Lesson-1

Computer Security
Threats to computer Security
What do they mean by a threat?
A threat, in the context of computer security, You will learn

refers to anything that has the potential to  Threats to computer

 Virus and its types
cause serious harm to a computer system.  Anti Virus software
A threat is something that may or may not and examples
 Firewall and its use
happen, but has the potential to cause serious  Cyber Crime and
damage. Threats can lead to attacks on computer Computer Ethics
 Hackers and crackers
systems, networks and more. A threat can be  Cyber law and
important
either "intentional"(i.e., intelligent; e.g., an individual
 Backup and Restore
cracker ora criminal organization) or "accidental"
(e.g., the possibility of a computer malfunctioning,
or the possibility of a natural disaster such as an
earthquake, a fire, or a tornado) or otherwise a
circumstance, capability, action, or event.
Virus
Computer Virus are nothing but computer program that do unwanted things with your computer
resources e.g. you are working on PC and you are repeatedly receiving annoying message

• Viruses: A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For example, a virus
might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program
runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or
wreak havoc.

• E-mail viruses: An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages, and usually replicates
itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address book. Some e-
mail viruses don't even require a double-click -- they launch when you view the infected message in
the preview pane of your e-mail software.

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• Trojan horses: A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims to do one thing (it
may claim to be a game) but instead does damage when you run it (it may erase your hard disk).
Trojan horses have no way to replicate automatically.

• Worms: A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to
replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific security
hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then starts replicating from there,
as well.

• Virus Origins ([Link]

Why they are called Virus?
Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the traits of biological viruses. A
computer virus passes from computer to computer like a biological virus passes from person to
person.
Similar to the way a biological virus must hitch a ride on a cell, a computer virus must piggyback on
top of some other program or document in order to launch. Once a computer virus is running, it can
infect other programs or documents.

What /who make virus?

who: People write computer viruses. A person has to write the code, test it to make sure it spreads
properly and then release it. A person also designs the virus's attack phase, whether it's a silly
message or the destruction of a hard disk.
Why:
1. The first is the same psychology that drives vandals and arsonists. For some people, that seems to
be a thrill. If that sort of person knows computer programming, then he or she may funnel energy into
the creation of destructive viruses.
2. The second reason has to do with the thrill of watching things blow up. Some people have a
fascination with things like explosions and car wrecks. Creating a virus is a little like that -- it creates a
virtual bomb inside a computer, and the more computers that get infected, the more "fun" the
explosion.
3. The third reason involves bragging rights. Sort of like Mount Everest -- the mountain is there, so
someone is compelled to climb it. If you are a certain type of programmer who sees a security hole
that could be exploited, you might simply be compelled to exploit the hole yourself before someone
else beats you to it.
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4. And then there's cold, hard cash. Viruses can trick you into buying fake software, steal your
personal information and use it to get to your money, or be sold on the digital equivalent of the black
market. Powerful viruses are valuable -- and potentially lucrative -- tools.

Virus History
Traditional computer viruses were first widely seen in the late 1980s,
Some Virus the Melissa virus in March 1999 was spectacular in its attack. Melissa spread in Microsoft
Word documents sent via e-mail.
The ILOVEYOU virus, which appeared on May 4, 2000, was even simpler. It contained a piece of
code as an attachment. People who double-clicked on the attachment launched the code. It then sent
copies of itself to everyone in the victim's address book and started corrupting files on the victim's
machine.

Worms: A worm is similar to a virus by design and is considered to be a sub-class of a virus. Worms
spread from computer to computer, but unlike a virus, it has the capability to travel without any human
action. A worm takes advantage of file or information transport features on your system, which is what
allows it to travel unaided.

Worms use up computer processing time and network bandwidth when they replicate,
and often carry payloads that do considerable damage.
Some example of worms: A worm called Code Red made huge headlines in 2001.
The Slammer worm (which caused mayhem in January 2003) exploited a hole in Microsoft's SQL
server.
A worm called Storm, which showed up in 2007, immediately started making a name for itself. Storm
used social engineering techniques to trick users into loading the worm on their computers.

Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse is full of as much trickery as the mythological Trojan Horse it was
named after. The Trojan Horse, at first glance will appear to be useful software but will actually do
damage once installed or run on your computer. Some Trojan are designed to be more annoying than
malicious (like changing your desktop, adding silly active desktop icons) or they can cause serious
damage by deleting files and destroying information on your system. Trojans are also known to create

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a backdoor on your computer that gives malicious users access to your system, possibly allowing
confidential or personal information to be compromised. Unlike viruses and worms, Trojans do not
reproduce by infecting other files nor do they self-replicate.

How to protect your system

• Keep The Operating System Updated

• Use a Firewall
• Anti-virus software is crucial to preventing virus attacks, but this strategy only works if users
update their software.
• Know that the only way a virus spreads is either by launching an infected file or by booting an
infected disk. You cannot get a virus by simply being online or by reading e-mail.
• Anti-Virus Software: vast, Avira, McAfee, Nortan and many more

Firewall

A firewall is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls
can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. All messages entering
or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that
do not meet the specified security criteria.

Hardware and Software Firewalls:

Firewalls can be either hardware or software but the ideal firewall configuration will consist of both.
Hardware firewalls can be purchased as a stand-alone product but are also typically found in
broadband routers, and should be considered an important part of your system and network set-up.
Most hardware firewalls will have a minimum of four network ports to connect other computers, but for
larger networks, business networking firewall solutions are available.

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Common Firewall Techniques:
There are several types of firewall techniques that will prevent potentially harmful information from
getting through:

1. Packet Filter
Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined
rules. Packet filtering is fairly effective and transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. In
addition, it is susceptible to IP spoofing.

2. Application Gateway
Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very
effective, but can impose a performance degradation.

3. Circuit-level Gateway
Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection
has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking.

4. Proxy Server
Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The server effectively hides the true
network addresses.
In practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in concert. A firewall is
considered a first line of defense in protecting private information.

Cyber Crime

Cybercrime encompasses any criminal act dealing with computers and networks (called hacking).
Additionally, cybercrime also includes traditional crimes conducted through the Internet. For example;
hate crimes, telemarketing and Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts are
considered to be cybercrimes when the illegal activities are committed through the use of a computer
and the Internet.

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Computer as a target
These crimes are committed by a selected group of criminals. Unlike crimes using the computer as a
tool, these crimes require the technical knowledge of the perpetrators. There are numerous crimes of
this nature committed daily on the internet:
Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:
• Computer viruses
• Denial-of-service attacks
• Malware (malicious code)

Computer Ethics

Computer Ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues
of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy
concerns, and how computers affect society.

1. You shall not use a computer to harm other people.

2. You shall not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. You shall not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. You shall not use a computer to steal.
5. You shall not use a computer to bear false witness
6. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
7. You shall not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper
compensation.
8. You shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. You shall think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system
you are designing.
10. You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow
humans.

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Hackers and Crackers

A hacker is a person intensely interested in the arcane and recondite workings of any computer
operating system. Hackers are most often programmers. As such, hackers obtain advanced
knowledge of operating systems and programming languages. They might discover holes within
systems and the reasons for such holes. Hackers constantly seek further knowledge, freely share
what they have discovered, and never intentionally damage data.

A cracker is one who breaks into or otherwise violates the system integrity of remote machines with
malicious intent. Having gained unauthorized access, crackers destroy vital data, deny legitimate
users service, or cause problems for their targets. Crackers can easily be identified because their
actions are malicious.

1. A white hat hacker breaks security for non-malicious reasons, perhaps to test their own
security system

2. A "black hat" hacker is a hacker who "violates computer security for little reason beyond
maliciousness or for personal gain"

3. A grey hat hacker lies between a black hat and a white hat hacker. A grey hat hacker may surf
the Internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator
that their system has a security defect,

4. A social status among hackers, elite is used to describe the most skilled.
5. A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug-
test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed

CyberLaw

Cyber means the use of Internet technologies and computers it includes computers, networks,
software, data storage devices, Internet, websites, emails, ATM machines etc. To protect the
cybercrime over Internet, this law is Passed to protect the Internet cybercrime. This law is approved
by the government.

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Cyber law Includes:

1. Cybercrimes
2. Electronic and Digital Signatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data protection and privacy

Importance of Cyber Law: Companies now be able to carry out electronic commerce using the legal
infrastructure provided by the Act allows Government to issue notification on the web thus heralding
e-governance Protect Computer fraud and Unauthorized access. Consumers are now increasingly
using credit cards for shopping. Most people are using email, cell phones and SMS messages for
communication as well as Deal with Internet Banking Transactions.

Backup and Restore

Backup and Restore (formerly Windows Backup and Restore Center) is a component of Microsoft
Windows introduced in Windows Vista and included in later versions that allows users to create
backups and restore from backups.

There are two different types of backup supported: File backup and system image.

1. File backups are saved to ZIP files. Two methods of file backup are supported: The first,
normal backup, stores everything selected for backup. The second, incremental backup stores
only files that are changed after a previous backup.
2. System image: The image-based full system backup option, called Complete PC Backup in
Windows Vista or system image in Windows 7, allows for the imaging of the entire system
including operating system and data volumes. The backed up image can later be restored
through the Windows Recovery Environment either to the same computer or to a new
computer of different brand and type.

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To back up your files

1. Open Backup and Restore by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel,
clicking System and Maintenance, and then clicking Backup and Restore.

2. Do one of the following:

• If you've never used Windows Backup before, click Set up backup, and then follow the
steps in the wizard.
• If you've created a backup before, you can wait for your regularly scheduled backup to
occur, or you can manually create a new backup by clicking Back up now.

Restore files from a backup

1. Open Backup and Restore by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel,
clicking System and Maintenance, and then clicking Backup and Restore.

2. Do one of the following:

• To restore your files, click Restore my files.

• To restore the files of all users, click Restore all users' files. If you're prompted for an
administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.

SUMMARY

1. A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has the potential to cause
serious harm to a computer system.

2. Computer Virus are nothing but computer program that do unwanted things with your computer
resources e.g. you are working on PC and you are repeatedly receiving annoying message.
3. Viruses are of many types like Email viruses, Trojan Horse, Worm, ILOVEYOU.
4. We can protect our system by Keeping The Operating System Updated, Use a Firewall,
Anti-virus software is crucial to preventing virus attacks, but this strategy only works if users
update their software.
5. A firewall is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.
6. Common Firewall techniques are Packet Filter, Application Gateway, Circuit-level Gateway,
Circuit-level Gateway, and Proxy Server.

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7. Any criminal act dealing with computers and networks (called hacking). Additionally, cybercrime also
includes traditional crimes conducted through the Internet referred to as Cyber Crime.
8. Computer Ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers.
9. A hacker is a person intensely interested in the arcane and recondite workings of any
computer operating system. Hackers are most often programmers.
10. A cracker is one who breaks into or otherwise violates the system integrity of remote
machines with malicious intent.
11. Cyber means the use of Internet technologies and computers it includes computers, networks,
software, data storage devices, Internet, websites, emails, ATM machines etc.
12. Backup and Restore (formerly Windows Backup and Restore Center) is a component of
Microsoft Windows introduced in Windows Vista and included in later versions that allows
users to create backups and restore from backups.
13. Two different types of backup supported: File backup and system image.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

i. ____________ has the potential to cause serious harm to a computer system.

ii. A threat can be ____________ and ___________.
iii. ____________Uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself.
iv. ____________program can erase your hard disk.
v. Computer viruses were first widely seen in the late___________.
vi. Crime conducted with internet called ____________.
vii. ____________ is one who breaks into or otherwise violates the system integrity of
remote machines with malicious intent.
viii. File backup and System image are two ___________________methods.

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B. Find true or false:
i. Computer viruses are nothing but computer program that do unwanted things.
ii. A hacker is hacking software which access in sensitive information from your
computer.
iii. Backup and Restore is a component of Microsoft Windows.
iv. Cyber means the use of internet technologies and computers.
v. We shall use a computer to harm other people is one of the ethics of computer.

C. Short answer questions:

i. What is threat in computer?
ii. Give one difference between Trojan Horse and worms?
iii. What is Firewall in windows?
iv. List two ethics of computer?
v. Give one difference between Hackers and Crackers?
vi. Why we need Backup?
vii. What are the types of Backup? Write name of each.
viii. What do you mean by Restore? How it is helpful for you?

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Lesson-2
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
HTML:
You will learn
HTML is the building block for web pages.
Prerequisites: You will need a text editor,
such as Notepad and an Internet browser,  Heading (H1 to H6)
 <Br>, <hr>
such as Internet Explorer or Netscape. ,<comment>
 Background Color
,font tag(size, face,
What is an html File? color)
i. HTML is a format that tells a computer  Text alignment
(center, left , right)
how to display a web page.
ii. An HTML file is a text file containing
small markup tags
iii. The markup tags tell the Web browser
how to display the page
iv. An HTML file must have an htm or html
file extension

What are HTML tags?

i. HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements.
ii. HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >.
iii. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>.
iv. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag.
v. HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>.

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Tag Description

<html> This tag marks the start of an html document

<head>...</head>This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like
<title>, <link> etc.

<title> The <title>tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

<body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps all the contents of a web page- text,
images, sound etc.

<Hn> This tag represents the heading tags of different sizes.

Where n is the number start from 1…6
Like <H1>,<H2>……..<H6>

<center> This tag is used to write a line or text in center

<p> This tag represents a paragraph.

<p align=left/right/center>This tag is used to write paragraph alignment in html.

<br> This tag is used to insert new line or insert enter in html

Bold, Italics, Underline :<b> tag is used to make a text bold in html.

<i>tag is used to make a text italics in html.

<u>tag is used to make a text underlined in html.

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Background color and text color: <body bgcolor ="yellow" > tag is used to change the
background color of an html page and <body text=”red”> changes text color.

How to create webpages?

[Link] Start-> All Programs->Accessories. Open notepad and type the code given below

<html>

<head>

<title>My First Webpage

</title>

</head>

<body>

<center><h1> Webpage </h1></center>

This is my first homepage.

<b>This text is bold</b>

<i> This line is in italics text. </i>

<u> This line is in underline text. </u>

<br>This is the 1st line.

<br>This is the 2nd line.

</body>

</html>

2. Click File, Click Save as

[Link] a Name of your webpage dot html.e.g.: -[Link]
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4. Open the Place where you saved your file. Double click on the file.

Assignment Question

Q. Write the code to create the following Webpage with background color ‘green’ and text color ‘red’

My School
Im a student of K.V,NFR Maligaon. I read in class 7.

<html>

<head>

<title>My Webpage

</title>

</head>

<body bgcolor ="yellow" text=”red”>

<center><h1> My School </h1></center>

<p align=left>Im a student of K.V,NFR Maligaon. I read in class 7. </p>

</body>

</html>

Q. Write an html code to show the working of various Paragraph alignment tags

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<html>

<head>

<title>

Paragraph in html

</title>

</head>

<body>

This is an html document.

<p align=left>This is a left paragraph in html </p>

<p align=right>This is a right paragraph in html </p>

<p align=center>This is a center paragraph in html </p>

</body>

</html>

Inserting Images in Webpage:

We can insert images to our Html pages to make it look more beautiful. <img> tag is used to insert
images in webpage. There are two ways to insert images in a webpage:

1. Internal:

Steps: 1. Open My Pictures or Sample Pictures or any folder containing pictures Copy the
picture you want

2. Create a folder on the Desktop or in My Documents

[Link] the Folder, and paste the Picture.

[Link] click, and click new and click text document.

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 [Link] the text document and type the code given below.

<html>

<head>

<title>

Webpage with Pictures

</title>

</head>

<body bgcolor="yellow">

<img src=Name of [Link]>

</body></html>

[Link] the file giving a name with dot html([Link]).

[Link] the webpage using browser

2. External: Here we type the location or address of the picture where it is, instead of simply
writing the name of the picture.

Steps:

[Link] a text document and type the code given below.

<html>

<head>

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 <title>

Webpage with Pictures

</title>

</head>

<body bgcolor="yellow">

<img src=c:\Windows\Web\Wallpaper\Name of [Link]>

</body>

</html>

[Link] the file giving a name with dot html([Link]).

[Link] the webpage using browser

To insert images with adjusted height and width: We can change the width and height of the
inserted image in our webpage by simply writing the ‘width’ and ‘height’ options inside the <img> tag

<img src=Name of [Link] width=50 height=50>

SUMMARY

1. HTML is a format that tells a computer how to display a web page; it is the building block for
web pages.
2. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>.
3. <html> This tag marks the start of an html document
4. <head>...</head>This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags
like <title>, <link> etc.
5. <title> The <title>tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.
6. <body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps all the contents of a web page-
text, images, sound etc.
7. <h1> ,<h2>,……<h6>This tag represents the heading tags of different sizes.

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8. <center> This tag is used to write a line or text in center
9. <p> This tag represents a paragraph.
10. <img> tag is used to insert images in webpage

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

i. _____________ is the building block of HTML
ii. HTML document must have .html or ___________ extensions.
iii. _____________tag is used to write line or text in center.
iv. _____________tag is used to set paragraph.
v. To insert image ___________tag is used.

B. Find true or false

i. HTML tags are case sensitive.
ii. <h1><h2>……..<h6> tags represent heading tags of different size.
iii. <p> tag is used to insert new line or insert enter in HTML.
iv. <img> tag is used to insert images in webpage.
v. <B> tag is used to make text italics.

C. Short answer question

i. What is HTML?
ii. Name any two attributes used with the BODY tag.?
iii. Write the HTML code to set the background color to yellow.?
iv. How would you insert image in an Html document?
v. What does the ‘n’ in the <Hn> tag indicate?

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In the lab

1. Ankita has made the HTML document shown below, which displays headings in different
Sizes. Write the HTML code for creating a similar document.

2. Anita wants to create simple Web page on Input devices. Help her by listing the steps required
for creating the web page.

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Lesson-3
HTML LISTS You will learn

Lists in HTML  Paragraph formatting

Tags
1. Unordered Lists - An unordered list has no  List Tags
specific numbering or ordering. It starts with  Order (start and type
attribute) and Un order
the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li>
List
[Link]: Create the following List in HTML  Background Image and
other Image Insertion in
<html> Web Page with alignment
 Creation of table
<head>
 Anchor Tag
 Hyper Link
<title>

Unordered list

</title>

<head>

<body>

<h2><b>Unordered List with Bullets</b></h2>

<ul>
Unordered List with Bullets
<li>Coffee</li>
I like to drink the following:
<li>Tea</li>
• Coffee
<li>Milk</li> • Tea
</ul> • Milk

</body>

</html>

Unordered list styling- <ul style="list-style-type:circle"> OR <ul style="list-style-type:square">

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 11. Ordered Lists - An ordered list can be numerical or alphabetical in a specific order.

Example: Create the following List in HTML

<html>
Ordered List with Numbers
<head>
I like to drink the following:
<title>
1. Coffee
Ordered list 2. Tea
3. Milk
</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2><b>Ordered List with Numbers</b></h2>

<ol>

<li>Coffee</li>

<li>Tea</li>

<li>Milk</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

Ordered list styling- To change the starting number from default 1 to any number we use the ‘start’
option.

To Change from numbers to alphabet or to roman numbers we use the ‘type’ option.

Example: <ol start="10” type=i >

x. Coffee
<li>Coffee</li> xi. Tea
xii. Milk
<li>Milk</li>

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 </ol>

TABLES IN HTML:
HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows
and columns of cells. The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which
the <tr> tag is used to create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.

Example: Create the following List in HTML

Month Saving
January $100
February $75

<html>
<head>
<title>
Table in html
</title>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Month</td>
<td>Savings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>

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 <td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$75</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

1. Table Border:We add border option in <table> tag i.e.<table border=”1”>

2. Bordercolor: It specifies the color of the table’s border.

Syntax: <table border=3 bordercolor=red>

3. Cellspacing: It is the space between cells.

4. Cellpadding: It is the distance between cell border and the cell

contents.

Syntax: <table border=3 bordercolor=red cellspacing=10 cellpadding=10>

5. Background: It is used to give image in the background. This attribute takes URL of the file as its
value.

Syntax: <table background=”path”

6. Bgcolor: It is used to give colour in the background of the table.

Syntax: <table bgcolor=”red”>

7. Height and Width: These attributes are used to specify the height and width of the table in pixel

Syntax: <table height=200 width=300 >

ROWSPAN AND COLSPAN ATTRIBUTES OF TABLE TAG

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Stretching a cell over multiple rows or columns is refered to as spanning. Two or more adjacent rows
can be combined together to form a single row using the rowspan attribute. Two or more adjacent
columns can be combined together to form a single columns using the colspan attribute.

<html>

<Table border=1>

<caption> PRICE LIST</caption>

<tr><th colspan=2>Activity Name</th><th>Monthly Charges</th></tr>

<tr><td rowspan=2>INDOOR Activities</td><td>Indian Dance</td><td>Rs.

250</td></tr>

<tr><td>Dramatics</td><td>Rs. 350</td></tr>

<tr><td rowspan=2>OUTDOOR Activities</td><td>Skating</td><td>Rs.

150</td></tr>

<tr><td>Horse Riding</td><td>Rs. 400</td></tr>

</Table>

</html>

Output :-

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Anchor Tag:
The ‘a’ or anchor tag. Hyperlinks, or links, are how you move around the web. An <a> or anchor tag is
how you make hyperlinks in HTML. The ‘a’ or anchor tag is an elegantly simple and powerful tool.
There are two ways two insert hyperlinks in html:
1. Internal link –
Steps: 1. Open My Pictures or Sample Pictures or any folder containing pictures or songs or any
file, Copy the file you want

2. Create a folder on the Desktop or in My Documents

[Link] the Folder, and paste the file.

[Link] click, and click new and click text document.

[Link] the text document and type the code given below.

<html>

<head>

<title>

Links in HTML

</title>

</head>

<body>

<p><a href=Name of the file. extension>Click here to download</a></p>

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 </body>

</html>

[Link] the file giving a name with dot html([Link]).

[Link] the webpage using browser.

2. External: Here we type the location or address of the picture or file where it is, instead of
simply writing the name of the picture.

Steps:

[Link] a text document and type the code given below.

<html>

<head>

<title>

Webpage with Pictures

</title>

</head>

<body >

<p><a href=c:\User\Name of the file. extension>Click here to download</a></p>

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 </body>

</html>

[Link] the file giving a name with dot html([Link]).

[Link] the webpage using browser

To open webpages using hyperlinks: We can open different webpages by simply clicking on a
hyperlink by providing the address of the webpage using <a> tag

<a href="[Link] Yahoo</a>

To change HTML Link Color: We can change the color of the hyperlinks by using the following
options in the <body> tag.

link="color" For the a page that hasn't been to visited yet

vlink="color" For the visited link color
alink="color" For the active link color

<body link="blue" alink="blue" vlink="red">

SUMMARY

1. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

2. In HTML List are of three types Ordered list, Unordered list, Definition list.
3. An ordered list can be numerical or alphabetical in a specific order.
4. An unordered list has no specific numbering or ordering. It starts with the <ul> tag.
5. HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into
rows and columns of cells.
6. HTML tables are created using the <table> tag.
7. In HTML <tr> tag is used to create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.
8. Cellspacing is the space between the cells.
9. Cellpadding is the distance between cell border and the cell contents.
10. Stretching a cell over multiple rows or columns is refered to as spanning.

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11. Two or more adjacent rows can be combined together to form a single row using the rowspan
attribute.
12. Two or more adjacent columns can be combined together to form a single columns using the
colspan attribute.
13. An <a> or anchor tag is how you make hyperlinks in HTML.
14. There are two ways two insert hyperlinks in html : Internal Link, External Link.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

i. __________list can be numerical or alphabetical in a specific order.
ii. Each list item should start with_____________tag.
iii. We can create table in HTML by using___________tag.
iv. __________tag is used to create table row whereas ___________tag is used to create
Data cells.
v. Space between the cells is_____________.
vi. ___________is the distance between the cell border and the cell content.

B. Find true or false

i. We use Table border to change the color of border.
ii. Background is to give image in the background.
iii. <A HREF=”[Link]”> here ‘A’ stands for anchor tag.
iv. HREF attribute is used to set URL of the page.
v. <TD> tag is used to create table row.

C. Short Answer Questions

i. What is List in HTML?
ii. What are the types of List in HTML?
iii. Give one difference between Ordered list with Unordered list.?
iv. What is cellpadding?
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 v. Give one difference between rowspan with colspan.?
vi. What is cellspacing?
vii. What is the use of <A> tag in HTML? Give syntax.
viii. List four attributes of <A> tag.
ix. What are the types of Hyperlink?
x. Identify the error in code given below:
<img src=”[Link]”

In the lab

1. The student of Lotus Public School wants to create the following web page related to the
outdoor activities help them to create the code in HTML.

2. Create your class time table with class teacher name using <TABLE> in HTML , You are free to
use colors of your own choice.

3. Anita is trying to create two web pages [Link] and [Link] where [Link]
is the name and are linked to [Link]. She wants that a click on name and it should

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Lesson-11
Audio and Video Conferencing
Audio and Video Conferencing You will learn

What is it  What is it
 Use of It
An audio conference, or teleconference, is simply when a meeting
 Factors affecting

between several parties is held over the telephone instead of in person. Video Quality
 Usefulness of Video
The party instigating the audio-conference is known as the calling Conferencing

party and those joining the call are known as the participants.

Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or

video teleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations
to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio
transmissions.

Use of It
1. Video and audio, or just audio connection between two
computers communicating via the Internet.
Examples of free audio conferencing software: Gizmo, Skype both enable users to speak to
other Gizmo/Skype users free of charge Examples of free video conferencing,
software: iVisit (cross platform), iChat (Mac only), NetMeeting (Windows only).

2. Breeze can also be used for video conferencing

3. Transmitted to & received from any computer in any location that has Internet. User must
have microphone, can have camera. Ideally every user has microphone (camera not
essential) for synchronous communication.
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 4. Technology requirements for video/audio conferencing:
• Computer with access (ideally broadband) to the Internet.
• Browser.
• Speakers to hear audio.
• Microphone (to contribute audio).
• Web camera to contribute video.

Factors affecting Video Quality

The speed of the network connection is one of the biggest contributors to quality. If the network
connection is slow or unstable (such as over the open internet) the video session can be unusable.
Newer equipment (manufactured after 1999) can produce excellent motion pictures from even slow
speed connections and therefore can significantly contribute to better quality images.

Some seemingly minor factors can seriously affect quality. Microphone placement and function
significantly affect video conference quality because the audio clarity of a meeting is critical to the
perception of quality. Further, the amount of movement the meeting participants create, if great, can
cause codecs (the video conferencing engine) to create blurred images as they process
communications signals. Finally, the type-size of fonts used in computer presentations if too small
can be illegible to both near and far-end meeting participants. Tec phonic can offer assistance with all
of these quality factors and more. Contact us for more information.

Usefulness of Video Conferencing

Video conferencing can be used in a host of different environments, which is one of the reasons the
technology is so popular. General uses for video conferencing include business meetings,
educational training or instruction and collaboration among health officials or other representatives.
Thus far video conferencing has been used in the following fields:

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 • Business: Videoconferencing provides businesses with the ability to meet and to work with
others over a distance.
• Distance Learning: Videoconferencing is an exciting technology for education. Teachers
and students are able to see each other, share documents and discuss topics together in a
situation similar to a traditional classroom setting
• Telecommuting / Home Offices: Working out of home has never been easier or more
practical. Videoconferencing makes it possible to stay connected with people in a very real
way.
• Legal Environment: The use of videoconferencing technology is becoming more prevalent
in today’s courtrooms. Videoconferencing systems are used to enable testifying witnesses
to “appear” in court without having to travel to the courtroom.
• Telemedicine: There are times when a person needs medical advice but is unable to visit
their personal physician or even more likely, a specialist. In such situations using
videoconferencing can make all the difference.

SUMMARY

1. An audio conference, or teleconference, is simply when a meeting between several parties is

held over the telephone instead of in person.
2. The party instigating the audio-conference is known as the calling party and those joining the
call are known as the participants.
3. Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or
video teleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies, which allow two or more
locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions.
4. If the network connection is slow or unstable (such as over the open internet) the video session
can be unusable
5. Video conferencing can be used in a host of different environments, which is one of the reasons
the technology is so popular

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EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

i. ______________ conference is simply when a meeting between several parties is held

over the telephone.
ii. The party instigating the audio conference is known as_______________party.
iii. Video conference is the conduct of a video conference by a set of_________________.
iv. Breeze can also be used for ____________.
v. The ____________of the network connection is one of the biggest contributors to
quality.

B. Find true or false

i. Audio conference is takes place with Miscrophone.

ii. The party instigating the audio-conference is known as the participants.
iii. Video conferencing can be used in a host of different environments, which is one of the
reasons the technology is so popular
iv. Audio/Video Conferencing does not require any internet connection.

C. Short Answer Questions

i. What is audio conferencing?
ii. What is video conferencing?
iii. Write the technology requirements for video/audio conferencing.
iv. Give some example where Audio/Video conference takes place.
v. Who is calling party and participants in context with audio conferencing?

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Lesson-10
Downloading/Uploading
You will learn

Downloading/Uploading Speed  Downloading/Uploadi

ng Speed
 Difference
 Example
 Concept of
Bandwidth and
protocol

Download When you connect to the internet, the download speed is the pace at which data
(websites, programmers, music etc.) is transferred from another computer to your own. Currently,
when it comes to home broadband, download speeds range from 8 Mbps to 100 Mbps

Upload speed on the other hand is the speed at which data (such as your pictures and videos) is
uploaded to the internet – perhaps to put onto a social networking site such as Facebook, or file-
sharing site such as Flickr; Essentially, the upload is going in the opposite direction to the download –
from your computer to someone else’s.

Broadband upload speeds are generally much slower than download speeds. The reason for this is
that people generally do far more downloading than uploading, and as such downloading is given
priority by internet service providers (ISPs).

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Difference
Speed

The time that it takes to upload or download a file depends on several factors. The main factor is the
digital size of the file, which is measured in bytes. The larger the file, the longer it takes to transfer the
information in it.

The quality of the connection from the Internet or central server to the smaller computer or device
also makes a difference in the transfer speed. A computer that has high-speed Internet connection
will be able to download or upload a file much more quickly than a computer that has a low-speed
connection would. In addition, the speed of the server on which the file is stored can affect upload
times or download times.

Background Operations

Uploading and downloading occur frequently, often without the user being aware that he or she is
doing it. For example, incoming email is downloaded from a server, and outgoing emails are
uploaded to be sent out.

Example
Downloading

1. Songs, Videos, files from the net

2. Text or Images that are displayed on your browser

Uploading

1. Sending emails
2. Posting Comments, status or pics on various social networking sites

* To be shown in practical by teacher

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Concept of Bandwidth and protocol
Bandwidth is the bit-rate of available or consumed information capacity expressed typically in metric
multiples of bits per second. Variously, bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data
bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.

Bandwidth is a term used in the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data
transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which bandwidth is used to refer to
analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and
highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power.

Protocols are rules exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. Example, there are
protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at
the application program level. In Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more
protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must
recognize and observe.

The TCP/IP Internet protocols, a common example, consist of:

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with
other Internet points at the information packet level
• Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet
address level
• Other Protocol are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP),

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SUMMARY

1. Downloading refers to copying a file from network file server to the computer on the network.

2. Uploading refers to copying a file from computer to the network file server.

3. The time that it takes to upload or download a file depends on several factors. The main factor

is the digital size of the file, which is measured in bytes.

4. Uploading and downloading occur frequently, often without the user being aware that he or she

is doing it. For example, incoming email is downloaded from a server.

5. Bandwidth is the bit-rate of available or consumed information capacity expressed typically in

metric multiples of bits per second.

6. Protocols are the common set of rules which is used by the computer on the network to

communicate different types of devices.

7. In Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the

telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe.

8. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with

other Internet points at the information packet level

9. Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet

address level

10. Other Protocol are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

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EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

i. ______________reafers to copying a file from network file server to the computer on

the network.
ii. ______________refers to copying a file from computer system to the network file
server.
iii. ______________ is bit rate of available or consumed information capacity.
iv. ______________ is common set of rules.

B. Short Answer Questions

i. What is Downloading?
ii. What is Uploading?
iii. Write one difference between Downloading and Uploading.
iv. Give few example of Downloading and Uploading
v. What is TCP/IP Protocol?
vi. Write full forms of:
a) FTP
b) TCP
c) IP
d) HTTP
e) OSI

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In the lab

1. Download some images and upload it using E-mail.

Teachers are requested to show them in Practical Class.

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Lesson-9
Chatting
You will learn

 Definition
Chatting  Example

Definition
May refer to any kind of communication over the Internet that offers

a real-time transmission of text messages from sender to receiver.

Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other

participants to respond quickly. Online chat may address point-

to-point communications as well as multicast communications

from one sender to many receivers and voice and video chat,

or may be a feature of a web conferencing [Link] chat can

be direct text-based or video-based (webcams), one-on-one chat or

one-to-many group chat tools such as instant messengers, Internet

Relay Chat (IRC), talkers

and possibly MUDs.

Example
The following are common chat programs and protocols:

• AOL Instant Messenger (AIM)

• Google Talk
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

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• Skype
• WhatsApp
• Windows Live Messenger
• Yahoo! Messenger

SUMMARY

1. Chatting may refer to any kind of communication over the Internet that offers a real-
time transmission of text messages from sender to receiver.

2. Online chat may address point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications

from one sender to many receivers and voice and video chat, or may be a feature of a web
conferencing service

3. Online chat can be direct text-based or video-based (webcams), one-on-one chat or one-to-

many group chat tools such as instant messengers, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), talkers

4. Google Talk, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) are the example of Online chat.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

i. Skype is an example of______________.

ii. Online chat can be direct ____________or ______________.
iii. IRC means______________________.

B. Short Answer Questions

i. What do you mean by Chatting?

ii. Write one difference between text based chat and video based chat.
iii. Write for Chat application.

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In the lab

1. Teachers are requated to show few Online chat Example.

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Lesson-8
E-Commerce
You will learn
EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)
 EDI(Electronic Data
Interchange)
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an electronic communication  What is E-Commerce and E-
Greetings ?
method that provides standards for exchanging data via any  Influence on user
 What factor one should
electronic means. Two different companies or organizations, keep in mind while doing e-
commerce, Websites
even in two different countries, can electronically exchange Example
documents (such as purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices,

and many others). EDI implies a sequence of messages between

two parties, either of whom may serve as originator or recipient.

The formatted data is transmitted via telecommunications or

physically transported on electronic storage media using wires

What is E-Commerce and E-Greetings?

E-Commerce It refers to any form of transaction (exchange) that uses an electronic

medium to facilitate the transaction.

Social impacts of E- Business:

• Reductions in transactions and other costs.

• Increase in the internet users.
• Un-shortened supply chain.

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 • Improved customer service.
• Increased productivity/efficiency.
• Access to international markets.

Some E-Business websites are:

Name of Website Purpose

[Link] It provides online railway ticket reservation in
India.
[Link] Insurance company of India.
[Link] India’s most popular online shopping mall
providing freeonline auctions
[Link] Online store for Books, CD’s, DVD’s, MP3’s etc.
[Link] Online flight ticket booking service.

An E-card is similar to a postcard or greeting card, with the primary difference being that it is created

using digital media instead of paper or other traditional materials. E-cards are made available by

publishers usually on various Internet sites, where they can be sent to a recipient, usually via e-mail.

It also considered more environmentally friendly compared to traditional paper cards. E-card

businesses are considered environmentally friendly because their carbon footprint is generally much

lower compared to paper card companies and because paper is not used in the end product.

E-cards can be easily sent to many people at once or extensively personalized by the sender

Typically, an E-card sender chooses from an on-line catalog of E-cards made available on a

publisher's web site. After selecting a card, the sender can personalize it to various degrees by

adding a message, photo, or video. Finally, the sender specifies the recipient's e-mail address and

the web site delivers an e-mail message to the recipient on behalf of the sender.

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Types of E-card:

• Flash animation
 This type of E-card is based on two-dimensional vector animation controlled with
a scripting language. Flash animated greeting cards can include interactivity, for
example, asking the viewer to choose a picture to animate;
• Video E-cards
 "Video E-cards" use a combination of personalized text and video to convey the
message to the recipient.
• Mobile E-cards
 With the advance in mobile technologies, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
which is basically picture SMS, became more and more popular.
• Web based multi-media E-cards
 The web-based card creation has been evolving becoming more creative. The
user can create greeting cards online choosing backgrounds, drag and drop
images, animations, smiles and write text that look like handwriting.
• E-cards games
 Some E-cards include interactive games.

Influence on user

ADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE
• Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.
• Buying/selling 24/7.
• More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.
• Low operational costs and better quality of services.
• No need of physical company set-ups.
• Easy to start and manage a business.
• Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving around physically.

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DISADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE
• Any one, good or bad, can easily start a business. And there are many bad sites which eat up
customers’ money.
• There is no guarantee of product quality.
• Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes.
• As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions, customer loyalty is
always on a check.
• There are many hackers who look for opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site, service,
payment gateways, all are always prone to attack.

What factor one should keep in mind while doing e-

commerce?
1 Privacy
It is easy to collect a lot of personal information from a
consumer using an e-commerce website,

2 Security

Online transactions are inherently more insecure than those conducted in person because
there's no way to guarantee that the person making the payment is the actual owner of the
credit card used.

3 Price Wars
Merchants used to selling at their shop may often find selling online an extremely competitive
marketplace. or products are purchased from illegitimate retailers because they had the best
price.

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4 Returns And Complaints
Selling online means usually a higher return rate on products than when the purchase was
conducted in person.

SUMMARY

1. Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an electronic communication method that provides

standards for exchanging data via any electronic means.
2. EDI implies a sequence of messages between two parties, either of whom may serve as
originator or recipient.
3. E-Commerce It refers to any form of transaction (exchange) that uses an
electronic medium to facilitate the transaction.
4. An E-card is similar to a postcard or greeting card, with the primary difference being that it is
created using digital media instead of paper or other traditional materials.
5. E-card businesses are considered environmentally friendly because their carbon footprint is
generally much lower compared to paper card companies and because paper is not used in
the end product.
6. Flash animation : This type of E-card is based on two-dimensional vector animation controlled
with a scripting language.
7. Video E-cards : use a combination of personalized text and video to convey the message to
the recipient.
8. Mobile E-cards : With the advance in mobile technologies, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS) which is basically picture SMS, became more and more popular.
9. Web based multi-media E-cards : The web-based card creation has been evolving becoming
more creative. The user can create greeting cards online choosing backgrounds, drag and
drop images, animations, smiles and write text that look like handwriting.
10. E-cards games : Some E-cards include interactive games.

EXERCISES
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A. Fill in the blanks

i. EDI implies a sequence of _______________between two parties.

ii. _____________refers to any form of transaction that uses an electronic medium.
iii. _____________ based on two dimensional vector animation.
iv. Video-E-Cards use a combination personalized __________and ___________ to
convey the message.
v. ___________is easy to collect personal information from a consumer using E-
Commerce website.
B. Find true or false
i. EDI is an electronic communication method.
ii. An E-Card is similar to birthday card.
iii. MMS is Multimedia Message Server.
iv. Some E-Card includes interactive entertainment movie.
v. E-Card businesses are considered environmentally friendly.
C. Short Answer Questions
i. What is EDI?
ii. What do you mean by E-Commerce?
iii. Name some E-Commerce website.?
iv. What is E-Card? Name some E-Cards.
v. Write two advantage of E-Card.
vi. Write two disadvantage of E-Card.
vii. Write short notes on:
a) Price Wars.
b) Return and Complaints.
c) Security.

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In the lab

1. Teachers are requested to show all the E-Commerce websites which discussed in the lesson.
2. Teachers are requested to show the disadvantage of E-Commerce with advantage by choosing
any E-Commerce website.

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