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STS 201
DIAGRAMMATIC
REPRESENTATION
AND
SUMMARIZATION OF
DATA.
Diagrams
Diagrams are various geometrical shape such as bars, circles, lines etc.
They are based on scale but are not confined to points or lines. They
are more attractive and easier to understand than graphs. A diagram is
a visual form for presentation of statistical data, highlighting their
basic facts and relationship.
If we draw diagrams on the basis of the data collected they will easily be
understood and appreciated by all.
It is readily intelligible and save a considerable amount of time and
energy .
Diagrams contd.
Merits Demerits (or) limitations
1. Most of the people are attracted by 1. Diagrams are approximations.
diagrams.
2. Minute differences in values cannot be
2. Technical Knowledge or education is
represented properly in diagrams.
not necessary.
3. Large differences in values spoil the
3. Time and effort required are less.
look of the diagram.
4. Diagrams show the data in proper
perspective. 4. Some of the diagrams can be drawn by
5. Diagrams leave a lasting impression. experts only. E.g. Pie chart.
6. Language is not a barrier. 5. Different scales portray different
7. Widely used tool. pictures to laymen.
Types of Diagrams
The important diagrams are
NB:
1. Simple Bar diagram.
2. Multiple Bar diagram. In all the diagrams and graphs, the groups or classes
3. Component Bar diagram.
are represented on the x-axis and the volumes or
4. Percentage Bar diagram.
5. Pie chart frequencies are represented in the y-axis.
6. Pictogram
7. Statistical maps or
cartograms.
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Simple Bar diagram
Simple bar diagrams Consists of vertical bars of equal
width. The heights of these bars are proportional to the
volume or magnitude of the attribute. All bars stand on the
same baseline. The bars are separated from each others by
equal intervals. The bars may be coloured or marked.
Example
The cropping pattern in Nigeria in the year 1974-
75 was as follows.
cropping pattern in Nigeria
in the year 1974-75
Crops Area In 1,000
hectares 4500
4000
Cereals 3940 3500
Oilseeds 1165 3000
Pulses 464 2500 cropping
2000 pattern in
Cotton 249 1500 Tamil Nadu
Others 822 1000 in the year
500 1974-75
0
Multiple bar diagram
If the data is classified by attributes and if two or more characters or groups are
to be compared within each attribute we use multiple bar diagrams. If only two
characters are to be compared within each attribute, then the resultant bar
diagram used is known as double bar diagram.
The multiple bar diagram is simply the extension of simple bar diagram. For
each attribute two or more bars representing separate characters or groups are
to be placed side by side. Each bar within an attribute will be marked or
coloured differently in order to distinguish them. Same type of marking or
colouring should be done under each attribute.
A footnote has to be given explaining the markings or colourings.
Example
Draw a multiple bar diagram for the following data which represented
agricultural
production for the period from 2000-2003
Year Food Vegetables Others
grains (tones) (tones)
(tones)
2000 100 30 10
2001 120 40 15
2002 130 45 25
2003 150 50 25
Multiple Bar Diagram
160
140
120
100
Food grains (tones)
80
Vegetables (tones)
60 Others (tones)
40
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003
Component Bar Diagram
This is also called sub –divided bar diagram. Instead of placing the bars for each
component side by side we may place these one on top of the other. This will
result in a component bar diagram.
Example:
Draw a component bar diagram for the following data
Year Sales Gross Profit Net Profit
1974 100 30 10
1975 120 40 15
1976 130 45 25
1977 150 50 25
Component Bar Chart
250
200
150
Net Profit
Gross Profit
100
Sales
50
0
1974 1975 1976 1977
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Percentage Bar Diagram
Sometimes when the volumes of different attributes may be greatly
different for making meaningful comparisons, the attributes are reduced to
percentages. In that case each attribute will have 100 as its maximum volume.
This sort of component bar chart is known as percentage bar diagram.
Percentage = Actual value x 100,
Total of the actual value
Example:
Draw a percentage bar diagram for the above data
Year Sales Gross Profit Net Profit
1974 71.43 21.43 7.14
1975 68.57 22.86 8.57
1976 65 22.5 12.5
1977 66.67 22.22 11.11
Percentage Bar Chart
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Net Profit
50%
Gross Profit
40% Sales
30%
20%
10%
0%
1974 1975 1976 1977
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Pie Chart
A pie Chart is a circle divided into sector. Each sector
represents a category of data. The area of each sector is
proportional to the frequency of the category.
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