Contents

Basic computer organisation............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

1. Memory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

1.1 Primary Memory - Primary storage (also known as main memory ) is the component of the computer that holds data , programs and instructions that are
currently in use. Primary storage is located on the motherboard . As a result, data can be read from and written to primary storage extremely quickly......................................4

Units of computer Memory.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Cache Memory – Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary
storage area that the computer's processor can retrieve data from easily..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

The storage Unit or secondary storage –........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

1.2.2. Compact Disks –..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

[Link] CD-ROM - A CD-ROM is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data. Computers can read—but not write or
erase—CD-ROMs. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a
computer. 6

The System Bus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

What Is A System Bus?............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

1. Data Bus-........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

2. Control Bus-.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

3. Address Bus-................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Mobile System Organization............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Operating system............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.2 Language processors.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.3 Application software....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Summary :-..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
................................11
Chapter 1: Computer system overview – Swati Jain
Computer is made up of two parts hardware and software.

1. Hardware the physical electronic components of the computer are called hardware example keyboard CPU
Monitor printer etc.
2. Software the recording instruction and programs that govern the working of the computer is called software.
Software is also called a program with the set of instructions to perform a specific task.

Basic computer organization

The computer system comprises of 5 basic components

 Input Unit
 Output unit
 Central Processing Unit
o Arithmetic and logical unit
o control unit
o Registers
 Primary memory
 Secondary storage unit

Input Unit

Input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer. The input unit is responsible for taking Input and
converting it into computer understandable form i.e. Binary Data.

The input devices can input into forms it can be either data or instruction the common input devices are keyboard
mouse and microphone also called mic .

Output Unit

Output unit is formed by the output device attached to the computer. Output unit convert the output in binary form to
human form. Some of the popular output devices are monitor printers and speakers.

Central Processing Unit

Center Processing Unit is the main control center. It is also called the brain of the computer and it guides, directs,
controls, and governs the performance of the computer.

1. Arithmetic and logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations. Control unit controls the interpretation
of the data and information.
2. Control unit - act as a supervisor by controlling and guiding the operations to be taken place. Control unit
also controls the flow of data from input device to memory and from memory to output device.
3. Registers - Registers are small unit of data holding places the CPU uses registers to temporarily hold some
important processing information during the time of processing.
1. Memory
1.1 Primary Memory
Primary storage (also known as main memory ) is the component of the computer that holds data , programs and instructions that are currently in use. Primary storage is
located on the motherboard . As a result, data can be read from and written to primary storage extremely quickly.

Types of Primary Memory

1.1.1 RAM (Random Access Memory) - The Word “RAM” stands for “random access memory” or may also
refer to short-term memory. It’s called “random” because you can read store data randomly at any time and from any
physical location. It is a temporal storage memory. RAM is volatile that only retains all the data as long as the
computer powered. It is the fastest type of memory.

1.1.2 DRAM – Dynamic RAM - Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of
semiconductor memory that is typically used for the data or program code needed by a computer processor
to function. DRAM is a common type of random access memory (RAM) that is used in personal computers
(PCs), workstations and servers. Random access allows the PC processor to access any part of the memory
directly rather than having to proceed sequentially from a starting place. RAM is located close to a
computer's processor and enables faster access to data than storage media such as hard disk
drives and solid-state drives.

1.1.3 SRAM – Static RAM – SRAM (static RAM) is a type of random-access memory (RAM) that retains
data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied . Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be
continuously refreshed, SRAM does not have this requirement, resulting in better performance and lower power usage.
1.1.2 Read-only memory (ROM) - is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal
computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.

It contains the programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks
and holds programs or software instructions. This type of memory is often referred to as “firmware”—how it is altered
has been a source of design consideration throughout the evolution of the modern computer.

1.1.2.1PROM full form: PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is a computer memory chip that can
be programmed once it has been created. The data that is stored in PROM becomes permanent and cannot be
altered or deleted.

1.1.2.2EPROM full form: EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. In this, changes can be
made without changing it, and the memory chip can be written and erased by exposing it to UV light.

1.1.2.3EEPROM full form: EEROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is a memory
chip that can be reprogrammed and erased by using electricity. An example of EEPROM is flash memory.

1.1.2.4Flash EEPROM – It is like EEPROM but is vey fast comparatively. It erases fully and not selectively.
1.1.2.5Mask ROM – Its contents are programmed by the ICU manufacturer. It is not a user-programmable ROM.

Units of computer Memory

1.1 Cache Memory

Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary storage area that the
computer's processor can retrieve data from easily.
The storage Unit or secondary storage –

1.2.1 Hard Disks - A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device. Non-volatile refers to

storage devices that maintain stored data when turned off. All computers need a storage device, and HDDs are just

one example of a type of storage device.

HDDs are usually installed inside desktop computers, mobile devices, consumer electronics and enterprise

storage arrays in data centers. They can store operating systems, software programs and other files using magnetic

disks.

1.2.2. Compact Disks –

[Link] CD-ROM - A CD-ROM is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data. Computers can
read—but not write or erase—CD-ROMs. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being
played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer.

1.2.2.2CD-R - CD-R (Compact disc-recordable) is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact
disc that can be written once and read arbitrarily many times.

1.2.2.3CD-RW - CD–Read Writable (CD-RW) refers to an optical CD that may be written and rewritten multiple times.
CD-RW allows for data erasing during each rewritable session. Some CD-RW discs have a multisession feature, in
which additional data may be written at a later time if extra space is available.

1.2.3 DVD - DVD, in full digital video disc or digital versatile disc, type of optical disc used for data storage
and as a platform for multimedia. Its most prominent commercial application is for playing back recorded motion
pictures and television programs

VD media comes in several formats; including DVD+R (recordable DVD), DVD-R, DVD+RW (re-writeable DVD), DVD-
RW, DVD-RAM (random access memory) and DVD-ROM (read only memory).

 DVD-R and DVD+R record data one time only, then the disc is only readable.

 DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM allow you to record and erase data multiple times.

 DVD-ROM only reads data; you cannot save to this disc.

1.2.4 Flash Memory - Flash memory, also known as flash storage, is a type of nonvolatile memory that erases
data in units called blocks and rewrites data at the byte level. Flash memory is widely used for storage and data
transfer in consumer devices, enterprise systems and industrial applications.

1.2.5 Blu Ray Disk- Blu-ray is an optical disc format like CD and DVD. Blu-ray discs can hold more information
than other optical media, because of the blue lasers that the disc drives use. A single Blu-ray disc can hold up to 25GB
of data. A blue-violet laser, emitting at a wavelength of 405 nanometres, reads the pits. Because the laser used in a
Blu-ray is of a shorter wavelength than that used in DVDs (635 or 650 nanometres), the spiral track can be more
tightly wound. Thus, the Blu-ray disc can hold more information than the DVD. A single-layer Blu-ray holds 25
gigabytes (GB), and a dual-layer Blu-ray holds 50 GB. By contrast, a single-layer DVD holds only 4.7 GB.
The System Bus

What Is A System Bus?

 A bus is a set of electrical wires (lines) that connects the various hardware components of a computer system.
 It works as a communication pathway through which information flows from one hardware component to the
other hardware component.

1. Data Bus-
 As the name suggests, data bus is used for transmitting the data / instruction from CPU to memory/IO and
vice-versa.

2. Control Bus-

 As the name suggests, control bus is used to transfer the control and timing signals from one component
to the other component.
 The CPU uses control bus to communicate with the devices that are connected to the computer system.
 The CPU transmits different types of control signals to the system components.

3. Address Bus-

 As the name suggests, address bus is used to carry address from CPU to memory/IO devices.
 It is used to identify the particular location in memory.
 It carries the source or destination address of data, where to store or from where to retrieve the data.
Mobile System Organization.

1. Mobile CPU - This is the brain of a smartphone. The CPU receives commands, makes calculations, plays
audio/video, stores information and send signals throughout the device.

The CPU of the mobile system has majorly to sub-processors types

- Communication Processor Unit

- Application Processing Unit
- Communications Processing Unit - This subsystem is responsible for making and receiving phone calls
on the mobile handset.
 Radio signal management unit is responsible for connecting SIM to the base station through radio
signals.
- Application Processing Unit This subsystem is responsible for governing all types of operations taking
place on the mobile system by running various types of mobile application (apps ).

2. Display subsystem - This system is responsible for providing display facilities touch sensitive interface and
touch sensitive keyboards.
3. Camera subsystem - This subunit is designed to deliver image processing package and enable improved
overall picture and video experience .

4. Mobile system memory

1. RAM - It is work memory of the mobile system the install Mobile Apps when run up first loaded in the RAM
and then executed the more RAM you have on smartphone the better performance and faster the phone
will generally be
2. ROM - the ROM is part of mobiles of systems internal storage and it is not accessible for users to write on
it and hence it is called read only memory the ROM is part of the phone internal storage where operating
 system resides it also have some free installed apps in the memory section which cannot be deleted by
the user.

5. Storage - of your mobile system is called expandable storage is comes in the forms of SD card or micro-SD
cards
6. Power management subsystem (battery) This subsystem is responsible for providing power to a mobile
subsystem the mobile system work on limited power provided through an attached battery unit it provides
power to the mobile system in required form
7. System software - The software that controls internal computer operations is known as system software. It can
be classified into two categories operating system and language processor .

Operating system
The primary goal of operating system is to make a computer system convenient to use and the secondary goal is
to use computer hardware in an efficient manner. Operating system is an important component of computer
system which controls all other components of the computer system. There are different kinds of operating
systems available example single user OS, multi user OS, time sharing OS, real time OS, multiprocessing OS,
distributed OS, etc.

7.2 Language processors

Language processor is a special type of computer software that can translate the source code into an object code or
machine code

1. Source code it refers to a program code written by a programmer in a high-level language such as c Java
python
2. Object code refers to a code usually in machine language or binary code, a language that computer can
understand easily and run on hardware.

There are three types of language processors

1. Assembler - This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into machine
language.
2. Interpreter- Interpreter is a type of system software that translate and execute instruction written in a
computer program line by line.
3. Compiler - Compiler is a type of system software that translate in executes instructions written in a
computer program in one go.
7.3 Application software
An application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application these are
the programs written by programmers to enable computer to perform a specific task such as processing words
inventory control handling calculations and figures medical accounting financial accounting railway reservation billing
etc.

Types: Packages, Utilities, Customized software and developer tools

7.3.1 Packages

Packages general application software. They are designed in such a way that it can be used by individual users and
suits their needs and requirements for example, for billing system there is there are common packages available
which can further be customized as for individual billing requirements.

7.3.2 Utilities

Utilities are those helpful programs that ensure the smooth functioning of the computer. These programs can help you
to backup data, remove outdated files, recover data, anti-virus software, etc.

Text editor- This utility program is used for creating and editing text files

Backup utility - This utility program facilitates the backup of disc.

Compression utility - Through this utility facility large files can be compressed to take less storage.

Disc defragmentor - Disc defragmented is a utility program speed up the disk access by rearranging the files
and free space on your computer.

Anti-virus software - This utility can the computer disc for viruses and remove unwanted ones.

7.3.3 Business software - This type of software is especially created software according to a business
requirement. There are many readymade business software available these can cater to a variety of business need.
Example of the software are Inventory Management System, Payroll System, Financial Accounting, Hotel Management
and Reservation System etc. This software further need customization as per the customers need.

7.3.4 Software libraries – A software library is a predefined and available to use suit of data and program code in
the form of pre-written codes / functions / scripts / classes etc. that can be used in the development of new software
programs and applications. For example, software library can be a mathematical library providing the basic functions
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and many more. It can be a library providing logical operations
which can be easily used for Boolean variables. There are libraries available for string manipulation, file handling and
so on.
Summary :-