making the underlined noun plural. Write
the new sentence.
11. The man is reading a book.
12. I saw a wolf in the forest.
13. The child is playing outside.
14. The box is on the table.
15. The goose is swimming in the pond.
Subject Pronouns
Definition
A subject pronoun is a pronoun that takes the place of a noun as the subject of the
sentence. It tells who or what the sentence is about.
List of Subject Pronouns
1. I – used by the speaker to refer to oneself.
Example: I like to read books.
2. You – used to refer to the person or people being spoken to.
Example: You are my best friend.
3. He – refers to a male person or animal previously mentioned.
Example: He plays basketball.
4. She – refers to a female person or animal previously mentioned.
Example: She sings beautifully.
5. It – refers to an object, animal, or thing.
Example: It is raining outside.
6. We – refers to the speaker and at least one more person.
Example: We are going to the park.
7. They – refers to more than one person, animal, or thing.
Example: They are playing in the garden.
Rules in Using Subject Pronouns
1. The subject pronoun must agree with the number (singular/plural) of the noun it
replaces.
Example: Anna → She (singular)
Anna and Maria → They (plural)
2. Use I when referring to yourself as the subject.
Example: I am happy.
3. Use We when including yourself with others.
Example: We love our school.
4. Use It for non-human subjects (unless they have names and are treated like
people).
Example: It is a sunny day.
5. Do not use subject pronouns and the nouns they replace together unnecessarily.
❌ My mother she is cooking.
✅ My mother is cooking. / She is cooking.
Examples
Maria is my classmate. → She is my classmate.
The cats are sleeping. → They are sleeping.
My brother and I will join the contest. → We will join the contest.
The dog is barking. → It is barking.
📝 Practice Exercise: Subject Pronouns
Directions: Replace the underlined noun(s) with the correct subject pronoun.
1. Ana is very kind. → __________ is very kind.
2. My father works in the city. → __________ works in the city.
3. The children are playing outside. → __________ are playing outside.
4. Ben and I study together. → __________ study together.
5. The bird is singing. → __________ is singing.
6. Mr. Santos teaches Math. → __________ teaches Math.
7. My friends are watching a movie. → __________ are watching a movie.
8. Anna and her sister are baking cookies. → __________ are baking cookies.
9. The car is new. → __________ is new.
10. You and I should clean the classroom. → __________ should clean the
classroom.
Here’s the Answer Key for your Diphthong Sounds practice:
Practice Exercise – Identify the Diphthong and Write Its Sound
1. light → /aɪ/
2. rain → /eɪ/
3. toy → /ɔɪ/
4. cow → /aʊ/
5. snow → /oʊ/
6. care → /eə/
7. here → /ɪə/
8. boil → /ɔɪ/
9. shout → /aʊ/
10. tour → /ʊə/
If you want, I can also make a color-coded Diphthong chart for Grade 3 so they can easily memorize which sound matches
each spelling pattern.