FIRST PROFESSIONAL YEAR

NEW VCI
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PAPER -1

UNIT-2
FODDER PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION

:: Compiled by::
Dr. A.K. Srivastava (Assistant Professor)
Dr. K.J. Ankuya (Associate Professor)
Dr. A.P. Chaudhary (Professor)

Department of Livestock Production & Management

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar
 CERTIFICATE
Year: 2020-21
Roll. No.:- Registration No. :-

This is to certify that the Practical work satisfactorily carried out in the laboratory as well
as at the Instructional Livestock Farm Complex and manual is prepared accordingly a
bonafide work of the student

Mr. /Miss: ______________________________________________________

Subject: Livestock Production and Management Paper-1

Unit: 4: FODDER PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION

Roll. No.__________________ Batch:

Class: First Professional Year (B.V. Sc.& A.H.)

No. of Practical Conducted : __________________

No. of Practical Attended : __________________

Remarks of Course Teacher :

COURSE TEACHER HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Date:

Place: Sardarkrushinagar
 INDEX
Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………..

Roll No. ………………………….. Regd. No…………………………………………...

Sr. No. Exercise Page No. Date Sign.

1. Common terminology related to

Fodder Production and Conservation
2. A visit to Fodder Farm
3. Familiarization with various Fodder
Crops utilized in the State and India
4. Familiarization with various
Fertilizers and Manures
5. Preparation of Cropping Scheme and
Crop Sequence for getting Round the
year Green Fodder
6. Collection and Preservation of Fodder
7. Feed Storage in Animal and Poultry
farm, possible damage, loss and
methods to prevent them
8. To Calculate the cost of Fodder
Production
9. Livestock Waste Utilization and
Recycling

COURSE TEACHER
Exercise No. 1 Date:

COMMON TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO FODDER

PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION

1. Acre : An unit of measurement of an area equal to 100 cents (4000 square metre)
2. Agrostology: It is the science which deals with the study of grasses, their classification,
management and utilization.
3. Bhusa: The refuse collected from the threshing floor after threshing pulse crop is commonly
known as Bhusa. It consists of leaves, immature pods and seeds and empty shell of pods and is
available as an inexpensive by-product which is quite useful for feeding cattle.
4. Bran: bran is the term used for the powdery product obtained from milling of cereal grains,
especially wheat and rice. It consists of outer seed coat and underlying layer containing much of
proteins and vitamins and also parts of endosperm of the grains.
5. Crude Fiber: This term includes all the insoluble forms of carbohydrates found in feeding stuffs.
It is made up cellulose, lignin and some pentos and represents the tough fibrous parts of plants.
6. Crude Protein: All nitrogenous substances contained in feedstuffs which include the true
proteins and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds such as amides.
7. Chuni: The compound consists primarily of the broken pieces of endosperm including germ and
a portion of husks obtained as by-product during the processing of pulse grains for human
consumption, for example arhar chuni, masoor chuni, mung chuni, gram chuni, tur chuni etc. The
compound is valued as a concentrate feed due to being comparatively low in fibre and more in
energy andprotein content comparison with roughage.
8. Concentrate: The feed which contain less than 18% Crude fiber, more than 60% total digestible
nutrients (TDN), having less volume per unit weight and have more nutrients is known as
concentrate.
9. Earthing up: Supporting the plant hill with addition of soil to form a strong hold. This facilitates
better anchorage to plants.
10. Farm yard manure (FYM): The decomposed manure is called farm yard manure (FYM). The
average composition of a well-rotted FYM is N: 0.5%, P 2 O5: 0.3% and K2O: 0.5%.
11. Fertilizer: Any natural or manufactured material dry or liquid, added to the soil in order to supply
one or more plant nutrients.

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12. Fodder: The entire, above the ground part of nearly mature plant in the fresh or cured form or
cultivated forage crops from livestock feeding. Maize, sorghum or other coarse grasses harvested
with seed and leaves and cured for animal feeding.
13. Fodder crop: Fodders crops are cultivated plant species that are utilized as livestock feed. Fodder
refers mostly the crops which are harvested and used for stall feeding, silage and hay.
14. Forage: Forage may be defined as the vegetative matter, fresh or preserved, utilised as feed for
animals. Forage crops include grasses, legumes, crucifers and other crops cultivated and used for
hay, pasture, fodder and silage. The term denotes plants used for feeding domestic animals. The
term includes wild as well as cultivated plants that are used as livestock feed. The crops used in
the whole plant form (except root), at pasture, Hay, silage, or green chaffed for feeding purpose.
15. Forage crop: Crops grown primarily for livestock feed, to be either harvested for hay, silage, or
green fed or harvested by grazing animals.
16. Grass: Any plant of the family Gramineae is called grass. The term 'grass' in the context of
feeding livestock and grassland agriculture is not limited to the narrow botanical sense alone, but
also includes their common associates of the legume family.
17. Grazing: The eating or partial defoliation of any kind of standing vegetation by domestic
livestock or other animals.
18. Green Manuring: it is defined as a practice of ploughing or turning into soil undecomposed
green plant tissues for improving physical structure and fertility of soil. Crops suitable for green
manuring are: Sunhemp, cowpea and guar etc.
19. Hay: Hay is feed produced by dehydrating green forage to a moisture content of 15 per cent or
less so that the biological processes do not proceed rapidly enough to build up heat.
20. Haylage: It is low moisture silage (35-55 moisture). Grass and legume crops are cut and wilted in
the field to a lower moisture level than normal for grass silage, but the crop is not sufficiently dry
for baling. Product resulting from ensiling forage with 35-55 per cent moisture under anaerobic
conditions. Compared to hay, it greatly reduces the time involved in field curing and the
associated field risk.
21. Lay farming: Growing grasses in rotation with agricultural crops.
22. Leguminous fodder: The fodder which belong to Leguminosae family and is higher in protein
and calcium contents, thus more nutritive, are called as leguminous fodder. Eg. Lucerne, Berseem,
Cow pea, Guar etc. The most important feature of legume is the power of their root nodule
bacteria to fix the atmospheric nitrogen. Legumes are very valuable for renovating crops on poor
soil by enriching it with nitrogen fixed by bacterial root nodules.

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23. Manure: The excreta of animals’ viz. dung and urine with straw or other materials used as
absorbent are called manures.
24. Meadow: Area covered with grasses and /or succulent forage legumes grown primarily for hay.
25. Non-leguminous (Cereal) fodder: The fodders which belong to family of Graminacae, and
contain less protein and calcium and less nutritive than Leguminous crops are called as Non-
leguminous fodders. It contains all cereal food crops. The stem in grasses are usually hollow and
cylindrical. Maize, Jowar, Oat, Bajra etc.
26. Nutrient: the food contains nutrients. Nutrients are the compounds which support the life. The
nutrients are two types (i) Organic – Carbohydrtaes, Fat/lipids, Proteins and vitamins. (ii) In-
organic – minerals like Ca, P, Chloride, Mg, Fe etc. In addition water is also nutrient.
27. Pasture: The term pasture is applied to a grazed plant community usually composed of several
species often of diverse botanical type.
28. Ploughing: Ploughing is disturbing the soil with tools and implements in order to create a
favourable soil condition for the germination of seeds and growth of crop plants. Ploughing may
be done under wet, dry and garden-land conditions.
29. Range (pasture): An extensive area of natural pasture land if unfenced it is an open range.
30. Range Management: Management of a range to produce maximum forage for sustained use
without jeopardizing the other resources or uses of land.
31. Ridges and Furrows: Formation of miniature hills and valleys in the field at the appropriate
spacing for sowing / planting of wider spaced crops like cotton, sugarcane etc.

32. Roughage: Plant materials (feed stuffs) that are relatively high in crude fibre (More than 18 %);
low in total digestible nutrients (<60%)and more bulky such as straw and stover.
33. Silage: Animal feed resulting from the storage and fermentation of green or wet crops under
anaerobic conditions.
34. Stover: Matured, cured stalks of such crops as maize, sorghum or millets from which grains have
been removed; a type of roughage.
35. Soilage: Cultivated fodder harvested and fed to the animal when it is green succulent is known as
soilage. Eg. Green maize, bajra, oat, lucerne, berseem etc.

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36. Straw: the portion of a crop that is left after the grains are threshed out is known as straw. All
straws are usually poor in feeding value with little protein, fats, minerals and rich only in fibre.
37. Succulent Roughage: The roughage which naturally contains more than 60% moisture is known
as succulent roughage may be soilage, silage or pasture.
38. Dry roughage: Dry roughage contains 7 -12 % moisture. Dry roughage may be hay or straw.
39. Tillage: It refers to the manipulation of the soil with tools and implements for loosening the
surface crust and bringing about favourable conditions for the germination of seeds and crop
growth.
40. Weed: A plant growing where it is not desired. Plants are considered weeds when they interfere
with the activities of man or his welfare. In simple sense, weeds are plant out of place.
41. Weeding: Removal of weed either by hand or by using of tools or killing the seeds by use of
chemicals (weedicides).

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Exercise No. 2 Date:

A VISIT TO FODDER FARM

Fodder is the cultivated forage crop which is utilized for animal feeding. Cultivation of
fodder requires land, labour, implement, irrigation, fertilizer and routine farm operations as per the
stage of growth of the crop. Fodder is cultivated according to need of forages for the animals.

Objectives

 To know all crops and study their physical appearance and identification.
 To know the layout of fodder farm of Instructional farm.
 To know the different types of implements utilized in the cultivation operations.
 To know the importance of green fodder.

1. Different type of fodder crops

Rabi Summer Kharif

Oat Rajka- bajari Lucerne (initial stage of kharif)
Lucerne Cowpea Bajra
Berseem Jowar Hybrid Napier
Rajgaro Maize Maize
Sunflower Hybrid Napier Sorghum
Sunflower Cowpea
Guar

2. Layout of fodder farm (Veterinary College)

Farm is located in between Horticulture Farm and Livestock Research Station. Eight
hectares of land is divided in to 8 plots of various sizes and according to topography. The farm has 1
tube-well. The farm is protected by wired fence.

3. Implements of Farm

 Harrow, Disc harrow and plough -- for land tillage

 Khurpi, and sickle for cutting and weeding,
 Spade for irrigation,

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  Tractor and bullock cart for transportation.
 Tractor is also utilized for cultivation and operation on land.

4. Green fodders available at Farm:

Green fodders having high moisture content (more than 60%). It is easily digestible and more
palatable. It gives coolness of body and help in maintaining body temperature of animal. It is
enriched with vitamin A &D. help in maintaining health of the animal. Green fodder feeding reduces
the cost of animal product. It gives satisfaction of fulfilling the belly of the animals. Following
fodder crop were present at the farm

1. Lucerne
2. Oat
3. Chikory
4. Carrot
5. Hybrid Napier

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 Exercise No. 3 Date:

FAMILIARIZATION WITH VARIOUS FODDER CROPS

UTILIZED IN THE STATE AND INDIA

Objectives: (1) To know the fodder crops grown in the state

(2) To know the physical structure of given fodder crops

Introduction:

Fodder is the main factor affecting animal production. Gujarat has 12.43 lakh ha land under
forage crop production which is only 6.3 % of total cultivated land. There was 31.3 % increase in
area under forage crop from 1992 to 1944. Due to increase in fodder production state has better dairy
development. The production of green fodder in the state is 217 lakh metric tons against demand of
270 lakh metric tons. The production of dry fodder is 170 lakh metric tons in the state against
demand of 110 lakh metric tons. In country production of green and dry fodder is 2500 and 4410
lakh metric tons against demand of 9320 and 7800 lakh metric tons respectively.

The major sources of fodder for the livestock are as follow. This includes fodder crops, their
by-product, tree leaves and unconventional sources of feeds.

1) Leguminous fodder crops: The major crops grown in the state are Lucerne, Cowpea, Guar,
etc. Berseem is grown in Northern temperate states.

2)Non-leguminous fodder crops: These includes sorghum, maize, bajra teosinte, oat chicory,
rajka- bajari etc. The makchari or teosinte grown in U.P.& Northern states.

 Oilseed crops: The main crops like sunflower andits succulent form of can be fed.
 Tuber crop: The main crops are turnip and carrot. The vegetative part of carrot is fed to
livestock.
 Perennial grasses: These Grasses are sustained for more than 1 year. Once they are well
established in the soil give forages for 2 to 5 years. E.g. Gajraj grass, Anjan, Deenanath,
Dashrath, Hybrid Napier, Blue Panic grass.
 Tree leaves: Leaves and pods of the trees utilized for animal feeding.
E.g.: Strawberry, Subabul, Babul, Neem, Pipal, Drumstick etc.

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  Low grade roughage and crop by products: From grain crop we can get by-products like
wheat straw, bajra straw, and paddy straw for animal feeding. These feed have low nutrients
and are less digestible.
Forage crops can be broadly divided into 2 groups.
A) Non legume or cereal crops. B) Legume crops

A) Physical characters of Non Legume forage crops:

Their roots are thin and fibrous, and adventitious from nodes, forming radiating crown round
the base and easily pulled up. Their stems are erect, circular or flattened in section. Stem has varying
number of nodes. Inter node is elongated. Their leaves are arranged in 2 rows alternatively up the
stem. Leaves are flat strip like blade, leaf sheath either ciliate or smooth long and narrow leaf blade.
Tiny hair usually found at the base of the leaves and at nodes. The typical spikelet consists of an axis
(ranchilla), 2 glumes and1 to many florets. They bear seeds on elongated seed stalk and seeds are
usually called as grain.

B) Physical characters of Legume forage crops:

They have one main erect or tap root along with subsidiary roots. Roots have usually bacterial
nodes. Stems are either loose or weakly erect and hollow in structure. Nodes on stems are not
elaborate. Internode is very short. Leaf is compound type trifoliate into 3 leaflets. The ridges of
leaflets scattered toward sky. The flowers appear in clusters or racemes with overlapping petals.
Each flower has its own short stalk or peduncle. The inflorescence may be terminal or axillary. Seeds
are formed inside the pods with varying shape. Pods may be curly elongated or stoat.

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PRACTICAL NO: 4 DATE:
FAMILIARIZATION WITH VARIOUS FERTILIZERS AND MANURES
Objectives:
1. To study the various types of fertilizers
2. To study the various types of manures and their utilization
Fertilizers

A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant
tissues (usuallyleaves) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they
provide a single nutrient (say, N, P, or K), in which case they are classified as straight fertilizers.
Multi nutrient fertilizers or complex fertilizers provide two or more nutrients, for example N and P.
Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon containing materials except urea. Organic fertilizers are usually
(recycled) plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since
various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture.

Single nutrient (straight) fertilizers

The main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is ammonia or its solutions. Ammonium nitrate
(NH4NO3) is also widely used. Urea is another popular source of nitrogen, having the advantage that
it is a solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate, respectively.

The main straight phosphate fertilizers are the superphosphates. Single superphosphate
consists of 14–18% P2O5, again in the form of Ca(H2PO4)2, but also phosphor-gypsum (CaSO4 · 2
H2O). Triple superphosphate typically consists of 44-48% of P2O5 and no gypsum. A mixture of
single superphosphate and triple superphosphate is called double superphosphate. More than 90% of
a typical superphosphate fertilizer is water-soluble.

Multinutrient fertilizers

These fertilizers are the most common. They consist of two or more nutrient components.

Binary (NP, NK, PK) fertilizers

Major two-component fertilizers provide both nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. These
are called NP fertilizers. The main NP fertilizers are mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and di-
ammonium phosphate (DAP).The active ingredient in MAP is NH4H2PO4. The active ingredient in
DAP is (NH4)2HPO4. About 85% of MAP and DAP fertilizers are soluble in water.

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 Urea Muriate of Potash

Di Ammonium Phosphate (DAP)

NPK fertilizers

NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers providing nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium. NPK rating is a rating system describing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium in a fertilizer. NPK ratings consist of three numbers separated by dashes (e.g., 10-10-10 or
16-4-8) describing the chemical content of fertilizers. The first number represents the percentage of
nitrogen in the product; the second number, P2O5; the third, K2O. Fertilizers do not actually contain
P2O5 or K2O, but the system is a conventional shorthand for the amount of the phosphorus (P) or
potassium (K) in a fertilizer. A 50 kg bag of fertilizer labeled16-4-8 contains 8 kg of nitrogen (16%
of the 50 kg, an amount of phosphorus equivalent to that in 2 kg of P2O5 (4% of 50 kg), and 4 kg of
K2O (8% of 50 kg).

Micronutrients

The main micronutrients are molybdenum, zinc, and copper. These elements are provided as
water soluble salts. Iron presents special problems because it converts to insoluble (bio-unavailable)
compounds at moderate soil pH and phosphate concentrations. For this reason, iron is often

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administered as a chelate complex, e.g., the EDTA derivative. The micronutrient needs depend on
the plant. Eg. Sugar beets appear to require boron, and legumes require cobalt.

MANURES:

Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except in the case of green
manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of
the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are trapped by bacteria in the
soil. It is also a product obtained after decomposition of organic matter like cow dung which
replenishes the soil with essential elements and adds humus to the soil.

Difference between Manures and Fertilizers

Sr. No. Manures Fertilizers

1 It is a product of plant and animal residues Manufactured in factory artificially

2 It has all plant nutrients It has specific plant nutrients

3 Contain plant nutrients in small quantity Contain plant nutrients in higher quantity

4 It improves physical properties of soil It makes soil acidic or alkaline

5 It is slow releasing in nature It is high releasing in nature

Example: Farm Yard Manure, Poultry Example: Urea, Muriate of Potash, Super
droppings, compost manure, Biogas slurry. phosphate, N.P.K. and Di Ammonium
Phosphate (DAP)

Farm Yard Manure:

It is a mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter or bedding material, portion of fodder not consumed
by cattle and domestic wastes like ashes etc. collected and dumped into a pit or a heap in the corner
of the backyard. It is allowed to remain there and rot till it is taken out and applied to fields. Well
rotten Farm Yard Manure contains0.5% N., 0.2% P2O5 and 0.5% K2O.

Compost:

Well-rotted plant and animal residue is called compost. Composting means rotting of plant
and animal residues before applying in fields. The essential requirements of composting are air,
moisture, optimum temperature and a small quantity of nitrogen. It is an activity of micro-organisms

11
and some people recommend addition of suitably prepared inoculums to introduce micro-organisms
for decomposing the material.

Green Manuring:

Green manure crops are grown in the field itself either as a pure crop, or as an intercrop with
the main crop, and buried in the same field. The most common green manure crops are sunhemp,
dhaincha and guar. Tender green-twigs and leaves are collected from wastelands which are spread in
the field and incorporated into the soil. Shrubs and trees are also cut and turned into the soil e.g.
Shrubs like glyricidia, sesbania, karanj.

Bio-fertilizers:

The bio-fertilizers containing biological nitrogen fixing organisms are of utmost importance in
agriculture. Advantages of bio-fertilizer-

• They help in the establishment and growth of crop plants and trees.
• They enhance biomass production and grain yields by 10-20 percent.
• They are useful in sustainable agriculture.
• They are suitable in organic farming.
• They play an important role in Agrotorestry / Silvi- pastoral system.

Types of Biofertilizers:

• Rhizobium • Blue-green algae

• Azotobacter • Azolla
• Azospirillum • Mycorrhizae
Vermi-compost

It is the method of making compost with the use of earthworms, which generally live in soil,
eat biomass and excrete it in digested form. This compost is generally called vermi-compost or
wormi-compost. It is estimated that 1800 worms which is an ideal population for one sq. meter can
feed up to 80 tons of humus per day.

Exercise

1. Prepare the list of fertilizers and manures used by farmers in India.

2. Write the list of fertilizers and manures used in ILFC for fodder production.

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Exercise No. 5 Date:

PREPARATION OF CROPPING SCHEME AND CROP SEQUENCE

FOR GETTING ROUND THE YEAR GREEN FODDER

Objectives:
(1) To know the fodder crops grown in the state
(2) To know the physical structure of given fodder crops
(3) To get the green fodder throughout the year
(4) To study the various crop combinations for maximum green fodder production
1. Introduction:
Requirement of green fodder and dry fodder depends on no. of livestock reared on the farm.
The planning of forage cultivation is to be made according to the type and quantities of fodder
requirement in different season. The cropping scheme is, therefore, prepared to get maximum output
from different fields. The area planed and sown for different crops is decided as per requirement of
fodder and regular supply of fodder to livestock
Cropping Scheme: It is the plan according to which crops are raised or grown on individual plot of
a farm with an object of getting maximum return by way of good output ofcrop at a lower cost of
input from each crop, without impairing the fertility of the soil is known as cropping scheme.
Advantages
1) It provides uniform and balanced fodders and feed for livestock.
2) Better conservation of soil, and efficient use of power and equipment.
3) Arrangement of economic and uniform distribution of labourcan be done.
4) Providing more uniform business over farm from year to year
5) It will give a clear idea of previous, present and future for crops with area and field numbers.
6) It will also give an idea about the trials conducted on farm.
Characteristics of good cropping scheme
1) It should be prepared well in advance.
2) It should be based on climate; irrigation facilities soil type and product market.
3) The plan should be flexible so as to set a smaller fraction of the broad plan. In favour of
minor changes to unforeseen situation created by weathers and market condition.
4) It should include some of the crops which give quick return. As a rule major part of working
capital should be obtained out of daily sale of farm products, like vegetable, milk and green
fodder, etc.

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 5) It should be flexible for raising those crops which can more cheaply be produced on the farm
than purchased.
6) It should have diversity of farming, for improving soil quality, better utilization of bullock,
labour, equipment and at the same time offering considerable variety of produce for home
consumption and abundance roughage for cattle.
7) The area under each crop should approximately the same, year after year, unless price
variation or other factor changed.
8) The relative claim for average of the competing crop should be considered e.g. whether it
should be profitable to put under sunflower than of cowpea or vice versa.
9) There should be many fields for crop rotation from year to years.
10) The rotation should be planned around the most profitable crops.
11) It should have leguminous crops in its crop rotation.
Example: 1 One farmer has 10 animals. 1 animal require 40 kg green fodder daily. Prepare cropping
scheme to provide fodder to animals for 3 years.
Solution:
Total animal (cows) = 10
Fodder requirement/cow is 40 kg daily
So fodder requirement for year=10 x 40 x 365=146000kgs

Cropping Scheme Table:

Season First year Second year Third year

Crops Area Production Crops Area Production Crops Area Production

(Kg) (Kg) (Kg)
(ha.) (ha.) (ha.)

Bajara 1.0 30,000 Maize 0.5 25,000 H.N. 0.5 20,000

Kharif
Cowpea 0.5 15,000 Jowar 0.5 20,000 Maize 0.5 25,000

H.N. 0.5 5000 H.N. 0.5 20,000 Cowpea 0.5 15,000

---- ---- ----- H.N. 0.5 20,000 ---- ----

H.N. 0.5 20,000 Sun-flower 1.0 30,000 H.N. 0.5 20,000

Rabi Jowar 1.0 30,000 ---- --- ----- Oat 1.0 20,000

H.N. 0.5 20,000 H.N. 0.5 20,000 H.N. 0.5 20,000

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 Lucerne 0.5 15,000 Bajara 1.0 30,000 Jowar 1.0 30,000
Summer
Bajara 0.5 20,000 ----- ---- ---- --- ---

Total 1,55,000 1,65,000 1,60,000

Example 2
1 farmer has 25 cows and one cow eats 40 kg fodder daily, so make the fodder cropping scheme for
25 cows for 3 year.
Total requirement of fodder in a year = 25 x 40 x 365=365000
Example 3
A farmer has 8 cows or 6 buffaloes. Prepare a crop cycle for securing green fodder from 1 hector
land.

FODDER VARIETIES FOR GUJARAT STATE:

Multicut Jowar: GFSH-1&3
Cowpea: monsoon-GFC 1, 3& EC4216
Summer- GFC2,4&EC4216
Lucerne annual Anand 2
Oat multicut: KentOL-9
Maize- Ganga safed 2, African tall, Ganga 5and Vikram composit
Bajri – Rajkabajri 1&giant bajra .
Hybrid Napier – CO1, PNB-87,APBN-1, NB-21
Guar - FS-277,HFG-119.

Crop sequence for getting round the year green fodder

Continuous supply of good quality green fodder in sufficient quantity is must to obtain the
optimum milk production as per the potential of dairy animal. As area under industrial development,
cereal crop and cash crop cultivation is increasing, there is less possibility of increasing the area
under forage cultivation. Hence high yielding varieties of forage crops of shorter duration should be
shown to obtain maximum fodder production from unit area round the year. Under irrigated area
suitable crop should be adapted by forage crop rotation. Instead of sowing in whole area, sowing
should be staggered or distributed at weekly or fortnightly interval so as to get continuous greens
from same land. Thus crop sequence shown below should be adapted throughout the year by using
one hectare land for six buffaloes or eight cows and its followers.

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Cropping system for continuous supply of green fodder throughout the year
Sr. Cropping System Sowing Sowing time Period of Harvest Remarks
No. Area availability Quantity
(Ha.) (Quintal)

MulticutJowar + 0.50 February- April to 500

Cow pea March July
*Winter sowing
MulticutJowar + 0.50 June –July August to 500
1 in areas sown in
Cow pea November
summer
Lucerne (Annual) + 0.50* October- December 600
Oats (multicut) November to April

Maize + 0.25 March- April May to 150

Cowpea/Guar June

Maize + 0.25 May-June July to 150 ** Take winter

Cowpea/Guar August crops in 0.50 ha.
2 MulticutJowar + 0.50 June- July August to 600 land where
Rajaka-bajari + November maize + cow pea
Cow pea / Guar was grown

Lucerne (Annual) + 0.50** October- December 600

Oats (multicut) November to April

3 Napier Hybrid + 1.00 Napier Hybrid / Throughout 2000 Take

Cowpea / Lucerne Cowpea in June year intercrops of
and Lucerne in cowpea in
October – summer and
November Lucerne in
winter

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Exercise No. 6 Date:

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF FODDER

Objectives:
1. To study the various methods of collection and preservation of fodders.
2. Management of feed and fodder during drought

Fodder is the main factor affecting the production of the livestock. For continuous milk
production the regular supply of green fodder is essential. However, green fodder supply can’t
remain steady and regular for whole year so the dry fodder storage should be done to feed the
animals in lack of green fodder. Surplus green fodder can be made reserved for dry fodder and silage
making. The preservation of fodder is essential for feeding livestock in lean period and draught
condition to get production from animals. The preservation of fodder can be made either in dry form
(hay) or in moist form (silage).
1. HAY: Green forages when dried to about 80-85% dry matter, preserve most of its nutrients
including carotene is called hay. It should preserve green colour of crop. It should be prepared in
such a way that there is minimum loss of leaves due to shattering. The hay should be free from
fungus or moulds or bad odours. It should not have more than 15 percent moisture, so that it can
be safely stored without risk of fermentation and combustions.
Suitable crops for hay making
Green oat is best for hay making. Green Berseem, Lucerne, Cowpea, Jowar, and natural
grasses can also be used for hay making, if proper care is taken to avoid shattering of leaves. Early
cut graminaceous crops (jowar, bajara, maize) are most suitable for making good quality hay which
is nutritious.
Stage of harvesting
Pre-flowering stage or 10% crops is in bloom stage.
Curing
After cutting, crop is sun dried for 1-2 days, making windrows, turning of sides and baled at 25%
moisture content. In Rainy area – tripod system utilize for drying. For farm drying fodder are kept on
fence, wires, roof top and tree top.

Factors affecting nutritive value of hay

 Heavy loss due to shattering of leaves, fermentation, oxidation and leaching.

17
  Shattering: - It is more common in leguminous crops, due to prolong drying, improper
turning of sides.
 Fermentation :- Improper drying, loss of protein
 Oxidation :- Over dried in sun, loss of vitamin A and vitamin D
 Leaching: - Loss of protein, NFE, soluble minerals & vitamins.
Precautions to be taken during hay making
1. Cutting or harvesting at proper stage.
2. Heavy swath cannot be made otherwise fermentation will be there.
3. After 1-2 days sun drying, further drying should be done in shade for preservation of
green colour of hay.
4. Leguminous hay should be transported from field early in the morning.
5. The loss can be reduced if forages are chaffed.
B. SILAGE MAKING
Silage is a green materials produced by controlled fermentation of green fodder crops
retaining the higher moisture content. Fresh fodder when packed in a container and allow to ferment
under anaerobic condition producing some volatile fatty acids which preserve the forage material for
a long time with minimum loss of nutrients is known as silage. The process of conserving green
fodder as silage is called Ensiling.
Crops suitable for silage making
Crops rich in soluble carbohydrates are most suitable for ensilage. The crops should have
solid stems, so that minimum amount of air is trapped. The dry matter content of crop should be 30
to 35 percent.
Stage of harvesting for different crops
1. Maize – Dent stage
2. Oat, Sorghum, Bajra – Milk or dough stage
3. Berseem, Lucerne – 25-50% flowering stage
4. Natural grasses – At flowering stage
Advantages of silage making
(1) When weather does not permit hay making, silage can be prepared.
(2) Plants with thick stems are not suitable for hay making, but suitable for silage.
(3) Weeds can also be utilized along with main fodder crops in silage making.
(4) Silage making destroy seeds of weeds.
(5) Silage is highly palatable.

18
 (6) The organic acids produced in silage are similar to those produced in the digestive
tract of ruminants. Therefore, used in same manner.
Disadvantages:-
(1) It requires silo-pit, more costly than hay making.
(2) 10-20 percent loss of green forages.
(3) If not properly packed for anaerobic condition heavy loss of green fodder.
Silo or Silo-pit:-
A silo is an air tight to semi-air tight structure designed for storage and preservation of high
moisture feed as silage.
Size of Silo
No. Of adult cows Diameter of silo(m) Height of silo(m) Storage capacity
12 3.05 7.93 39.4
20 3.66 8.23 56.4
30 4.27 9.14 84.6
50 5.49 10.86 141.0
100 6.10 11.89 282.0

Haylage: -
Haylage is a low moisture silage (40-50% moisture) and is made from grass/legume that is
wilted to 40-45 percent moisture content before ensiling.
Straw:-
It is the by-product of cereal or leguminous crop available after removal of seeds or grains.
The straw is low in available energy, nitrogen and vitamins. The improvement of straw in their
nutritive value can be achieved by physical, chemical and microbial treatment. Rice straw and wheat
straw are staple feed in India. Pulse straw, like urad, mung, arhar and pea and ground nut, bhusa can
also be utilized as nutritive straw.

Management of fodder during drought

When there would be a drought or less availability of water for irrigation and less availability
of monsoon fodder crops due to failure in rainfall, at that time following steps should be taken for
collection of fodder.
1. Arrangement should be done to grow short duration fodder crops which require less water
especially in winter season.

19
2. Where there is sufficient water availability more fodder crops should be grown instead of
cash crops.
3. Wheat straw and paddy straw should be collected as they are available in abundant.
4. The tender foliage of perennial fodder trees like Subabul, Dashrath, Sheveri, Seesam and
Agusth should be collected and dried.
5. Babul, Acacia, Pipal, Khejri and Berry leaves can also be fed in small quantities.
6. Establishment of fodder bank or fodder bank society by animal owners.
7. The purchase of fodder from fodder rich areas in bulk which reduces the transportation
cost.
8. The chaffing of fodder not only reduces the storage space but also leads to less wastage of
fodder.

EXERCISE:
1. Describe methods of storage of feed and fodder.
2. Write the precautions to be taken during silage making.
*******

20
Exercise No. 7 Date:

FEED STORAGE IN ANIMAL AND POULTRY FARM, POSSIBLE

DAMAGE, LOSS AND METHODS TO PREVENT THEM
Objectives:

1. To study various methods of feed storage at animal and poultry farm

2. To know the possible damage and loss
3. To study the various methods to prevent the loss and damage during storage

Aims of feed storage:-

I. Livestock requires continuous feeding, so surplus fodder and concentrate should be stored for
daily use.
II. Regular feeding of dry fodder so dry fodder should be purchase in harvesting season and
stored.
III. Bulk purchase of concentrate at least for 3 months stock, it reduce cost and transportation and
at the same time, regular supply to the livestock without interruption in production.
A. Storage of Hay :-
Hay should be stored in dry moisture free area. For large quantity, hay bales may be made for
preserving the material. Hay in bales is also easy to handle and transport. Hay should be stored
in tight bundles. It can also be stored in loose stacks which are manually compressed after a few
days to accommodate more material. Legume hay and non-legume hay should be stored
separately. The floor of godown should be on higher level than that of the ground level. The
walls should be impervious to water. Proper ventilation should be provided.

Possible damage and loss during storage of hay

The hay with more than 15% moisture, lead to fermentation and loss of protein.
- Dried hay when stored cause generation of heat and sometime combustion may be there.
- The leaking ceiling may cause dampness in stored hay and mould growth will be there and
black color of hay will make it unpalatable.
- Aflatoxin poisoning will be there.
- Hay should be properly dried before storage.
- Ensure that ceiling should be rain – proof.
- Wall of godown should be imperious to water.

21
 - Proper ventilation should be provided to escape undue moisture accumulation.
- The floor should be clean and free from decaying materials.

B) Storage of green fodder - Operational techniques for filling silo:-

1) Bring the moisture of harvested crop to level of 70% by wilting to prevent excessive seepage
and soggy (damp) smell of silage.
2) Chaff the forage to 1.5 cm chaff size to ensure good packing and release of excessive air
trapping.
3) Compress each layer of silage of 30 cm. thickness thoroughly with bullocks or by tractor.
4) Complete the filling operation as quickly as possible.
5) Add 4 kg. urea and 2 kg common salt per ton to chaffed material if crop material is pure
cereal and grasses to enhance nitrogen content and palatability of silage.
6) In case of pure forage legumes being ensiled add 2 – 3 gallons of molasses with an equal
quantity of water per ton of green forages to increase sugar content in the silage.
7) Close the silo at the top with a 30 cm thick layer of earth after covering with thick polythene
sheet to prevent infiltration of moisture and air from top. The sides of cover should be sealed
with mud plastering.
8. The silo should be protected by shed to drain the rain water.
9. Silage get ready for feeding in about 90 days period and it can preserved for even a number
of years. While feeding the material should be removed vertically after removing polythene
cover from one side of silo.
10. After taking out the proper quantity of silage the silo again can be closed properly to prevent
fungal development inside the silo. The best quality silage has greenish yellow colour for
cereal fodder silage and legume grasses have dark green color. It has a characteristic vinegar
type of smell or sweet smell.
C. Storage of Concentrate feed:
The concentrate can be stored in bags stacked inside the aerated godown. The major
ingredients, especially grains and oil cakes should be stored in bulk. The stacking of feed
bags will depend upon
(i) Moisture content
(ii) Temperature
(iii) Strength of floor
(iv) Height available for stacking.

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 Feed having less than 10% moisture can be placed in tiers upto the height of 30ft on a
strong concrete floor. In case of pelleted feed (more than 12% moistures), the bags should be
placed on raised timber boards so that aeration is available from below the stack as well. If
the bags are stacked in well aerated piles, the raw material containing high moisture (15-
18%) can also be stored safely.

A permanent type of construction for grain storage is a re-enforced cement concrete

(RCC) silo, can be used. It is fire proof as well as protect the grain form vermin and climatic
conditions. A silo 60 feet height and 50 feet diameter has a storage capacity of 500 tones. A
steel bin of 6 feet x 10 feet size with suitable height can be used for storage of feed.

The common damage and loss in storage of feed.

Grain Weevils

• It is always necessary to store the feeds and fodders for regular use in an efficient feeding
system. Concentrate feeds are usually procured in large quantities; stored and used regularly.
• Farmers may procure a compounded or manufactured feed, or they may procure the feed
ingredients separately and mix them just before feeding.
• The common feed ingredients are grains of cereal crops like sorghum, maize, bajra, etc;
edible oil cakes like groundnut oil cake, sesamum oil cake, cotton seed cake, etc; deoiled rice
bran, and so on. Most of these ingredients are the produce from fields or agro by -products or
agro-industrial by-products.
• There can be losses in these products either at the field level or during storage. Field losses
are seen with the cereal grains during harvesting and post- harvesting operations like
threshing, cleaning and drying.
• Storage losses are more important in case of all the feed ingredients. These losses can be
qualitative or quantitative. These losses are brought about by insects, fungi and more

23
 importantly rodents i.e. rats. The activity of these biological agents is influenced by the
storage environments.
• Moisture content and temperature are the principal factors in safe storage. The stored grain
pests become inactive at low moisture and low temperature conditions.
• High humidity coupled with high temperature encourages mould formation and provide
conditions favourable for rapid growth of insect population.
• The optimum level of moisture for storing the feed ingredients is less than 10% in India.
Temperature below 15ºC retard insect reproduction, while high temperatures (21-43ºC)
speedup the life process of all micro - organisms.
• Insects like beetles, weevils and different larvae feed on stored grains and other ingredients.
Grains with higher nutritive value are more susceptible to insect damage. Dead and live
insects and their excreta make the commodities unpalatable and unacceptable.
• The losses due to fungi are mainly due to the development of metabolites like aflotoxin,
zearalanone, etc. There may be decay and death of grains because of the fungal attack.
• Rodents not only consume the feed but also foul it with their excretions. Further they destroy
the containers by gnawing holes that result in leakage and wastage of feed ingredients.

PRECAUTIONS AND CONTROL MEASURES TO MINIMIZE STORAGE LOSSES

It is necessary to take all the precautions and control measures as listed below to minimize
storage losses:
1. The produce should be thoroughly dried to bring down the moisture content to less than 10%.
2. The feed ingredients are stored in containers such as gunny bags. Polythene bags, metallic bins,
etc. which are kept under good hygiene and clean conditions during storage.
3. Stacking is done in such a way as to permit inspection of the bags for storage losses.
4. The produce should be periodically taken out, dried and rebagged to avoid the damage due to
insects and fungi.
5. Grains can be mixed with dried neem leaves or ash to prevent insect damage.
6. The storage structures (sheds, buildings, etc.) should be entirely weather proof mainly to prevent
leakage of rain water. There should be controlled ventilation to prevent the buildup of high
temperature and high humidity.
7. Structures are built with provision to make them air tight to enable fumigation whenever
necessary. Fumigants are gases which penetrate bulk of grains and kill insects and larvae living
within the grain, but fumigation should be done under the strict supervision of experts or trained
persons.

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8. Infestation: - Problem occur in damaged grain unfit for human consumption. The process of
cleaning, spraying of insecticides and fumigation are the suggested operation to control
infestation. Separate storage of different type feed reduce the infestation. The dust forms of
insecticides such as malathion, lindane can be used to control insect pests.
9. Rodent problem: - Protecting the grains and other feed ingredients during storage is as essential
as producing them in the field. Rodents can be controlled by using rat traps, use of cats and dogs;
and use of poisoned baits. In the fields, aluminium phosphide tablets can be used to control
rodents by placing them in rat holes and plugging them. During storage bait prepared by using
zinc phosphide (0.5%) is more effective. Construction of rat proof go-downs, baiting the rats and
killing them in their burrows, Raised platform (3ft) around the godown at 3 x 4 feet height prevent
entry of rats inside the godown.
10. Weight losses: - The raw materials having more than 10% moisture at the time of storage begins
to lose weight due to loss of moisture after a long period of storage. It is advisable to put in about
1 kg extra feed (pelleted) per 100 kg of finished product.

Fire Hazards: -
Dried raw materials stored in godown are prone to fire hazard. Auto–oxidation can also cause
fire in godown. The control over moisture content, removing rancid and mouldy feed and providing
enough ventilation in the godown can control this hazard. On poultry farms due to problems of
rodent one can utilized small bins of 200 kg. can be utilized for storage of poultry – feed.

Godown
Exercise:
1. What are the common feed ingredients which are stored at animal and poultry farms?
2. What are the methods generally adopted for the control of pests in stored feed.
********

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Exercise No. 8 Date:

TO CALCULATE THE COST OF FODDER PRODUCTION

Objectives:
1. To learn the various technical inputs of fodder production
2. To calculate the cost of different fodder production
Introduction:-
It is essential to know the production cost of all the farm products such as fodder production
cost, livestock product cost etc to run the farming business profitably. Farm cost accounts various
technical inputs of farming business and many estimates as the cost. Cost of production can be
derived by calculating the various expenses involves in production of commodities. The normal price
of commodity tends to equal the cost involved in producing it. The cost of farm commodity consist
of the subtotal of the price that is paid for the various goods, operating services and labours
employed in the production of commodity.
Farm costing:-
Farm costing may be defined as the total expenditure involved to produce the agricultural
products e.g.:- fodder crops like jowar, bajara, maize, cow pea, sun flower as wells as egg and milk.
Items involved in cost of cultivation of fodder crops.
1. Cost of preparatory tillage.
2. Cost of sowing: - Cost of seeds, seed treatment and sowing.
3. Cost of manure and fertilizers - Cost of manure and fertilizers, mixing manure in soil,
transporting etc
4. Cost of irrigation: - Electricity or fuel charge and labour for irrigation.
5. Cost of after care operations - cost of weeding, weedicides, gap filling, spreading, clustering,
inter cultivation, earthing up and any other special operation.
6. Cost of harvesting: - cost includes cutting, curing, baling collection, transporting, storage etc.
7. Supervisory charges
8. Interest on the total capital investment.
9. Payment of rent and revenue as per rate.
10. Repair & depreciation of implements.
11. Labour payment: - No of labour & rate of labour.
12. Miscellaneous charges:- guard, protection etc.
Net return= total market price of fodder – total cost incurred in production

26
 Present rate of different items and seed
S. No. Particular of expanses Rate
1 Ploughing Rs 500/ha
2 Harrowing Rs 300/ha
3 D.A.P. Rs 450/50kg
4 Urea Rs 250/50kg
5 FYM Trolley Rs 600/trolley (2.5 tonnes)
6 Sowing Rs 500/ha
7 Irrigation labour charge Rs 200/ha
8 Hoeing Rs 200/ha
9 Planking Rs 100/ha
10 Lucerne seed Rs 100/kg
11 Jowar seed Rs 30/kg
12 Maize seed Rs 15/kg
13 Bajra seed Rs 18/kg

COST CALCULATION OF FODDER PRODUCTION

Example 1: Cost of Jowar Production / Ha.
Sr. No. Items of expenditure Jowar(Rs/ha)

A. Preparation of field
F.Y.M. application, 25 tonne, 10 tractor trolley , 600 Rs./trolley 6000/-
Preparatory tillageOne ploughing Rs. 500 and 1100/-
Two harrowing (2x Rs. 300/-) = 600/-
B. Expenditure on sowing 2000/-
a. Cost of 2 labours Rs. 50 x 2 = 100/-
b. Cost of leveling / mounding= Rs. 50/-
c. Cost of Sowing by tractor = Rs. 350/-
d. Cost of seed 50 kg. Jowar = Rs. 1500/-
C. Seed bed Preparation, 4 labour x Rs.50 200/-
D. Cost of fertilizer 1900/-
60 Kg Urea = Rs. 300/-
175Kg Super Phosphate x Rs.8 = 1400/-

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 50 Kg Muriate of Potash (MOP) = Rs. 200/-
E. Expenditure on intercultivation: Weeding 2 timesX200 400/-
F. Irrigation (5 irrigations)
a) Rs.150/ Ha. Labour charge (Rs.150x5) 750/-
b) Rs. 50/Hrs/irrigation Rs50 X10hrsX5 2500
G. Fodder harvesting
Cutting 20 labours/Ha., 50 /- X 20 1000/-
Collection Rs.50 X 5 250/-
Transport Rs.12/Quintal., Yield 400 X 12=4800 4800/-
Total cost 20900/-
H. Interest on capital(12 %) 2508/-
I. Net Cost 23,408/-
J. Cost / Quintal Total Production 400 quintal Rs. 58.52

Example 2:Cost of Lucerne Production / Ha.

Sr. No. Items of expenditure Lucerne
(Cost Rs/ha)
(A ) Preparation of field
F.Y.M. application 8400/-
35 tonne, 14 tractor trolley , 600 Rs./trolley
Preparatory tillage : One ploughing Rs. 500 and 1100/-
Two harrowing (2x Rs. 300/-) = 600/-
B) Expenditure on sowing
a. Cost of 2 labours 50 x 2 = 100/-
b. Cost of leveling / mounding= Rs. 50/-
3500/-
c. Cost of Sowing by tractor = Rs. 350/-
d. Cost of seed 20 kg. @ Lucerene 100/- = Rs. 2000/-
e. Seed treatment (Rhizobium+gur) for Lucerne only Rs. 1000/-
C) Seed bed Preparation, 8 labour x Rs.50 400/-
D) Cost of fertilizer
40 Kg Urea, Rs.5 x 40 = 200/- 200/-
400 Kg Phosphorus (P205) Rs.9 x 400 = 3600/- 3600/-

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 75 Kg Muriate of Potash (MOP) = Rs.4 x 75 = 300/- 300/-
E) Expenditure on intercultivation:Two weeding - on 20th and 2400/-
40th day before first harvest and one weeding after subsequent
harvest - totally 12 weeding - @Rs. 200 per weeding
F) Irrigation (20 irrigations)
a) Rs.150/ Ha. Labour charge 3000/-
b) Rs. 50/Hrs/irrigation 50 X10X 20 10000/-
G) Fodder harvesting
Cutting 20 labours/Ha., 50 /- X 20 1000/-
Collection and Bailing Rs.50 X 5 x 8 cutting 2000/-
Transport Rs.12/Quintal, Yield 900 Q X Rs.12/- 10800/-
Total cost 46700/
H) Interest on capital(12 %) 5,604/-
I) Net Cost 52,304/-
J) Cost / Quintal Total Production 900 quintal Rs.58.12

Example 3: Cost of Maize Production / Ha.

Sr. No. Items of expenditure Maize
(Cost Rs/ha)
A. Preparation of Field; 3 ploughing Rs.500X3 1500/-
B. Fertilizers
FYM (25 tonnes i.e. 10 trolleys), 10 X Rs.600 6000/-
Urea(N2) 60 kg., 60 X5=300/-, P2O5-30 kg, K2O 30 Kg, 780/-
60 X Rs. 8=480/-
C. Sowing
Tractor(Rs.80 X4 hrs.) 320/-
Labour -2, 50 X2 100/-
Seed (Rs.15 X 60) 900/-
Seed bed preparation 4 labour X Rs.50 200/-
D. Irrigation charges 2490/-
6 irrigations, labour 150 X 6=900/-
6 times X 8 hrs X 30/- per hr.=1440/-

29
 Fertilizer application,1 labourX 3 timesX50=150
E. Weeding 5 labours X 50 250/-
F. Harvesting 1500/-
Cutting 20 laboursX 50=1000/-
Collection and baling 10 X 50 =500
Transporting 600 Quintals, Rs 12/Quintal 7200/-
G. On farm Total cost 21,240/-
H. Depreciation (3%) 637/-
I. Supervision (10 %) 2124/-
J. Interest (12 %) for Rs. 21240/- 2549/-
K. Total net cost 26550/-
L. Cost / Quintal Total Production 600 quintal 44.25 /-per Quintal

Exercise:
Q. 1. What are the factors which influence the cost of production of fodder crops?
Q. 2. What are expanses included in the cost of harvesting?

*********

30
Exercise No. 9 Date:

LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION AND RECYCLING

Objectives:
1. To learn the various livestock waste and its utilization
2. To study the methods of recycling of animal waste.
Introduction:
Huge amount of livestock waste is available from animals and poultry. Little of these waste
materials and by-products is being utilized for the feeding of farm animals. Greater proportion of
dung and faeces is converted into manure into manure through composting. Considerable cattle and
buffalo dung is converted into cakes for fuel purpose for cooking and other domestic works.90% of
total livestock waste is the dung from cattle and buffaloes and 10% of total livestock waste is poultry
droppings, pig faeces, egg shell, feather, dead animals, carcass waste and slaughter house waste.
Table: Various Livestock waste and their utilization
Sr. No. Livestock waste Utilization
1 Carcass & carcass waste Manufacture of protein and mineral feed for
livestock.
2 Meat processing factory waste Tankage – protein supplement in swine
3 Meat Scrap Protein supplement in poultry feed.
4 Blood meal, Feather meal Protein and vitamin sources in animal concentrate
Fish meal ration.
5 Dung and faeces. Farm yard manure, Compost, Biogas production and
natural fertilizer of land.
6 Feather, bone, teeth, hoof and For cosmetic purpose.
horns
7. Dung cakes Fuel of Cooking
8. Poultry waste For manure and for feeding Broiler and swine feed.

The organic matter of excreta improves soil fertility, texture and chemical composition. Dung
and faeces available from animals have0.38% Nitrogen, 0.18% P2O5 (Phophorus) and 0.22%K2O
(Potash)in fresh conditions, while urine has1.10% N, 0.01% P2O5and 1.15% K2Oin fresh condition.
The primary nutrients in dairy manure are4-14% N, 2-9% P2O5and 2-15% Potash (kg/tones)
Poultry excreta are rich source of protein, calcium, phosphorus and minerals. Autoclaved chicken
excreta after drying and grinding has been used to source of nitrogen in cattle ration as part of

31
concentrate mixture. It can replace 50% of oil cakes in concentrate ration. Poultry excreta ensiled
after mixing with chaffed green maize and molasses in the ratio of 40:50:10 forms excellent silage.
Table2: Faecal output (per day) of different livestock
Sr. No. Species Faecal out put (kg.)
1 Cattle 10-18
2 Sheep & Goat 1-3
3 Poultry 1kg egg mass with 4 kg (150-175g/day)fresh dropping
4 Broiler chicken 11.0 gm dry matter/bird/day
5 Layer chicken 33.0 gm dry matter/bird/day
6 Horse 11.0 kg.
7 Swine 1.5 – 3.0 kg.

Table3 :Chemical composition of livestock waste(%DM basis)

[Link]. Ingredient Cattle/buffalo dung Poultry waste
1 Dry matter 10-25 7.5-11.4
2 Crude protein 8-18 24-31
3 Ether extract 1-3 1.6-2.2
4 Crude fiber 23-52 10-14
5 Ash 3-21 23-36
6 Calcium 0.9-5.3 7.8-10.6
7 Phosphorus 1.6-4.5 2-2.7
8 Potassium 1-1.5 1.9-2.4

Recycling of animal waste:

It is the processing of the animal waste in such a way that it can be utilized by animal itself
without any health hazards. Here the recycling of the animal waste as animal feed in the rumen of
ruminant, where microbes utilized organic substance(NH3,N2and Urea) and these microbial protein
available to animal. Physical, Chemical and Biological treatment are the processing technique for
recycling of animal waste.

1) Physical Treatment
A) Sun drying:
Disadvantage: High nitrogen loss.

32
 Slow drying rate.
Advantage: Low air population.
Low operational cost.
B) Dehydration / heated / air drying.
Disadvantage: high operation cost.
Advantage: kill pathogen, deodorized
C) Autoclaving / drying: Kill pathogen & quick.

2) Chemical Treatment
Chemicals used Advantage Disadvantage
Sodium hydroxide (3%) Deoderised Require daily operation
Sodium chloride Deoderised Require daily operation
Methyl bromide Liquid Environment pollution
Formaldehyde Kill pathogen Reduce intake
Ethyle oxide All weather operation Reduce intake

3)Biological treatment
Ensiling,methane formation and single cell protein production are biological treatment for
recycling of animal wastes.
A. Advantages:
 Kill pathogen.
 Available as byproduct.
 Operated in all weather
 Methane can be utilized as energy source.
B. Disadvantages
 Slurry cannot stored as fresh, fermentation required.
 Dried poultry waste can be utilized up to 15-20% in ration of sheep, lamb, beef, pig,
and broiler ration.
Exercise:
Q. 1. Why the poultry excreta is better manure than cattle and buffalo dung?
Q. 2. What are the major methods of recycling of animal waste?

*********

33