Second Level
Phytochemistry I
Lab 2
I
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates Definition
2:1
• Organic compounds contain C : H : O.
• Hydrates of Carbon.
• Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
Carbohydrates Classification
According to the NO. of sugar residues present in the molecule:
Mono-saccharides Oligo-saccharides Polysaccharides
- 1 unit - 2 - 10 units - long chains of
- Not hydrolyzed - Hydrolyzed monosaccharide units
- 1- according to number of - Di- , Tri- , ……. Etc. (more than 10 units)
C atoms: - Example: lactose, - Hydrolyzed
Hexoses (6 Carbons) sucrose - Homoplysaccarides and
ex. Glucose , Fructose Heteropolsaccarides
Pentoses (5 Carbons)
ex. Xylose, ribose
• 2-Functional group:
Aldoses, Ketoses
Lab Content
Polysaccharides
1- Homopolysaccharides
2- Heteroploysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharide Heteropolysaccharide
- > 10 similar sugar units - > 10 dissimilar sugar units
- Hydrolysable - Hydrolysable
- Non-reducing - Non-reducing
- e.g. - e.g.
Starch Agar, Gums
General Qualitative Test for Non-sugars
Molisch’s Test
1 ml of the Polysaccharide suspension
(1-2 spatula of polysaccharide powder + 1 ml
water with shaking)
+ Don’t mix
2-3 drops alcoholic α-naphthol, mix well with Violet ring at
sugar solution the interface
+
1 ml conc. H2 SO4 dropwise on the walls of
the test tube
Positive for all carbohydrates and their
derivatives
Important Note
Use Dil. H2SO4 instead of water in Molisch’s test
if the sugar is insoluble in water, it will give clear
violet ring.
Special Chemical Tests
1- Iodine test.
2- Picric acid test.
3- Stiff jell test.
4- Borax test.
5- Benzidine test.
1- Iodine test:
Polysaccharide powder +
Water till half of the test tube
Then Heat on flame
Then add 5 drops of iodine
Greenish blue color
Reddish brown
( Gum tragacanth )
( Agar )
Yellowish color
( Gum Arabic) Dark Blue color
( starch )
1- Iodine test:
Another method
Polysaccharide powder (few specks) + 1 drop Iodine
(In a porcelin dish)
Reddish brown color of Agar
Dark Blue color of starch
Greenish blue color of gum tragacanth
2- Special test for Agar:
Stiff gel test:
Agar powder Cool well
+
Water
3- Special testacid
2- Picric for test:
Gum Arabic
A- Picric acid test:
Gum Arabic powder
+ Yellow color
3 ml picric acid
3- Special test for Gum Arabic
B- Borax test:
Gum Arabic powder Transparent
+ Jelly mass
2 Drops Borax
3- Special test for Gum Arabic (cont.):
C- Benzidine test:
Gum Arabic powder
+
Few drops of Benzidine Blue color
+
Few drops of H2O2
Work scheme
Summary
Unknown powder
Reddish Iodine test Greenish blue
brown color
Yellowish color Blue color (Gum Tragacanth)
Stiff gel test
( Starch)
Picric acid test
Formation of
stiff gel
( Agar ) Blue
Benzidine
Yellow color color
test
Borax Jelly mass
test (Gum Arabic)
Thank You!
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