C

Conc rrti=tr3r

Importance ol studying chemistry,

Physical quantities and rheir sl units, dirEnsional analysis, precision and signilicant tigures.
Classification ol matter.
Laws of chemical combination.
Dalton's Atomic Theory.
Mole concepl, alomic, molecular and rnolar rnasses.
Percentage composilion and molecular lormula.
Sloichiometry ot chemical reaclions,

SECTION-I r€actions). All measurements involving mass,

(;ENERAL INFORMATION AND volume, lengtb, density etc. require precision or
IMPOR'TANCE OT' STUDYING CHEN{ISTRY accuracy. Further, as chemistry deals with all sub-
starces present in our body and all those present
'1.1. lntroduction around us, it has a great importance and broad
Clumi ry k applications.
ddined as thttt brmch o! sciance
which dealr with thc stttdy otcornposititn, stnnture The aim of this unit is to studv all these ba-sic
and properties of mottzr anil the chanp which lhe coocepts, some of rhem briefly'whcreas some
mztler urulergoes under diferent conditio$ qnd others ir detait-
the laws which govern these changx, '1.2. lEportance ot Studyin g C hemistry,:r:i::r:i::i:::i,:i:::rr:i:

What does the term 'matter' mean in the

above dcfinition ? Though it will be discussed in
detail later in this unit, at the momcot it is sufficient
to mention that all substances (sohd, liquid or
gascous) which are present in our body or present
around us which may be visible or some of which Some of the important applications of
may not be visible (e.g air) are made of matter. _
chemistry are given below :
Furthcr, two blsic units ofwhich all substances are
. (1) Supply of food. With increase in popula-
made up are atoms and molecules. They combine
tion, the need for the overall amount of fooi has
with cach othcr according to certain laws, called
increased manifold. Moreover with increase in the
Laws ofchemi ich standards of life, there has been increase in the
theyundergo be quality and variety of food. Chemistry has helped
physical or c cal to achieve these goals as follows :

ur
112
Pradeep's

(i) It has provided chemicol lertilizers sach as (vi) Synthetic vitamins and ronics have con-
urea, calcium superphosphate, sodium nitrate, am- tributed significantly towards bettor health.
monium sulphate etc. which have increased the In fact, the use of more effective medicines,
feld of crops and fruits. vitamins etc. and better sanitary conditions have
(ii) It has helped to protect the crops from helped to [Link] the average life span.
insccts and harmtul bacteria by the use o[ certain (3) Saving the enviroDment. Refrigerants like
elfcctive tsecticides, fungicides ar,d pesticides- chlorofluorocanbons (CFCs) which destroy the
(iii) The use of presenatives has helped to ozone layer have been replaced by environment-
presewe food products like jam, butter, squashes friendly chemicals. However, Green house gases
etc. for longer periods. like CtIa, CO2 etc. are still posing a challengc to the
(rv) lt ha.s given me thods to lest the presence of chemists.
qdulterdlts thereby eo"suring the supply of pure (4) Increase in comforts, pleasurts and
food-stuff. luxuries. Chemistry has placed a large number of
(2) Contribution to better health and sanita' utility goods at our disposal which have added to
tion, Chemistry has contributed towards better our comforts, pleasures and lururies. A few ofthese
health and sadtation in a number of ways as fol- are given below :
lows : (i) Sythetic fbres (cloth). ID' addition to the
natural fibres like cotton, wool, silk etc., chemistry
has helped in the production of synthetic fibres
such as terylene, nylon, rayon etc. which are more
comfortable, durable and attractive. They are easy
to wash, dry quickly and do not need ironing. Fhr-
past. ther, chemistry has provided a large number of
Similarly, life saving drugs llke cis platin al'd synthetic dyes which impart bright aad fast colour
,arol have been found to be very effective for [Link] to the clothes. It has also provided chemicals to
therapy and AZT ([Link]) is used for make these clothes fue-proof and water-proof, if
AIDSvictims. These compounds are obtained from necessary.
animals and plants or by synthetic methods. (ii) [Link] mateials. By supplying steel and
cement, chemistry has helped in the construction of
safer homes and multi-storeyed buildings and dams
and bridges which can last for centuries.
(iii) Supply of metals. Metals like gold, silver,
copper, iron, aluninium, zinc and a large number
of their alloys are used for making ornaments, uten-
sils, coins and many industrial and agricultural im-
plements.
(iv) Atictes of domestic use. Chemistry ha^s
made our homes more comfortable by supplying a
million parts (ppm) is used for steril ization of water
to make it fit for drinking purposes.
has made surgi
(iii) Discovery ofanasJrrrerics
cal operations more and more successful.
(iv) The use of insecticides such as DDT and
(lammexane has reduced the bdzards of diseases
caused by rats, mosquitoes and flies.
can make our homes cooler in sumner.
(v) Enteftainment. Cinema, one of the com-
mon sources of entertainment and also video-
cameras as well as simple camerasmakeuse of films
which are made of celluloid (a chemical com-
and primaquin.
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
113

pound) and coated with suitable chemicals. usefulbut disposal ofnuclear waste poses a serious
Similarly, fire-works which amuse us on festivals problem to
humanity. S
and marriages are chemical products. Phonograph records have added to our
records used for listening music are made of music but they are made
polyvinyl chloride, a chemical compound. produced from vinyl chloride which can cause liver
(5) Thansport and commuuication. Almost cancer in industrial workers. Antibiotics have
all means of tran^sport inclurling automobiles eliminated infectious diseases but their overuse is
(scooter, cars, trucks, buses etc.) aeroplanes, very harmfu l. Likewise, insecticides h ave increased
helicopters, railways use either petrol or diesel
(petroleum products) or coal which are all chemi-
p
cal
Cuality
fuels of ap-
polo Mars. sugar etc. which are proving a curse to the society.
Knowledge of chemistry has also helped in the
Thus though chemistry can be regarded as
development of telephone and telegraph as impor- greatest benefacto
tant means of communication.
be a blessing or a c
(6) Nuclear or Atomic energF. In view of the the uses to whichit
decreasing coal and petroleum resources, the is maintained between benefits and problems
energy crisis. caused by progress in chemistry.
by providing an
s 1..("1't()N_il
nuclear energy.
tion of the com- N{I]AS UREI\{ENTS IN CHI'I\TIS TRY
pound, uranium hexafluoride, made possible the \
1.3. Physical Quantities
enrichment of U-235 which was usLd first for i: :i:::ii:::::::::::::i.:i:::i::::::i:::::::::::::j:j:::::::.:::::::::

making atomic bomb and later in the nuclear reac- In everyday life, we come across a number of
ctricity. Nuclear energy can ables in kilograms,
diggr"C tunnels, blasting c. However during
g as well.
the measurements
q)
Applications in industry. Chemistry has of mass, volumes and lengths, we come across the
played an important and useful role towards the measurement of a number of other quantities such
clevelopment and growth of a number of industries as temperature, pressure, concentration, force,
work, density etc.
All such quantitics whiah we come across during
our scientifrc studies are callcd physical quan-
tilies.
Evidently, the measurement of any physical
Similarly, it has helped in the spthesis of new quantily consists of two parts :
materials having specific magnetic, electrical and
(i) the number, ernd
optical properties which are used in the production
(ii) the unit.
of
. superconducting ceramics, ionducting
polymers, optical fibres etc. For example, if an object weighs 4.5 kg, it
(8) Applications in war. Chemistry has also involves rwo parts : (i) a.-5 i.e. the number and
increased the striking power of man in war times. It (ii) kgi.e. the unit.
Thus the main aims of this section are :

(i) To see how accurately or precisely the

nu_mber has been expressed i.e. co,ncept of sig_
nificant figtres.
The progress in chemlstry can also cause (ii) To study the units of measurem erfi i.e. the
many problems. For example, nuclear energy is S.I. units.
114
Pradeep's:1,/y;ei4t;:"7,o:;11,ei,,,[Link]^tTn

(rrr) Ii, derive the units of any physical quan- for reporting scientific data and gradually most of
tity and to check the accuracy of any scientific the countries have also switched over to this system
equation by seeing that the dimensions of both sides for measurements of everyday use. India started
of tlre equation are same i.e. concept of dilnensional following metric system since 1,957.
analysis. The metric system, as put forward earlier, was
further imporved by the General Conference of
Weights and Measures (Conference Generale des
,,A, ,:.,
Poids et Mesures, CGPM) which met in October
lo ,,,.,, 1960 in France. The improved system of units has
Since early times, different types of units of been accepted internationally and is called Interna-
measurements have been very popular in different tional System of Units or in short SI Units (for
parts of the world e.8'. sers, pounds etc. for mass ; Systeme Internationale iu FrencQ.
miles, furlongs, yards etc. for distances. However With greater accuracy in measurement, the
these units are quite cumbersome because of no 'unit' definitions and hence the system of units is
uniformity in the conversion factors involved e,g. improved from time to time. To maintain uniformity
1 mile : 1760 yards, 1 yard : 3 feet, 1- foot : all over the world, each nation has National Metrol-
12 inches. ogy Institute (I.[MI). ln India, this responsibiliry has
ln view of the diffrculties mentioned above, been assigned to National Physical Laboratory
French Academy of Science, in L791, introduced a (NPL), NewDelhi.
new system of measurements called'metric system' Seven Basic Units. The seven basic physical
in which the different units of a physical quantity quantities on which the International System of
are related to each other as multiples of powers of Units is based, their syrrbols, the names of their
7O, e.g. L km : 1(P m, 1 cm : 10-2 m etc. This units (called the base units) and the symbols of
system was tbund to be so convenient that scientists these units are given in Thble 1.1.
all over the world immediately adopted this system

IABLE 1.1. Seven basic physical quantities and their SI units

PT{YSICAL QUANTITY SYMIIOL SI UNIT S}MBOL

I-ength I metre nl
Mass nl kilogram kg
Time t second S

Electric current I amPere A

'fhern:odynanric tenrPerature T kelvin K
Amnunt of the substance n mole mol
Luminous intensity lL) candela cd

The SI unit of mass viz. kilogram has been detincd as the ntass of platinunriidium (Pt-Ir) cylinder
that is storecl in an uirtigltt jar at htteruational Bw'eatt of Weights ancl Measures in France.

Tlre Sl unit of length viz metre was originally defined as the lengtlt between two marks on d Pt-Ir bar
kept ut a temperatlo'e oJ' 0'C (273 K). However, now it has been redefined by CGPM as the length of the
path trove llecl b, tight irt vuarunt duing a tinrc intcnal r[ 11299,792,458 oJ' a second.

Though the S.I. unit of temperature, 'kelvin', yet it is very common to express temperatures in degree
celsius ('C). The two are related to each other as
oc + 273'15'
[Link] in degrcc kelvin (K) = Temperature iu
Howcver, it may be remembered that size of l"K : size of 1"C.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1/s

Similarly, though the S.I. unit of length is metre, yet it is very common to express length in Angstrom
(A) or nanometres (nm) or picometres (pm). These are relaterl to S.I. unit as follows :
1 A = 10-10 rn, lnm : l1-s m, 1pm : 1O-12 nt

Rtrther, it is important to understand that the term 'weight' should not be used ln place of .massr.
Thcv have differcnt meaning. Mass is the quantity of matter contained in the sample and for the given
samplc, it is constant and does not depend upon the place. Weight is the force with which the body is
attracted towards the earth (W : t"S).Thus, it depends upon the acceleration due to gravitv g'which
varies from place to place.
Derived units. The units of all other physical quantities arc clerivcd out of thosc of the basic physical
quantities. The units thus obtained are callcd the derived units. Some commonlv used physical quantities
and their derived units are given in Thble 1.2.

TABLII 1.2. some conrmonly used physical quantities and their derived unit

PIrySICAL DE[INTTION UNIT SYMBOL

QUANTITY

Arca Length square Square metre m2

Vllunte Length cube Cubic metre m3
Density Mass/unit vol. Kilogram per kgm -3
cubic nretre
Vclocity Distance/unit time Metre per second ms_1 '
Acceleration Speed change/unit time Metre per second ms'
_t

per second
Rrrcc Mass x a:celeration Newton N = kB rn s-2+
Pressure Force/unit area Pascal Pa=Nm-2
- _t
(Newton per sq. metre) =kgm -l
Work, energy Force x Distance joule J=N nr:kg 1112 a-2**
Frequenr-y Clcles/sec. Hertz Hz = s-l
Eloctric charge Current x time Coulomb C=As
Potcntial clifference Volt V=kgm2s-3A-l
=JA-l s-l = JC-l
Electric resistance Pot-diff./current ohm C2: V A-l
Elcctric cclnductance Reciprocal of resistance ohm-t O_1 : AV-l

that may be the base

as 1
1d, 1d, as l-0-3,
These are in s. These
mon use, alongrvith their prefixes are given in Thble

*Newtonisdefinedastheforcethatgivesamassof lkganaccelerationof
lms-2sothat f = ma = (lkg)(1 ms-2)
=.lkgms-2=1N.
*+Jouleistheworkdonewhenadisplaccmentoflmetretakespla-cebyaforceoflnewtonsothatw=fxd=(1
N)(1 nr)
= (lkgms-2;1tnr; = I kgm2s-2 = lJ. ThustJ:1Nm= 1L*'-2.-i.
116 . ,t.t ).t; ! Neu, Course ChemistrrllffiID

lltl.l Some commonlv used prefixes rrith the hase units

PREI-IX SYMROI- MULTIPI,YING ExAMPLE

FACTOR

dcci d 10- I
l decimetre(dm) = 10-l m = 0 1 m
cenll c 702 centimetre (cm) = l0-2 tt't = 0 01 t'tl
mrlli n] 10-l 1 millimetre (nrD) = 10-3 m
t'lllcro 10-6 1 n]icrometre (rrn) = 10-6 D]
nat'to n l0 e
I (nm) = 10-9 m
DaDometre
12
prco p 10- 1 picometre (pm) = 10-12 n'l

[emto f 10- l5 1 femtometre (ftn) = t0-15 m

atto a 10- 1E
I atto metre (am) = l0-lEn
zepto z l0-2t I zepto metre (zm) = 10-2lm
y()cto v l0-24 I yocto metre (ym) = t0-24m
dcka da 101 1dekametre (dam) = l0l m = 10 m

kilo k 1d 1 kilometer (km) = 103 n = 1000 m

mcga M 106 1 nregametre (Mm) = 106 nl

glga G 10e 1 gigametre (Gm)= 10e m
tera T 1d2 1 terametre (Tm)
= 1012 n'l
Pcra P 101s I petametre (Pm) = 10ls m
cxa E 1018 I exametre (Em) = 1ol8 m
zella Z 1021 1 zetta Detre (Zm) = 1021m

yotta Y 1024 1 yotta metre (Ym) = 1024D't

As volume is very often expressed in litres, it 2. Symbols o{ the units do not have a plural
is important to note that the equivalence inSI units ending lile 's'. For example we have 10 cm and not
10 cms.
:
I litre (1L) 1dm3 3. Words and symbols should notbe mixed e.g.
we should write either joules per mole ol J mol-l
and I millilitre (l ml) : I cm3*
) and not joules mol-1.
4. Prefixes are rrsed with the basic units e.g
Som€ lmportant Points to kilometer means 1000 m(becau-se meteris the ba-sic
Remember About S.I. Units unit).
l. The unit named after a scientist is started Erception. Though kilogram is the basic unit
with a small letter [Link] with a capital lctter e.g. of mass, yet prehxes are used with gram because in
unit ol force is written as ncwton and not as New- kilogram, kilo is already a prefix.
ton. 5. a power is
Likewise unit of heat or work is written as a power eans (ccn-
timeter)
iortle and not as Joule.

*From 1901 to 19f)4, a litrcnl"as defrncd as the lolumc of 1 k8 ofwater at 4"C. During this pcriod, a millilitre was very slightly
largerthana cubic [Link] 1!b4, the litl! \r"a6 [Link] as [Link] io 1m0 clbic centimetr€s, theEby removing
the confusion.
 SOI\,IE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1n
1.5. Precision and Signilicant Figures ii::+ititi:ijti:iitiiU;iiri: accurate than pacing off a length. One method to
1.5.1. Dilference betw€€n Prccision and Ac-
curacy.
whole
banana
r.c. [Link] consist ofara ct numbers. Similarly, defined tlte conect value, tlrc measurenenl is said, to be
accurate (the individual meq$urements may not be
close to each othe).
If the values of different meosurcments qre close
to each other ond hence close to their ayerage value,
the measurement is said to be precise- (The average
(i) the accuracy ofthe measuring device used, value of different measurements may not be close
and (ii) the skill of its operator to the correct [Link]). Tte precislon depends upon
the measuring device as well as the skill of the
asure the lengih
operator.
it off. If we pace
count each time For example, suppose the actual length of the
or to hav left over. Thus the room is 10 . 5 rz . Four different person^s report the
result of xactly correct. Ac- result of their five [Link] as follows* :
curacyis way the measure-
meot is measure is more
Measurement (m) 1, 2 3 4 5 Average (z)
Person A 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.5
Person B 10.0 10. 1 10.2 10.3 10 4 70.2
Pcrson C 10. I 10.3 10'5 to.7 10.9 10.5
Person D 10.0 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 10.8
Mea^surement by person A is bo$ accurate
and precise.
Measurement by person B has poor accuracy Average
.but good preq$oD. value
Conecl
Measurement byperson C has poorprecision
.hut good
accuracy (ust by chance/luck)
. Measurement by person D has poor accuracy
and poor precision.
. These results may be represented diagram-
matically as shown in Fig. 1.1. (a) (b) (c) (d)
Both Poor Good Poor
accurate a@uracy accuIacy accuftlcy
and but good but poor and poor
prccrs€ precision paeclsrcn preclslon
0ust by luck)
FIGURE f ,1. Understanding accuracy and prechion.

mistake is made r
ermrs. They do not
affecl the accuracy

rln the Table gil'en abovE, ftve neasurcrDcn6 of any pclEon

have becfl shown as diffcrcnl In octual practicc somc of thesc
maybe samc also Furthcr, thc \alucs have bccn arranged in asccnding ordcr.
In fact, thc rtsrrt"
not have any order. "ioin"iii-i"*r;#;
118

this means that the actual mass of the object is For example, 10500 g may have three, four or
14 -5678 '+0 0001 g i.e. it lies between 14 567'7 ar,d five significant figures. This ambiguity is removed
14 5679. Thus in the expressed masi, the first live by expressing the value in an exponential form. For
digits are certainbutthe last involvos anuncertainty example, the above mass may be written in three
t
of 1. All measured quantities are reported in different exponential forms as follows :
such a way that only thc last digit is uncertain 1 05 x 104 g, which has ,rrree significant irgures
(usually by t l). or I 050x 104 g, which has/our signiEcant figures
Tlu aulnutnber o! tligi* in a nwnber induding or 1 .0500x 104 g, which hasfve signitrcant figures
the [Link] digit whose vafue * uacerlein is ca eiltlu In these cases, the significant figures of on.[y
nunher oJ sigrtifica frgures. the first factor are counted (remembering that all
zeros to the right of a decimal point are signifrcant).
For example, in the above value i.e. 14'56789, Thus in such cases, the general notation is
there are six signihcant figurcs. Similarly, the num-
ber 2 5 has two significant figures while the number
Nx10'
2 014 has four signiEcant figures. where N : a number with a single non-zero digit
1.5J. Rules for determining the number of to the left of the decimal point
signllicant ligures. The following rules arc applied ard :
n an irrteger.
in determining the number of significant figures in The above method of expressing a number is
any rcported quantity :
called Scientilic or Exponential Notation.
Rulc I. All non-zero digits u^s well us 1.5.4. Rules for determinlng th€ numb€r of
hefueen the non-zero digils signilicant ligures in answers involving calcula-
tions. To get the final result of any experiment,
576 cm has thrce signihcant figures usually calculations are required which involve ad-
0 48 g has two signiltcant figurcs dition, subtraction, multipiication ind division of
5004 has bur significant figurcs different numbers. These numbers may have dif-
ferent accuracies i.e. may contain different number
2 05 has three signilicant ltgurcs
of significant figures or decimal places. The final
Rule 2. Zaros to lhe lelt ol lhe rtr non-zero digit result involving these numbers, therefore, cannot
in a number ue nol signilicunr. (Thq simply indi' be more accurate or precise than the least precise
cute thc position of the decimal poinl) . number involved in a particular calculation. The
following rules are applied in determining the num-
c.g. {) 05 m has only one signiltcant figurc ber of significant hgures in the answer of any par-
0 (X)45 kg has trvo signihcant figures. ticular calculation :

Rule 3. If a numher endr ln *ros Rule l. The resub oJ un afulilinn or suhlmction

are to thz righl ol thc .leimal WinL shoukl be reported lo the sarne numbet oJ decimal
ure si*t ilicanl. pl/lc{lt as th a of the lerm wilh krl namber of
decimal plu* The number of signifwanl figuru
e.& -5 0 m ha.s two significant frgures
2 50 cm has three significant figures
2. 500 g has four signifrcant hgures
2.3
0 02ff kg has three significant figures.
6.24
Rufu 4. Actual sum : 13.063

may or mu! not he significunt.

Reported sum = 13 1*

one alccimalplacc. The digit at the sccond decimal place is 6*,hich is greatel than 5. Hence the di8it at the first plaoc lras
-fhis method is callcd rrutldin' ofi Thc gcneral
been incrcasad by 1. Procedlrre for munding off is as lollows :
(i) If the digrrjust next ro the last digit to be retarned is less thJn 5. the Iast digit rs taken as such and all other diSits on its
right are dropped.
(ii) If rhc di8il js greater than 5, the last digit to be .etained is incrcased by I and all other di8its or its right are droPPed.
(iii) lf the digil rs eqral to 5, the last signilicant figure is teft unchangcd if it is e!,en and is increased by I ifit is odd
ExAlul'LFIS:/ 2.11 =I 21. 1 23(t =1 24, 1 235 - 1 21' I 225=122'
SO[,4E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTHY 119

First number has three decimalplaces, second Thr: first number has four significant figurcs
has one and third has two. Hence a-nswer should be while the second has two. Thc actual product has
reported onlyuptoonedecimalplace. Notethatthe been rounded off to give a reported proriuct of l2
significant figures in the three numbers are 4,2 and i.e. containing rrvo signilicant figurcs only. This is
3 respectiYely. becausc thc lcast precise tcrm in the calculatirrn
.621 (viz. 2 8) has only two significant figurcs.
Exumple 2. 7

6.243
Exunryle 2. 0 4(, +- 15 734 gives
Actual quotient : 0.029236
tom
Actual sum : 14.884
Reported quotient should bc 0 02!) contain-
ing only two significant figurcs bccausc thc lcast
Reported sum = L4.884 precise term in calculations (r'iz. 0 216) has two
Each number has tbree decimalplaces. So the significant figurcs only.
answer is also reported upto three decimal places. It may be noted that both the above rules, in
Further note that the significaot figures in each of fact, may be interpreted as follorvs :
the three numbers is 4 but result has five significant
tigures.
.
r'rTht reported answer should not be more precise
lhqn thc least precise lcrm used in lhc ctleulu-
Exantple 3. 154.2 lion."
6.1
This generalization helps to check the
23 reported ansu'cr in cascs whcrc doubt ariscs. Frr
Actual sum : 183 3 example, in cxamplc 1, the precision ol [Link] lcasL
Reported sum : 183 precise lerm is0 lpart in 2 Ri.,. l prrrt in 2li'r
The last number is an exact number (invoh'ing
nearly 35 partrpo- lhousand (i.c. 3-i p.p.t). Thc
precisiun ofthe reporlc(l answer is I purt in l2 oi
no decimal place), Hence answer is also reported
nearly 83 p p-t. Thus the reported resul[ is not more
as an cxact number.
precise than the lcast precise term. If we takc the
Exunryla 4. 78.4215 rcportcd answer as 12 1, thc precision will bc 0.1
-6.01 in 12 1 or 1 part in 121 i.c. ncarly 8 p.p.t. which is
Actual DifL 12.4775 more precise than thc least precise term- Henca thc
rcported result should bc l2 and not 12. 1.
Reported Diff. : 12.47
As the sscond number has two decimalplaces Rulc i. If a qlculution involves a numher ol steps,
onlywhile the first has four, the answer is reported the resuU shouA mntuin the same flumber of sig-
upto the two dccimal places only. nilicanl Jigwet o-t lhot oJ lhe kost precise number
involved, other than,h.e exuct numben.
Exantple 5. 29.25
12.0234 Erample.
- 12-961 x 0.02435 :
Actual Diff. : 17 2: 6 0 7(192988
Rcported Diff. : 0.4 x 4
77 23
(Actuul result)
As lhc Iirst numbcr has two decimal places Lcaving thc cxact number 4. thc loast precise
only whilc the second has four, [hc ansrver is term has trvo significant figures. Hencc aftcr rouncl-
rcported onlv upto two decimal places. ing off, the reportcd rcsult willbe 0 77r.c. contain-
Rult 2. Tfu rcsuk of u multipliculion or division ing two significaot figl:res. Altctlluti t,c/y., thc abovc
shoal.d he repo ed lo lhe same number oJ sig- rulc is applied as follorvs:
[Link] us is possessed by the lcasl prec(se Fitfi tha number of signifrcantfrgures tlwt the u6lter
krm .,li(:d in Lhe calcuk tion. sbuAcontainisdctirlctl ( it. it shotdil beequlrl to thdl
Etcutnple 1. of the lan:s precire term, orhfi lhan the qact namber).
4.327 Beforu catrying oa the nwthefidlical operutions,
x 2.8 every rurmher is roundd off ln conbin om sipifimnt

Actual Product = 72-7156 figure nore lhan the unswq would lwve. Tfu unflccr
obuind is ihen rouruleil ofi to conrain thz required
Reported Product :12 number oJ significant tigures-
1110 lccp's Neu, Course Chemistrg$Il)
Thus in the above example, the answer should REMEMBER
have two significant figures. Hence everynumber is
Thc rules lhat [Link] been [Link] above apply only to
first rounded off to contain three sipificant figures.
non-inlegral measured quanlilies because only in
Thus
lhese cases the uncertainty in meu^surement hus
43.0 x O.0243
:0'7683088 signiftsance. These do not apply to exact numbers
0.3210 x4 where uncerlsinty hru no significance e.g. there are
exacl 12 egs in a dozen qf egs, lhere qre exact
After rounding off to two significant figures, 1000 g in I kg, lhere ure exact 3 .feet in I yurd and
reported answer should be 0 .77 .
so on.

F,R @:ts-,[ E f\41.,9'ON

1..\ \\i;'t i I Wrat is the difference be- (vi) Three because the reported sum will be
t'vveen 5.0 g and 5.00 g ? only upto one decimal place i.e. 18.9.
_S_glU!&[Link] they look to be equivalent (vii) Two because the number with least num-
bnt scientifically they are different. 5.0 g has two ber of significant figures involvcd in the calculation
significant figures and hence its precision is 0.1 (i.e. M) has two significant figures.
part irr 5 i.e. 20 p.p.t. -5.00 has three significant '\ Express the Jbllowing to fow'
figtrres and hence its precision is 0.01 parts in 5 i.e. significant ftgures :
2p.p.L. Hence -5'00 g is more precise measurement (i) 6.4s372 (ii) 48.382s0 (iii) 70000
than -5'0 g.
(iv) 2. 65986 x ]F Q) 0. 004687.
L \ \\ II 'l li l. How many significant figures are Solution. (i) 6'4s4 (r,) 48.38
tltere in each oJ' the following numbers ?
(rr,) 7.000 x 104 (iv) 2.660 x tG
(i) 6.00s
(ii) 6-022 x 1d3 (v) 0.00a687.
. A santple of nickel weighs
(iii) 8000
6'54259 and has a density of 8.8 glcm3. mat is the
(iv) 0'0025 volume? Report the answer to cotect decimal place.
(v) n
(vi) the sum lll.5 + 0.4235
(vii) the product 14 x 6.345.
[Link]:
affi : {ffi
: 0'J4 cn3
!q-l-u_tlo1 Q) Fourbecause the zeros between
thc non- zero digits are significant figures. The result should have two significant figures
because the least precise term (8'8) has two sig-
(ii) Four because only the first term gives the
nificant figures.
significant figures and exponential term is not con-
sidered. t.,x{\il,t I i. S. Express the result of the follow-
(iii) Fou'. However, if expressed ir scientihc
ing calculation to the appropiqte number of sig-

notation as 8 x [03, it will have only one significant

3.24 x 0.08666
nificant figures
5.006 (N.C.E.R.T)
figure, as 8'0 x 1iP,8.00 x 1d or 8.000 x 1d, it
will have 2,3 or 4 signihcant figures. 3.24 x 0'08666
Solution. = 0'0560883
(iv) Two because the zeros on the left of the 5.006
lirsl- non-zero digit are not significant. (Actual result)
')) As 3 '24has least number of significant figures
(v) As n =; = 3'142857L...., hence it has viz3, the result should contain 3 significant fi[ures
infinite number of significant hgures. only. Hence the result will be reported as 0.0-561.
(after rounding off).
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1111

?RO:BLEM9 F,.O,[Link] ,,\,

1. How rlany significant figures are tirere in each of (ii) Planck's constant .62 x
(6 t o -34 Js;?
thc tbllowing nuntbcrs '.'

(i) {r .200 (r,) 0 .0s2 [,hrs. (i) 2 (ii\ 3l

3. Express the number 45(X[ in exponential notation
(iri) 7.-5 x 104 to shotil
(n,) 0 .00050 (i) two significant figures
(v) 67 .32 - 6.3 (ri) four significant figures.
(vi) 4 .2+7 .589
[,\rs. (i) 4.5 x 10. (ir) 4.500 x ld]
(vii) (s .so)2 (8.24)/ (3.6) Criticize tbe folloning statements :
(tiii)18.567/(8'1x 2) (i) A fmsil was studied 25 years ago and was found
! \ns. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) Z (iv) 2 (v) 3 to be 5fiX)years old. Nw it must be 5025 years
(r,i) 3 (rr'i) 2 (viii) 2l old.
2. What is the number of significant figures in (ri) The population of a city is 605,0fi). A family of
five persons shifts to some other city. The popula-
(i) Avogattro's number (r.oxto23) and
tion of the city must noru be ffi,995.

H INT9 FoR [Link] ?'.[Link]

l. (i) Zrros to the right of the decimal point are ing off, reported result = 11.8 (having three sig-
significant. nificant f,gures).
(ii) Znrc to the left of the first noo-zero digit are (r4r) As least precise term (viz 3.6) has two sig-
not significant. nificant figures, the reported result should have two
(iri) When expressed as 7'5 x ld, ony significant significant figures.
figuras of 7 .-5 are to be considered. (u:a) Leaving exact number Z the least precise
(rv) Apply rules given in Hints (i) and (n) above. term (8. 1) has turo significant figures.
(v) 67.32-4.3 2. See Hint to o. 1. (rrr).
= 61.02. The result is to be
reported to same number of decimal places as that 3. See Hint to Q. 1. (rr).
of the term with least number of decimal places (viz 4. (r) 25fim 2.5 x 104. It has only two significant
6.3 with only one decimal place). Hence after =
tigures. Expressing the new value in terms of same
rounding off, reported result = 6i.0, (which has
number of significant figtrres, the age of the fossil
there significant tigu res).
after 25 years can be taken as same.
(vl a.2 + 7.589 = 11.789. As it is to be reported
to one decimal place (as in (v) above), after round-

A:EliP T.@ YO,.U..R KIN:'@'W LED,@'],E

iiiiiiii, l. Quite often the uncertaiDty in measurement is
e.g. 250 + 7Vo [Link] the sarne instrument is use
[o be n]easured, greater is the percentage uncertai
nrent equal to + 1 mg, then ifweweigh lfi)gon it, t
is usecl to weigh 10 g the result reported will be 10 + o.\lvo,and if 1 g is weighed, the result
reported will be
10 + 0'7%,-Hence smaller the quantity to be measurecl, more precise should be t'he instrumeni.
iiiiiili 2. While reporting th_e result to correot significant figures in any calculation, the exact
number (e.g. 4 inexample
crn page 1/10) is left out as it does not affect the number of significant figures. This is because
ai qact number
i,s' conyidered lo have an infinite number of significant
figures.
,:,:,'r':,:.:,::::',,:.:.:::,,,:':,:,:':,:

I
1112 NeuJ Course Chemistrrl
I .6. Di mensional Analysis .::::::::::ii:::i::::iri,i::a:::!:iii;!:!:::::i:i:i
Note. Ifthe conversion factor were not cor-
rectly used, the answer would have absurd units e.g.
Any calculation involving the use of the
if we write
dimensions o[ the different physical quantities in-
volved is called dimensional analysis.
1751b= 175lb x2'295lb
It is used for any one of the following pur- 1kg
poses:
the answer will have the units tb2 kg- 1
.
(1) Tb convert a physical quantity given in one
type of units into some other units. It consists of llx.A,l\ll'[Link] 2. How many inches arc tltere in
the tbllowing steps : 3'00km?Giventhar lknt: 1000m, 1m: 1'094
(i) Fint derctmine the 'unit conversion fac- yd, 1 yd : i6 in.
torlfactors'. Solution. The unit conversion factors will be
e.g,. for conversion of pounds (1b) into 1000 m 1km
:1ooo-
kilograms (kg) or vice versa, 1kg : 2'205Lb. l= 1km
2.205Lb
-r:-
1kg
or , - l'094Yd -
lm 1'094yd
Similarly, for conversion of inches into cm or
36in 1vd
- 1yd _
,' _
vice versa,
- 36in
tinch = 2'54cm
-l:.-.-_----or
2'54cm Here the conversion involves a number of
' f. inch steps. Hence the unit conversion factors are ap-
The quantities such as2'2051b per kg or 1 kg plied in such a way that the units of the preceding
per 2' 205 lb, 2 ' 54 cm per inch or one inch per 2 ' 54 factor cancel out. Thus
cnr etc. are called 'urtit conversion factor,s'.
3'00 km : 3'00kff +H
(ii) Multiply the given physical quantitywith the "
rutil c:ot*,[Link] factors, retaining the units of the
[Link] quantity as well as that of tlrcunitconversion t l'094v*^ 36 in
factors in sLtch a way tltot all units cancel out leavirtg
-r^- l_yd
ltcltittd only tlrc requiredunirr. If the unit conversion = I .18 x 10s in.
lactor has not been used correctly, the answer will
come out to be in wrong units. Note that the answer has been reported to
contain three significant figures (because 1000 m
(iii) If the
conversion huolves a number of
and 36 in. are exact numbers).
stcp,s, each conversion lactor is used in such a way II)LAN I l' l,l'- 3. Expre s s the fo llowing in S. I. b as e
that tlrc units of the prececlingfactor cancel out.
units using power of 10 notation (example 2'54 rum
As an illustration, a few examples are given : 2'54 x I0-3 m)
bclow:
L\ \1. I t'l.l . : A man weig,hs 175 |b. Express
(a) 1'35 ntm (b) I day (c) 6'a5 mL (d) a8
Itis rt'cigltt itt kg. Given that I kg : 2' 205 lb. pg (e) 0'0426 in (N.C.E.R.T)

Sglltlltft' 1 kg : 2'205 tb (a) S.I. unit of length is 'rz'

1_2-zgsrb:_ls, 1m : 100 cm, 1- cm : 10 mm

1 kg 2'205 tb
.'. Unit conversion factors are
Hence t75lb: tls)b"#* 1m 100cm - 1cm 10mm
100cm- 1m -''10mm lcm -'
:79'41ig.
r crfi 1m
The units 'lb' cancel out from the numerator J) Pm *
.'. 1.35 mm : 1.1-
10 *.6 ' ,oor*
ancl clenonrinator and the answer is in the required
units i.c. kg. = 1'35 x 10-3m
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1/13

(b) S.L unit of time is'sec' (s) lotql mass of o ing in grants and kilogrotns which
ldaY= contsins 0'500 carat diamond snd 7.00 grant gold.
24 hours f)0 miri 60 s (N.C.E.R.T,)
r oay x ------'. ,lhour"
l ryin Solution. The unit conversion factors to be
usedGif6i_
=86400x104r
(c) S.I. unit of volume is 'n3' t_ lcarat _ 3'168grains
' grains I carut
3. lb8
(r.45 mL = fr.45 mL x I Tl . I gram l5'4 grains
IBL ' 15.4 grains I gram
1m x lm lm
" roo* roo.-' ,0,,a- o. soo carar = [Link] erft " a#Hf
= 6 45 x 10-6m3
I rlram
(r.l) S.l. unit of mass is 'kg'
'lo-6g, lkg " t5io"*.
4Eut!= ''
48 uP,
-" tts " ltM)el-
' = 0. 10 gram
.. Total mass of the ring
= 4.8 x t0-t kg
(c) S.I. unit of length is 'm' = 7.00 + 0.109 = 7. t0r

o.(,426 in = tl.o426ia x2 54cd, I

^ . -_5
= 7. ..
tO e x JE
10(n I
= [Link],zt le.
I rn l(X) cm
(3) To check th€ accuracy of any equation.
= 1.082 x 10-3 m
This is done by hnding the dimension"s ofboth sides
(2) ln solving problems, For this purpose, of the equation which must be same.
units are written alongwrth all the numbers. The I \ \\ I l'l,l! Using the method oI dimensiotrul
units are then cancelled in the same mamer as the analysis, veib the vqlidity oIthelollo, ingequotiotts:
numbers. II the problem has been correctly solved,
the answer will have correct units. (i)c = vl 1-
(u)S=ut+rut'
I \ i\ll'l.l.l. 1. Whot i:; the nruss (in granrs ) ol
ur alunriniurtt hktck wltose dimettsiont arc 2 0 in. Solution. (i) Dimensions of L.H.S.
x .1.0 in. x 4.0 in. arul whose de\ity is 2.7 t.e- c=ms'
glcni ? Given thot I in. = 2. 54 cm.
Dimension of R.H.S. i.e.
Solution. Here unit conversion factors are
1= cm
2'54 1 in v 7=s-l x m=ms-l
1in. 2.54 cm Hence from dimensions point of view, thc
Z'7p 1cm3
and -- - - z'le equation is correct.
l,
"rrf (ii) Dimensions of L.H.S.i.e..i = metres (rn)
Hence required mass (in g)

= [Link] x 3.t)in x [Link] x2'54cit

1in
Dimensions of R.H.S. i.e. ul + j aP
2.54 cm 2.54rzn
-----:-:- 2.7 s
,1
^ 1'ln' lE '- 1d =ms lxs+rrns-2x12
=11xldg.
li).{l\ l PLla 2. The mass of precious stones is =m+m=metres(rz)
expressed in tetms of 'cqrat'. Given that 1 carut : Hence from dimensioos point of view, the
3'16Sgrainsandlgram = 15 .
4 grains, calculate the equation is correct.
1114 lJradecp's Ncqt Course Chemistrg@

l. Corlvert 16 I km to miles using the following unils 0i) 1 fg (mass of humaD DNA molecule)
cquivalenLs: (NC.E.R.7:)
I kfl = lmn m, 1 ft = 12 inches
(i, 10-rt
I \'rs (i) 5 x 10rs kg kgl
I m = 100 cm. 1 mile = 1760 yd
5. Convert the following iDto metre
I inch = 2 54 cm, 1yd=3ft [\n' 10 0m'les] (i) 40 Em (thickoess of Milky way galaxy)
2, What rs the weight in pounds of a Sold bar 12 0 (ii) 1 4 Gm (diameter ofSuD)
iDches long,6 ff) inches wide and 3 00 inches
(iii) 41 Pm (distanc€ ofnearest star)
thick? The clensity of gold is 19 3 g cm-3. Given
(N.c.E.R.T.)
I inch = 2 54 cm, 1 lb = 453.6 g. J \ns. 151 lbl
3. fkpress the following in SI unlts : l,\ns (i)4xrOet1, (ii)1.4x109a(iii)41 x 10rs mt
(i) 5'6", thc average height ofaD Indian man. 6. Using the unit conversion factors, express
(ii) tto Driles per hour, the average speed ofa road- 0) l.54ornrr'lntopnrl(r'
wala bus.
(ii)2.66 g cDt-3 to ps pn-3. (N.C.E.R.T.)
(iii) 100 pounds, lhe average weiSht of an lndian
girl. (Tike 1 tu = 4549) I \ns. (i) 1.54xld p-7."-11i4 2.66110-u pg p^-'l
(iv) - I0'c, the lowcst temperature in SiDtla- 7. Vanadium metal is added to steel to intpart
average consumption oI a
(r) 2 lilres ot milk, lhc strength. The density ofvanadium is 5 96 g/cnl3.
family of 4 persons. Blpress rhis io S.I. uDits (kg/ra). N.C.E.R-T)
(vi) l4 pounds per square inch (atmospheric pres- I,\ns 5960 kg/r,t3l
sure)
t. "The star of India" sapphire weiShs 563 carats. If
| \ir- (i) l 6tlrl (ii) [Link]-r (,ir) 45 4k* one carat is equal to 2m mg, what is the weight of
(iv) 263 15K (r)2dm3(v09E41 3kg,' -21 the gemstooe in grams ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
4. Convert the tbllowiDg into kilograms : lars. r12.6gl
(;) 500 Mg 0nass of loaded jumhoiet)

I000 m lo0 sr(

t. 16 I knt = [Link] , -ik. *-l-la- -...
r"'
80 miles Dilcs l'160 vtt
80
thour - " I r}ils
36{Xlr
I i6dl lt( lW I nril€ 3Ra 12.i6 2.54qn \m
'' 2 54 crf 12 irchds 3 t( l'160 ya * -18*--E "7mtm
= 10.0 miles. -w*
mt-|
Note that the least precise term (2 54) has three = 35.76 = 35 8 ms-r
signdlcant tigure.s. (,,0 loorD = louax {1! x }fo = $-+*s
2. Wsight in pounds = 72 0)rr x 6 00i8-x 3 00js (iv) + 2'73 15 K = 263 15 K
Ih -10'C = -10
2 54cm I54cnr 2 54cln 19 3r
' t, ' -l1n " --l-;'- *;fr'51:6V
(v)zL
1 dm
= 150 6()491 lb = 151 lb (after roundiDg off be- = L't- x rooo "-J I dmt mA
-1T-'lTcol
I dn
x lI-lrsi
cause least precise term has 3 srgnificaDt figures)
:2dm3
. 2 54cEl
u-r< lm . 14 h I kr I irrcn l+rch-
3. (r) 5 6" = OO" = r'O
l_rn x TffiE (Yr)
Im " [Link]$, Zi4cn1'Z.54iii
=1.6764m=1.68m 100-arn- 100 Drf
(after rounding off to have 3 significaDt fiSures as 1m lm
that of the least precise term) = 9841 3 kg per square metre.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1115

tl.,![Link],ff5-,,;G' .T.,,,D,,

4. (i) I Mg r.e. nregagram : to6 g : I .54 x 103 pm4s-1

.'. -5(n Mg : soo x 106 g : -5 1 105 kg. lrg 1Q0sm-,. l0,Oprrt
tiil2.66{x
. , lfif ,lo-o* ,190*"
t!* Lp- lW
(il) I fgi.e. fenttogram: lo-15g: 1o-18 kg
5. (i) I F.m,.e- exanletre = to18 m to-6 w 70-6 w lo-6 t*
^_-_ rpm tw tprn
.'. 40 Enr: 4o x 1o18 m : z .
66 x to-6 pg pm-3.
:4 x 1019 tn.
(il) 1 Gm r.e. gigametre : tle m
.'. 1.4 Gm = 7,4 x l09 m
rffi"+&"w
- ('l)| .54 nrnr lrfi
o' ,.. 1I w- I om {
"'o-ftm "'oro{
tm = 5e6o kg/m3
r rl-- 'loftm ' looffi-' ,;n; s. s63-caa6 *Mr*rrblfo -- 1.12.6 s
X- 7o-6:s-
I lct

SOME USEFUL CON\tsRSION FACTORS

(c) Ftom given unit to another unit

t mile : 1760 yards l metric ton : 1000 kg
Iyard: 3feet 1kg :10009
I foot : 12 inches 1g : looo mg
linch :2'54cm 1 lb : 453.6 s
t litre : 1000 ml: 1000 cm3
I quart : 0'9463lttre
or 1 litre : 1.056 quarts

(D) From given unit to S.I. unit

r A : 1o-rom l atm
= 1::,T;:::'*--,
: 1.013 x 106 dynes/cm2
l bar : 1d Nm-2 :
1d pa
1a.m.u. : L.66053 x t0-27 kg 1mm or 1 torr : 733-322Pa or Nm-z
t"C=t+273.75K
=t+273K calorie :
1 4.L84 J
1 litre : 10-3 m3 : I dm3 1 erg : 10-7 J
1 dyne : 10-s N l electronvolt (eV) : 1.6022 x 10-1e J.
vl16 i,1 ,,1.1 't Neur Course ChemisttalifrlD

Nl,p1p,,; , iur ;,ffi.,[5,],.@' iLiEiE2,@,':8

-l'he
SI unit ol. lenlperature. viz. Kelvin was given in honour of the great British scientist 'Lord Kelvin'
'Tbrrrpcratures in Kelvin irre expressed as 25 K, 35 K etc. and not as 25"K, 35"K etc.

Irern:i is a unit oI length usecl in Nuclear Physias. 1 F-ernri = 16-13 cm : 10-ls rr.

sIicl'toN-IIt (B) Chemical Classification. Broadly speak-

I,A-S S TFICATION OF IIIATTER
ing, all kinds of matter may be classified into the
following two types :
1.7. What is Matter ?
(1) Homogeneous (2) Heterogeneous
Everything that is
around us and the
The word 'material' is commonly used for all
presence of which can be felt with the help of any
of our five senses i.e. sight, touch, smell, hearing and
kinds of matter whether homogeneous or
l"aste is called matter. In fact, this whole univcrse is
heterogeneous.
macle up of only two things viz. matter and energy. A material is sui.d to be lwmogeneous il it ltns
Expericncc has shown that all types of matter pos- uniform composition and ilIonfiul propertiet
sess mass and occupy space. Hence lhrouglnul.
Mauer ir dqfirwd o\ eny thing that qwapiesspsc.e, Since any distinct portion of matter that is
[Link] the preslncv of whiih ca* be,folt
[Link].r rners uniform throughout in composition and properties
by uny one or mone of dwrlive wnses. is called a "phase", hence
The cxamples of matter are innumerable. A A rnalerialis sqld to be lwtnogeneous, di, corxists
fcw of these include clothes, iron, gold, plastics, ol only onc pihax. On tlu othor hsd, il ,naterial it
wood. water, milk, petrol, kerosene oil, air etc. said lo be heteropncous if it cansir6 of a rutmger
1.8. Classification of Matter

There are two ways of classifying matter :

The composition of each phase is uniform
(A) Physical Classification throughout within itself but is quite different from
those of the other phases. The different phases are
(B) Chemical Classification.
separated from each other by ciistinct boundaries.
(A) Physical Classification. Based onphysical
For example, water, iron, salt, a solution of salt in
wder ordinzry conclitions of temperature and
state
pressure, nlatter is classified into the following
water, air (which contains a number of gases),
three typcs : motor oil (which contains a number of hydrocar-
bons) etc. are homogeneous whereas a mixture of
(1) Solids (2) Liquids (3) Gases.
ice and water, salt and sand, iron and sulphur etc.
.,1 suhstunce is suitl to be solid if it possesses a are heterogeneous.
tlt:finite wtlume and u definile shape e g. sugur, iron, However, a more scientific way of classifica-
gtltl, n,uxl alc. tion, called the'chemical classification of mattel is
A sub,tlrtrtcc is sukl to he liquid, if it possesses a briefly described below : -
dclinilc volumc but no dqlinite shape, Thty tuke up All types of materials are believed to be made
lhe slrupe o.[ thc vessel in which they are put. e.g. up of "substances". A material containiug only one
wulcr milk, oil, mercury, ulcohol elc. substance is called a "pure substance.". On the
other hand, materials containing more than one
A subslunce is suid to be guseout ifit [Link] substance are not pure and are called "mixtures".
u definitc volume nor u [Link] slwpe. This is beca$e Pure substances are further classified into two
[Link] up he wfutle vessel in whith they are put. e.g. types, called "Elements" and "Compounds". Mix-
h;-drogen, o^)'gcn, curhon dioxide, air etc. tures are also of two types, namely "Hdmogeneous
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1117
nrixturcs" and "Heterogeneous mixtures,,. pure salt dissolved in water and brass (an alloy ofcopper
substalces (i.e. elementJ and compounds) are al-
aud zinc) are examples of gaseous, liquid and solid
ways hornogeneous. Hrrmogeneora. or" solutions respectively. Thus the claisification of
^ixo.".
also callcd "solutions,'. The s1n$e phase in which a matter may be sketched as shown below.
solution occurs may be gaseous, fiqlid or soli<I. Air,

Physical Chemical
Classitication Classification

Innrgauic
Compounds

Norv wo shall take up a detailed discussion ol.

the thrse main classes ol'mal-tcr i.e. elements.
com_
irllcl mixtttrcs.
l'crt'"'-t

An elernent is defined as o pure substunce that

cotttains only one kirul oJ atoms.

Carbon, sulphur. iron, lcad, gold, mercury,

oxygcn ancl nitrogen are somc pl". oifamiliar
"*on
 )rra arr's NE.l Co tse Chemistrg lffi[)
)fi8
Non-mctals are those elements which do not Inorganic compounds arc the compounds
containing any [wo or more elements out of more
than 1L0 elements known so far. Those are usually
obtainod lrom minerals and rocks.
'! ixtures
.'1
'1
. M

etc. arg gases.

Metaltoi^ aro those elements which possess
the characteristics of both i.e. metals as well as
non-metals. Some important examples of metal-
loids are arsenic, antimony, bismuth etc. of
There are two
of Mixtures. There tYP€s
(1) Homogeneous mixtures
(2) Heterogeneous mixtures
A mbture L\ suid to be homogeneous ililscomposi-
tion is unilorm lhroughout'
The components of
with naked eye or even
A contpound L\ a Pure s bstance conki$ing tvo or homogeneous mixture co
morc thtn l\o elen0n8 mmbinsl togfihzr in a The si-uele ohase in which a nomogcrrsuus utalur e
.r""urc iu"i.
o"curr or solid. For example,
srt"ous. liquid or
-ayb" gaseous,liquid examplc,

pouml are completely dffirent Jrom those of i*

consliluent elzme s'

are called sofu-

d in any propor-
liquid and solid
utual solubility.
A m&lare is said to be heterogenmus iI its com'
pttsition is not uniform throughout.

T}pes ofCompounds. All the compounds may

bc divided into the following two catcgorres :
(1) Organic comPounds
(2) Inorganic comPounds.

and plants.
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
./n6
The various characteristics mentiooed in thc
heir solubility in
definition of 'mixture, can be explained taking the
dissolve in carb-
cxamplc of a mixture of iron fiI'ings, sulphur-and
common salt. Firstly, they can be mixed in any salt is soluble irr
water. So ary one of the two ca! be dissolved and
propottron. Secondly, the mixture can be tested t; then filtered.
1.12. Difference b A nd
_and A Mixtu iit;i rn:r.i:r;;:j+i:::.:.i,:;:::::ii:i

The important points of difference between a

mixture and compound are summarizcd below :
MIXTURI' COMPOT'ND
l. The const it uen rs ofa mEt u re may belre.;rlr m ant- Tleconstituents of a 6 Siid?EiiGfrliEGii
ratio. iD a fixed ratio by mass.
2, Mixlurc may or may nor hc homogeneous in na- Compounds arc always homogencous io nature.
Iure.
3. 'tle properties of a mixrure are midway between The pmpenies of a mmpound are entirely ditferent
those of its constituents. ftom those ofils constituenls-
-fhe
coltstitueots of a mixture can be easily
separated by simplc mechanical means.

Mutures are formed as a result of a phlsical

change.
6. When a mixture is formcd, no heat, lighr or electn-
cal eDergy is absorb€d or evolved.

'fhc mclttng and botltng pornts of

mixlures are 7.
usually Dot sharp.

,KN.(},WLE.P.@:8, )
20 carat gold is a mHru re of 20 pans by weight of gold and 4 pans
by weighr of copper. i Id is 24 caral.
Iodized salt used as a table salt is a mxture of NaCl and a small
amount of Nal.
Cement is a mixlurc oIa number of silicates
'lhe cxistence ofan element in two
or more chemrca,y simrlar bJl physica,y diffcrent forms
and the drffcrent forms arc called a,oiropes e.g d'iamond, g.u'pfr1r", is callcd arotropy
allotropes ofcarbon.
*l charcoal, lamp bla"k ;;.;;
'l-hc exrstencc ofa compound
in diffcrenr crysrafline forms rs ci,ed porymorphism
called polymorphs e.q. ZnS has rwo polymorphs called and rhc differenl forms arc
zinc bleno.'unO ,ruririt".
:ti+ o. lhc exlstcnce of diffcrent \ith slmirar chemic{r comF)sition in the same crysralrine form
e.s. znso;.7 -;;;" "
:::i1*n1.. rr2o aDd Feso;, iro'
'omrx)und\ irornorpo.. simjlarry,
is calrcd
atums,
IM2SO4M2, (SC)4)], 24II2Ol, are isomorphs.
[Link] which absorb mosrure from thc air are calle.d hyBroscopic substaoces ag.
CuSOa, PzO5, quicklime ([Link]) erc. aDhldrous

:.llj tt solid substances which absorb a Iar*e amount ofmoisture

from the air so that they become wct or pass inlo
i;$',r1.;ii:il|-
dellqucscent and thc phcnomcnun it ;;x;' l-"riqu"""","" c.8r Naorr, Kori,
1l2O
Neut Course

AOO'f O YOUR RN OWLEDGE CONAD'

T H2o etc when exposed to air lose
:,:i r. some crystallinc solids e 6 cusoo. 5 Hro, Nqco3 10 H2o, Nazsoa
rrater partly or wholly. Such subslanccs are called emorescent and this property is called efiores-
their
cencc'
diffusion is called otmolysis e g'
.. ltt- llc separatlon of a mixl u re of Sases bascd on t helr diffcrenct in the ralcs of
which arc gaseousand havediffcrent
Ux5 and 11238 are separaled byconverting thcm into thcir hexafluorides
rates ofdiffusion.

SECTION-IV (o) Whcn matter uEdergo€s a physical

change. A piece of ice (solid water) is takenin a
I,,\!\'S oF CTIDMICAL COMBINATION smali conicil flask. It is well corked and weighed'
1 -1 3. Introd uctio n :,::r:i,:::ii:r::l:: i i:i J:i:::r:i:' ir:il]l:i:,:i:i:':il:i::ri:i:r'ii:Lli:;i::ri:ir: :
The flask is now heated gently to melt the ice (solid)
into water (liquid).
One of thc most imPortant aspccts of thc
Heat
subiecr of chemistrv is thc study of chcmical rcac- Water
lce --------i
riois. These chemical reactions takc place accorrl-
ing to ths ccrtain laws, called thc 'laws of chcmical Thc flask is again weigbed. It is found that
combiration'. Thesc arc : there is no change in the rveight though a physical
change has taken plact.
l. Law of Conscrvation of Mass
(6) When matter und€I3oes a chemical
2. Law o[ ( onstant CrrmPosition change. The following chemical changes illustrate
3. Law oI MultiPle ProPortions the law :

(i) Precipitation Reacrion. Landolt took solu-

4. Law of RcciProcal ProPortions
tions of sodiumchloride andsilver nitrate separate-
5. Law of Combining Volumes (Gay Lussac's ly in the two timbs of the Landoll's tube (Fig. 1'2)'
Law of Gascous Volumcs) ih" ti-b. were then corked and the tube was
weighed. Thcreafter, the tubewas tilted to allow the
Thc hrst four taws dealwith the mass rclation-
ships whcrcas thc hlth larv deals with the volumcs
two-solutions to mix. As a result of thc following
chemical reactioo, a curdy white precipitate of sil-
of iho reacting gascs. Let us now discuss each of
thcse laws one bY one. ver chloride is formed : -
,r r .l ^,' :ri.i il T1:._ NaCl (aq) + AgNO3(aq)
t: ,,._, ,,- --_ t_
+ Agc(s) + NaNOr(aq)
This law which deals with thc masses ofthc
rsactants and thc products of a chemical reaction
(or a physical changc) was studied by thc great
irench chcmistzln toine Lsvoisiarin 1774 This law
may be stated as follows :
-
In all phJsicql and chemical chdnges, lhz lotal
i1-th" reactants is equsl to that oi tLt
^ott
products.
Thus according to this law, there is no incrcasc
or decreasc in the total mass o[ mattsr during a
chemical or a physical change. In other words,
Matkr can naithcr be creald nor deslrqgd'
Honce this larv is also callcd ths Law oJ ir-
des]rucibiliy, of mqtter. Thc lollowing experiments FIGURE 1.2. Landolt's lube.
illustlate thc truth of this law
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN cHEI\,IISTBY
1121

question ariseFwhere is this mass lost ? Accord-

ingto Einstein, this mass is converted ioto energy
accordiog to the equation
E=mc?
where m is the mass lost and c is the velocity of
100I 92 69 light. Heuce the law of conservation ofmassias
7.4g
been modified. Now it is known as law of conser-
Thus, during the above decomposition reac- vatioo of mass and energy. It states as follows :
tion, matter is neither gained nor lost. Thc mas and enerp are interco yrtible hu ttv
tolsl sam oI E ,noss and energ during ary phlsi-
cal or chemical clnage remains constant.
PROBLEMS ON
IjX,L\IPL[. 4.90 g of KC|O, when heated Differcnce betw:on the mass of the rcactant
produced 1 .92 g of orygen and the residtte (KCI) tcft and the total mass of the products
behind weighs 2.96 g. Show that these results il- : 4.90_ 4.88:0.02 g.
lustrate the lah, of consenotion of mass.
This small differencc may he duc to ex_
Solution. Mass of KCIO3 taken : 4.90 g perimental error.
Toral mass ofthe products (KCl + O) Thus Iaw of conservation of mass holds good
within experimental errors.
= 2.96 + 7.92 = 4.988

1. What mass ofsilver nitrare will react with 5.85 g of 12.0 g. Show that thcsc obscrvations flre in agrce_
sodium chloride to produce 14.35 g of si-lver ment wilh the law ofconservalion of mass.
chloride and 8.5 g of sodium nitrate, iathe law of
conservattoD of mass ts true ? [.\lrs. 17.0 g] {N.C.E.R.T)
2. When 4.2 g of NaHCO3 is added [o a sotution of 3. If6.3 g oI NaHCO3 arc added ro 15.0 g of
acetic acid (CH3COOH/ weighing 10.0 g, ir is ob_ CHjCOOH solution, thc resrdue ts found to weigh
served that 2.2 gofCOz is released iDto the atmos- 18.0 g. Whar is ll., mass of CO2 released in rhe
phere. The residue left behind is found to welgh reaction ? (NC.E.R.T.)
L\ns.3.3 gl

H I t{ T5 FoR DrFFr cu:r ?[Link],v,I

l. AgNOj + NaCt + AgC] +NaNOJ z. Na CO3 + CII3COOII_
xE 5 85g 14 35g 8.5I 4 28 10 0g
, CfllCOONa + H"O + CO- r
x+5 85= 14.35 + 8 5
x= t7.O g Residuc = 12
-:_,___-4.--, 0g 2.2g
Total mass ofreactants
= 4.2 + 10.0 g = 14.2 g
'Ibtal mass of products
= 12.0 + 2.2 g = 14.2,

I
16
1.15, Law ol Constant ComPosition orygen, combined togcther in the samo hxed ratio
of12:32orj:SbYmass
Heat
(a) CaCOj CaO + CO2 t
(b) C + 02- Co2 t
(c) CaCO. + 2HCl.'.'.....- CaCl2+CO2 t +H2O
Ileal
(d) 2NaHCOi .........-NazCO:r + CO2 t + H2O

Limitations of Law of Constant Composition

J
e

:
combines, the ratio of C : O is 12 : 32. But if C-14
isotope combines, the ratio of C : O is 14 :32'
The
(2) rc in the same
the
rqtio but aY be different'
For example CTHTOH aod
CH3OCH3 (both having same molecular formula
viz. CrHuO) the ratio of C:H:O : 24:6:16 =
12:3:8bymass.
C ON STANT c OM POSlrlo N
Fw"pffip..r,D* LAW OF

'188of diructlv the Percentage coT?otilioT:i tYq::

leadcombine . . lh:t
in both the samples of PbO2 is identical' the aDove
witlt to\i-i Uoap"'*i* TbOS
Leadperoxideisalsoplo&lcedbyheatingleaddataillustratetholawofcoostantcomposition.
nitrati and it wos found ahat the W,xentage d dygen
present in lead piroxide is
-data
lj'
j8 percenl' Use these
to illusffati the law ol constant comPosition'
Soluilon. St€p 1' Io calculate the Percentage
ol t qetiment . nitak ielded 2 ' 19 g of copper oide'
Mass of Peroxide formed
=6 488+|Wz=7'4fig.
7'490 g of lead peroxide contain 1 0(2 g of
orygen
... 100 g of lead peroxide will contain orygen thid case, 1 .45 g of copper-when
ft) In the
: ffi* 100 = 13'38 e tf##ff., - a cunent of air vietded 1 8j g of
i.e. orygenpresent: 1j'38Vo Show that the Biven data illusfiate lhe law of
SlEp 2. Tb compare the percentage oI dygen in constant comPoition'
both the qetiments ' Solu6on' stf,p l' In the fitst uPeiment'
Percentage of orygen in PbO, in the first ex- opPer oxide contained 1 759ofCu'
periment : 13 38 .'. 100g of coPPer oxide contained
Percentage of orygen in PbO, in the second : 1 .?<
100 ='19 9r9
experiment = 1.3 38 fr"
 SOIVE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEN4ISTRY
-ft{
Slep [Link] the second expeiment. .. 1009 of copper oxide containcd
1'43 g of copper oxide contained 1. 14 g r,rf .46
1
copper - l.8t " 100 : 79.789.
. . 1009 of coppcr oxide contained
't -11
Thus the pcrccntagc o[ coppcr in copper
=ffi"100-7e12s. oxidc derived from all the threc expcriments is
Slep 3. In the thitd exp inrcnt. nearly the samc Hence, the abovc data illustratc
1 83g of copper oxidc contained I .46g of copper thc law of constant composition.

1. 2 16gof coppermetalwben trcatedwirh nitricacid fonned. The silver chloride Dreciptlated is

followed ry ignition o[ rhe Dirrate garc 2.70 g ol separatcd, washed and dried. The wcight of silver
copper oxide. In anofier experiment 1 15 g of clrloride is 0.66 g.
coDper cxide upoD reduclioD with h)drogcn gave
O.92 t of cop[)er. Show that the above data jl- 0i) heating I g oI sitver mcial in a currcnr o[ dry
chlorioe gas till lbe mettl is completcly converted
lustrate thc [.aw of Definite hoporrions.
rnto its chloridc. It is found to weigh 1.32g.
2. Sih,er chloride is prepared by
Illuslratc thc law of constant composition by the
(,dissoMng 0 5 g of silver wire in nltric acid aod above data.
adding excess ofhydrocbloric acid ro silver nttrate

100 = 75 '76qo
% of oxy*D = 20%

This law which was first studied bv Dalton

in 1804 may be defined as follows :-

(2) Compounds ofSulphurand Oxygen. Like

carbon, the element sulphur also forms two oxides
The law of multiple proportions is illustrated
by the following examples :
(1) Compounds
element carbon comb
compounds, namely,
mass of
f .;;; phur (32 parrs) in the two oxides are 32 and 48
,u.;";i ;:T::i:?n'J*::bear
a simpre ratio of 32:'r8 or
A (3) Compounds ofNitrogen and Oxygen. The
l;t ttict t,' 5 Netl Course Ch"-

Nitric oxide, Nitrogen trioxide, Nitrogen tetrcide or

i"Agfrm

elements nitrogen and orygen combine to Produce peroxide qnd Nit/ogen penloide.
as many as 5 oxides of nitrogen, viz., Nitrous oxide, The masses of nitrogen and orygen which
combine with one another arc : -
Compound Nitrous Nitric Nitrogen Nitrog€n Nitrogen
oxide oxide trloxide t€traoxide pentoxide
(Nzo) (No) (N2()3) (N2O.) (N205)

Nitrogen 2A 74 2A 2A 28 (parts by mass)

Ox)lgen 16 16 ,a 64 80 (parts by [Link])

Fixingthemassofnitrogenas14parts,the-masseso-fory^[Link]'16'24'32alid'
l8'paitii"[Link]:3:4:5tooneanother'
PHOPORTIONS
- . l.'\ \\lf,l.l' t. Carbon is lowtd to form wo Ir\ \\ll'! l. I Two oxides of a cetl^in metal
' oxides, which contafu 42'9Vo and 2737o of carbon ,l
rcspectively. Sltow lhat these figtres illustrqte the lare
2
ol multinle prooorlions. (N.C.E'R'T')
0 2517 garns
grams of each oxide gave respectively
59!ut&L
ind 0'4526 grams of watcr Show lhat these results
Step | . To calculate thc Percentage cotnPosition establish the Law of MultiPle ProPorlions.
of corbon antl orygen in eqch ol the lwo oidcs
Solution.
First oxide Second oxide {ep Im calcutate the mass o[ orygen in eoch
Carbon 42'g% 27 3% (Given) oxida.
Orygen 57 '7 Vo '72 7 Vo Here, wc arc gilen -
(by difference) Mass of each oxidc = 2.0 g
Mass olwatcr produced in case I = 0 2577 C
Step 2, To calculate the mas ses of cqrbon $'|tich.
combine-with a fLred mass i.e., one parl by mass of Mass olwater produced in case II = 0 4526 C
o\':''n it coch oJ lt( two oxides' 18 g of HrO = 16 g of oxygcn
In the first oide,57 1 parts by mass of orygen i.e. L8 g ofwater contain orygen = 16 g
combine with carbon : 42 9 Parts. .. 0 2517 g ofwator contains oxygen
. 1 part by mass of orygen will combinc with
.
= 0 22378
L).O =4x0?sl?g
18
carbon=i;=075r. and 0 4526 g ofwatsr contaios orygen
In the second oide.72.7 parts by mass of = {xo.a526c = o.,ro23s
orygen combine with carbon = 27.3 parts' 18
. . 1 Part by mass of orygen will combine with Step 2. Tb c&lculate thc m^\s of oLYgen which
)1 1, would combine with 1 I of metal ht each oxide'
carbon=;i=0.376 In case I. Mass of metal oxide = 2g
Mass of orygen = 0 2237 C
Step 3, Tb compare the masses ol carborr which
combine with the sime mass of orygen in both lhe
.. Massof metal =2-0'2237=17163C
. . Mass o[ orygen which combines with
oxides.
1 7763 g of metal :
O 2237 g
The ratio o[ the masses of carbon that com-
binc with thc same mass of orygen (1 part) is . . Mass of orygen which combines with 1 g

0.751: 0.316 or 2: 1' of metal : ffic = o'tzsoe

Since this is a simplc whole number ratio, so the ln case II. Mass of metal oxide = 2g
above data illustrate the law of multiple proportions' Mass o[ orygen = 0 4{23 C
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1/25

.. Mass of metal =2-0.4023=7-59775 72.4 parts by mass o[ metal = 3 atoms of

Mass of orygen which combines wilh 1.5977 metal and 4 atoms of orygcn : 27.6 parts by mass.
g of metal : 0.4023 C In the sccond oxide, oxygcn : 30.0 parts
. . Mass of orygen rvhich combincs rvith I g by mass and mctal : 100 - 30: 70 parts by
mass,
of meral =
ffie: o.z5rsc
But 72.4 parts by mass oI mctal :3atoms
Slep 3. To compare the ,trusscs of oxyg)n which of metal
combine with the same mass oI nrctql i tlrc tu*o .. 70 parts by mass of metal
oxides.
The masscs of orygen which cornbinc with I g -- j2. x 70 atoms o[ mctal
oI mctal in the two oxidcs arc respectively 0.1259 g 4
and 0.2515 g. These masses are in the ratio = 2.90 atoms of metal
0.L259 : 0.2575 or 'l : 2 Also, 27 6 parts by mass of orygcn = 4 atoms
of orygcn
Since thisis asimple ratio, so the abovc rcsults .
. 30 parts by mass of orygen
establish the Zaw o/ Multiplc Prcpottions.
4
: :=- x 30 atoms of oxvsen
zt.b
mula of tlrc rtN oide is MrOo, find that ol the
= 4.35 atoms of orygco
second.
Hencc, ratio of M : O in the sccond oxicle
',6i tioo. In the hrst oxids, o rygctr = 27.6,
'metal: 100-27.6 = 72.4 parts by mass. =290:4.35:1:1.-5 = 2:3
As thc formula of the oxide is MrOa, this means . . Formula of the mctal oxide is MrOr.

RO9L EM I F OR'PRACTICE
"
1. T$o oxides of lead were separately reduced lo
merallic lead by heating in a cufient of hydrogen
that lhes€ results arc iD accordancc with the law of
multiple proportions.
and the follot ing data obtained :
5. Nitrogen forms ive compounds with Gygen in which
(i) Mass of yetlow oxidc taken = 3.45 g 1.0 g of nitrogeD combinswlrb 0.572, 1.14, I .j3,2.28
LGs in mass during reduction = 0.24 g and 285 g of o(ygen respectively. Shc r that thesc
(ii) Mass of brolrn odde taken = 1.227 B li8urcs agree wirh law of mulripls proportions.
6. Elemenb X and Y form two differenr compounds.
Lcas in mass during reduction = 0.16 g
In the first, 0.324 g of X is combined with 0.471 g
Show that thc above data illustrate the l-aw of of Y. In the second, 0.117 g ofX is combiDed wirh
Multiple Proportions. 0.509 gofY. Show that rhese dara illustrate the Law
Z Copper gives two Gides. On heating 1.0 g of each of Mu ltiple Proportioos.
in hydrogengas, 0.888 g and 0.799 g of lhe metal
are produced. Sholf, that the results agree with the
Law of Multiple Proporrions.
3. IWo oxides of nitrogen contain the follo$ing per-
c€ntage compositions :

(i) Oxide A conEins

E. (i) 10 t oflead on hearing gave l0 78 g oflirharge,
63 .64 Ea oitrogeo [Link] 36.36 Eo
qygen. Pbo.
(.i) Oxide B contains ,16.67 % nirrogeD and 53.33
(ii) 9.7'15 Eof rcd tcad (pb3o1) yielded oD strong
% c,rygen, heating 9 545 I of litharge.
Esrablish lhe Law of Multiple Proporrions. (ur) 4.87 oflead perdide (pbo2) gave on healing
g

4. A metal forms two qides. One contains 46.6'lVo of 4.545 I of lithargc.

the metal and aDother, 63.94% ofthe metal. Show Showthat theseresults illusrate the lawof multiple
proponions.
 Pratlcay's Ne# Caurse Ch"rni"tr*ltrfrl[

l. Crlculate the mass of lead combined wlth I g of 6. Calculate the mass€s oI Y which cambine with 1 I
o,rygen in each case which are 13.375I and 6.669I of X in each cas€ which arc 1.454 EarJd 435 g i.e.
ie. iD thc ratio of 2:1. in the ratio 1 : 3.
2. Cialculate the ma$les of copPer combined with 1.0 I 7. 22400 cc of N2 at STP weigh = 28 3- Calculate
of orygeo in each case which are 7.93 g and 3.97 8 the mass of nitrogeD. Then subtract from the
ie. in tbe ratio 2 : 1. mass ofoxidg ofnitrogeo to calculate the mass of
3. Calculatc the mass of Gygeo combined with o)rytco.
1.0I of nitrogen in each cas€ which are 0.571 I and E. Using (i), calculate the mass of lead Pres€nl in
1 .143 g, Le. in the ratio 1 : 2. htharge in (ii) and (iir. Then calculate the masses
4 Masses of metal tbat combine with 1.0 gofcxygen of qygen in allthe three cases which combine with
are 0.875 g and 1.773 8, the ra$o is 1:2. 1 g of lead. The ratio comes out to be 3 : 4 : 6

5. Mals€s of orrygen which combine with l gof N are

in the ratio of l:2:i:4:5.

1.17.l-aw of Reciprocal proportions, ,,,,,,,,,,

proporlions,,,,,,,,,,, i.e. they combine directly in the ratio 12:32 or 3:8
. *n"n]:t:"
This law was put forward by Richter ;"
which is the tu:t
same as the first ratio
^-tn,",'"tt,':'lo:
(2) The elements H and O combine sePsrateiy
1792. It states as follows - ;
wilh the lhird element S to form H,"S and SOrand
The ralio of the masses of two elements A and
HxO as
B which combiie separutely with a faed ntass of the thev contbine rcctly wilh each othet form
to

thid elenont C is eith$ the san?e or some simPle shown it Fig. 1.4.
multtple of thc toLio ol the masses in which A qnd B
combine directly with cqch othet.
This lawmay be illustrated with the helpof the
following examples :

(l) The eletnents C and O combinc separately

wittt tlrc third ele,nent H to Iorm CHo and HrO artd 2 32
H
they combine directly with each other lo form COv
as shown in Fig. 1.3.

4 H.2
As shown in the Fig., the masses of H and O
which combine with the lxed mass of S viz 32 parts
arc 2 ard 32 i-e. they are in the ratio 2 : 32 ot I | 76.
Whcn H and O combine directly to form
12 \16 HrO, the ratio of thcir combining masses is 2 : 16
,o
32
or1:8.
FIGURE 1.3. The two ratios are rclated to each other as
In CHo, 12 parts by mass of carbon combinc
1.1-,.,
16u
with 4 parts by urass of hydrogen. In HrO, 2 parts i.e. they are simple multiple of each other.
by mass of hydrogen combine with 16 parts by I,XAIIIPLE. Ammonia contain.r 82 35Vo ol
masscs oforygen. Thus the weight o{C and owhich nitrcgen and 17'65Vo of hydrogen. Water contains
combine wrth lxed mass of hydrogen (say 4 parts 88 90V. of orygen and 1l l0 % of hydrogen.
by mass) are 12 arld 32 i.e. lhey arc in the ratio Nitrogen tioxide contains 63 15 7o of orygen and,
12: 32 or 3 :8. 36' 85Vo of nitrogen. Show that lhese data illustrate
Now in CO2, 12 Parts bY mass of carbon the law of reciprocal proPoxions'
combine dircctly with 32 parts by mass of orygen
SOiIE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEl"il|STRY 1127

ln NH3, 17.65 g of H combine with In HrO, 11. 10 g of H combine with O

N=82.35C : 88.90 g

,i2.35 .. lgolHcombinewithO =
1 g of H combine with N
17 .55 6 f#,
: 8.01 g
= 4.67 g ..Ratio oI the masses of N and O which
combine with lxed mass ( = 1 g) of H
:4 67:8.01=1:1.72
In N2C)3, ratio of masses of N and O which
combine with each other = 36.85 : 63.15
:1, : 7.71
Thus the two ratios are the same. Hence it
illustralcs the law of reciprocal proportions.

ROBLE M 3 FO R P,'RACiIII,G.E
"
1. Carbon dioride ml,tains2T .27 qo of carboo, carb-
97 .23 Eo of chlotine. Pree by calcularions, which
oD disulphide mntains 15 79 Va of carbol, and law is illustrated by these data.
sulphur dioxidc contaiDs 507, otsulphur. Arc these
3. 61 8 g of A combine with 80 g of B. 30.9 g of A
figures in agreement with thc law of reciprocal
combine with 106.5 g of C. B and C combine to
proportions ? [turs. Yesl form compound CB2. Aromic weights of C and B
2. Phosphorus trichloride contaios 22 57 Ea ot pbof.-
35 5 and 6 6. Show thar the lau of
arc respectively
phorus, phosphine (PH3) coDrains 91 t8 Vo of
reciprcal proportioDs is obeyed.
phcphorus while trydrogen chloride gas contaiDs

?P..ObLEMS
t. (15.79qo) c (27.21qa)
cs,'/\',/ \ co"
(84 2t%) S 12.1?%)
(soEa) so2 oo%)
(2 x 6 6 t) CBz (35.5 g)
1g -b with s = f+# = 5.33s
cwilt combire
1a 'ra
t g C will combine wi:-h O = 27.n- Mass of B mmbioingw h 1 gof A =
6i%- =
1.2e r
=2 6'7 I tt{ass of CcombiDingwith of A =
.. Ratio of masses of S and O which cambine wilh
1 g
#f = 3.45 S
fixed mass of carbon (viz I g) Ratio of masses of B and C combining with fixed
= 5 33 :2.67 massof A = I 29 : 3.45 = I : 2.67 = 3 : I
= 2:1. Ratio of masscs oIB and C combining direfifywith
Ratio of masscs ofS and O whicb combine directly each other
witheachother = 50: 50 = 1 : 1. l}lusthe tworatios = 13.2:35.5 = 1: 2.6.t = 3 : 3
are simple muldple of each other. Thus the two ratios arc samc.
..dn
1.18. Gay Lussac'5 Law ol GaseouB volumes ,:',1
The ratio between the volumes of the rcac-
tants and the product in this reaction is simple, i.e.,
Gay Lussac invcstigated a large numbcr o[
I : 1 : 2. Hsnce it illustrates the Law of Combining
chemical rcactions occurring in gases. As a rcsult Volunus,
of his experiments, Gay Lussac found that there
cxists a definite relationship among the volumcs of (b) Conbination between hydngen dnd
thc gascous rcactants and thc Products. In 1808, hc oxygen. Tko volumes of hydrogen always combine
put forward a gcneralization knowr as ths Gay with one volumo of orygcn to produce two volumes
Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes.'fhis may bc of steam.
stated as follows : - 2llz + Oz 2HrO (steam)
2 !ol. I vol. 2 !ol.
-
Here also, the ratio betweetr the volumes of
thc reactants and the products is simplei.e.,2:7:2.
(c) Combination between nitrcgen and
hydtogen. Oncvolume of nitrogen a.[ways combines
with three volumes of hydrogen to form two
volumes of ammonia.

arnplcs:
N2 + 3H2 """""- 2NH,
1\ol. 3 !ol. 2 vol.
(a) Comhination between hydrogen ond
chlorine. ()te vollme of hydrogcn and one volumc
This reaction also indicates a simple ratio of
1 : 3 : 2 betwecn the volumes of the reactants and
of chlorine always combinc to form twovolumcs of
hydrochkrric acid gas. the products.

H2 + Cl2 + zHCl It may be emphasized here that the volume

vol' used in the above reactions are exprcssed in similar
1 lol 1 vol 2
lurlrits i.e. , ml or lilres .

[Link] of chemical combinatioD Who proposed it alld when ?

(d) Law ofconservation of mass Lavoisier, 177,1
(b) Law ofdelinite proportions Proust, 1799
(c) I-aw of multiple proportions Dalton, 1804
(d) I-aw ot rcciprGal proportions Richtcr, 1792

SECTION_V (iii) Why is a compound different from a mix-

ture ?
ATOMS AND ]\{OLIICUI-ES_ To answer thc aboyc questions, it is essential
DALTON'S AI'OMIC TTIEORY
to look into the 'structwe of nrutter' i.e. whatarethe
AND AVOGADRO'S HYPOTTIESIS ultimate building blocks of matter. The concept
,i:r:r I I
rI :r: ::i: ':r:l r' I
: ,; , | :
that matter was madc up of small indivisible par-
:: : ::
1 .19. lntroduction : ,l l*:::i: I :ii:: :,iia: ii:ri ::: :

In Section III, we discussed the classifica-

ticlcs was put forward by Greek philosphcrs
([Link] Democints) and these ultimate particles
tion of matter intoElements, Compounds and Mix-
wcre called alomo,s which means indivisible. How'
turcs. Howcver, a number of questions arise, e.g.
cver, a real good mental picturc of matter which
(i) Why is one element different from could answer the above questions as well as could
another ? cxplain the laws of chemical combination was put
(ri) Why do elements combine to form com- forward byJohn [Link], an English School teacher
pounds ? in 1808. This is knovzn as 'Dalton's atomic theory.'
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
'1.20. Dalton's Atomic
a powerful initative to the ocientists about ths study
To describe the structure of matter which of matter during the L9th century. It held thc
could explain the experimental facts known at that ground for about a century. But the brilliant re-
time about elements. compounds and mixtures and searches conducted in the begiraing of 20th cen-
also the laws ofchemical combination, John Dalton tury by Sir J.J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford, Neils
in 1808 put forward a theory known as Dalton,s Bohr lnd others haye rcvolutionisod our
atomic theory. The main points ofthis theory are as knowledge about the structure of atom. The main
follows : -- drap,backs of Dalton's Atomic Theory are :
l. Matter is made up oI eircruely sntall in- (i) 1 :ould explain the lawrs of chemicat com-
divisiblc pafiicles called atoms. bination by mass but failed to exploi\ the law of
gaseots vofumes.
2. Atoms of the same element qre identical irt
all respects i.e. size, shape and mass. (ii) It could not [Link] why atoms of dfurent
elemenls havc dwrcnl mosses, sizes, valencies elc.
Atoms of tlifferent elements have dfurent
3.
m6ses, sizes and also possess different chemical (iii) Why do atoms ol the same or dilfercnt
pmpefties. elements combine at all to fom nnlecules ?
[Link] of the same or dilfercnt elements com- (ir') What is lhe nature of bindingforce betwccn
bine togethet to fom compound atoms (now called atoms aad molecules vthich accounts tor the edst-
es molecules ) . ence oI tnatter in three ststes i.e., solids, liquids and
goses ?
5. When aloms combine htith one qnother to
form compound atoms (molecules), they do so in
(v) It makes no distinction between the ul-
simple whole numberrqtios, surh as l:1,2:1,2: j timate particles of an element or a compound.
and so on. 1.22. Modif ied Dalton's Atomic Theory
6. Atoms oI two eletnents moy combine in dif-
fercnt ratios to fom more than one compotnd. For As a result of the researchcs made bv
etanple, sulphur combines with oxygen to fotm sul-
various chemists and physicist, Dalton's atomic
plrur dioide and sulphur trioide, thc combining
theory has undergone radical changes. Neverthc-
ratios being 1 : 2 and I : 3 respectively.
less salient points of this theory have bcen rctained
7- An atom is the smallest panicle lhat lakes since theysatisfactorily explain the laws ofchcmical
porl in a chemical reaction, lD other words, whole comhination. The main points of the modern thcory
atoms, rather than fractioDs of atoms take patt in a are :
chemical reaction.
(i) Atom is no longer considercd to be in.
[Link] atom can neither be crealed, not desfioyed , divisible. It has been found that an atom has a
Explanation of the [Link] of Chemical Com- complex structure. It is made up of a number of
binatloo by Dalton's Atomic Theora. small particles of which the important ones are
1. Law of ConseNation oI Mess. Mattet is elec|ons, protons and neulrons.
made up of aloms (postulate 1) which can neither Gi') Atoms of the same elcment may hav€
be creatednor destroyed (postulate 8). Hence mat- difr€r€nt atomic masses, For examplc, atoms of
ter cau neither be created nor destroyed. hydrogen may have atomic masses of 1 amu, 2 amu
2. Law o! Constqnt Compositlbn. t( lollows or 3 amu. Similarly, atoms of chlorine may have
directly from postu-late 5. atomic masses of 35 amu and 37 amlu. Such atoms
3. Law of Mulliple Proponions. It follows of the same element which possess diflerent atomic
directly from postulate 6. masses arc called lsotopcs. Ttus, atoms of thc same
elcmeut may not be identical in all respects.
(lii) Atoms of dllferent elements may have
same atomlc masses. of cal-
cium and argon have th i.e.,40
arnu. Szc/r atoms ol lh which
have the sone alomic masses arc called isobars.
Dalton's atomic theory was the first mile- Thus atoms of the different elements mav be iden-
[Link] towards the inner structure ofmatter, It gave tical in one or more respects.
,ff6 Pratlc o 1t's Nett Course Chemistrqlffifi
(iv) The ratio in which the dilferent atoms Let us apply this hypothesis to the gaseous
combine with one another may b€ lixed and in- reaction between hydrogen and chlorine to
tegral but may not always be simple. For example, produce hydrogen chloride gas. Experimeutally, it
the ratio inwhich the elements C, H andO combine has been found that one volume of hydrogen com-
to form a molecule of cane sugar (C1rHrrO11) is bines with one volume of chlorine to produce two
volumes of hydrogetr chloride gas.
ratio isfued and is also ittlcgal. Hydrogcn + Chlorine HYdrogen
(v) Atom is th€ smallest particle that lakes
1 vol. 1vol. ---) chloride gas
2 vol'
part in a chemical reaction. Though an atom is
l, aloms , aloms 2n comPound atom6
made up of smallcr particles such as electrons,
protons and neutrons yet aron is tlrc smallest par' (Appllng Berzelius HYPothcsis)
ticle that takes pstt in a chemical reaction. 1
1 comPound atom
2 ] ",orn
(vi) Atom is no longer iudestr[ctible' By car-
This impties that one compound atom of
rying out nuclear reaclions, atoms of an element
may be changcd into aoother. For example, atoms hycl,'ogcn chioridc gas is marJe ttp,,t j atom ot
of nitrogen can bc changed into orygen by botl- arolu of chlonne. This is in dircct
hydrogon and
bardmeit with c-rays. Similarly, uranium (rrUa5) ]
can bc convertcd into plutonium ( ,oPu23e) through
conl'lict with Dalton's atomic theory which states
that atonrs ars thc ultimate particlcs of eloments
interaction with neufiors. The procress of intercon' and are inclivisible. This hypothcsis rvas, there[orc,
venion of elements lhrough changes in alomic nuclei
reicctc(l
i.r cal/ed transmutation.
A\ogadro, an ltalian scientist, solvcd this
Further during these nuclcar reactions' a
problcm which cropped up as a rcsult oI Bcrzelius
into ener'
hypothesis by clcarly distinguishing betrveen thc
E= mcz.
two r-rltimat(j particles of matte r, i.c., an atom and a
ess can be
moleculc. Accortling kt him,
In other wotds, atoms are no
changed into enetgt.
lon4cr indeslructible. Howcver, in ordiuary An ahm is ,he sntallcsl parriclc o[ at elamcnt which
laboratory reactions, atoms remqitt unaffected" i.e. cun lrrko part in a chomhal rcaction h muy or may
they can neither be creatcd nor destroyed, not be caphle of independant exlslence-
A molaule is lhz smsllas, Itarticl$ of an ebmenl or
1.23. Avogadro's HyPolhesis/ Law/Principle :r' ,, '
u compourul which is ctPable oI independmt eljst'
According to Gay-Lussac's Law ofgaseous ence.

volumes, ganes a/ways combine wi t one otother in Sincc thc smallest particlo ol a gas which can
a slnple ratio by volume- Bua according to Daltou's exist indepcndcntly is the moleculc and not thg
Atomic Theory, e/emenB combine with one anothet atom so thc volurne of a gas must be rclated to the
in a simple whole number atomic rslio to form com- numbcr r>f molcculcs (rather lhan atoms) prcsent
pounds . Beruelits, a Swedisb Chemist, tried to cor- in it. Hc thus put Iorwar d his hypothesis knorvn as
relate Dalton's Atomic Theory and Gay-Lussac's Avogadro's hypolhesis. This [Link] that
Law of gaseous volumes. He argued that while Equalvohtmx ol all gases undet simitu condilions
eleurcnts combine fu a s nple ratio by atoms, gdses
of tumperalwe and Pressurc cont{i3 equAl number
combinc in a simple ratio by volurnc, therc must be
of molecules.
some rclationship between the volume of a gas and
number ofatoms it contains. This led Berzelius 'lhis hypothcsis has hcen fountl 1o explain
the
to put forward his hypothesis callcd Berzelius clegantly allthc gascous reactions and is nowwide-
Hypothesis. It may be [Link] as - ly recoguized as a law or a principlc known as
Avogadro's Law or Avogadro's principle.
E4ualwturn,s
Thc above rcaction bc(\a'cen hydrogcn and
oltet [Link]/8
chlorino can be cxplainod on ths basis oI
oJ dloitu.
Avogadro's Law as lollorvs :
 SOI\,,IE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI\,4ISTFIY A-f
Hydrogen t Chlorinc __ Hydrogen
l vol l vol
chloride gas
2 vol.
vapourdensiryof a*^ = #Hffiff**
Mass of certain volume of thc sas at S-T.P
(By experiment)
Mass of same volume of H2 at S.T.P
fl moleculcs n molccules 2t moleculcs
_ Mass cf n molecules of the gas
(By Avogadro's Law)
Mass of n molecules of H,
j motecutc
I mobculc 1 molecule
Mass of 1 molecule of the gas
(By dividing throughour by Zr) Mass of 1 moleculc of H2(i.c. 2 atoms of H)
It implics that one molccule o[ hydrogcn Molecular mass
chloride gas is made up of] molecule ot hydrogen

and moleculc o[ chlorine. Sinco a molecule is or I Molecular mass =2 x Vanour density

I
made up of two or more atoms so molecule is Vapour density is also callud 'relative density,
] of thc gas.
possiblc and may contain onc or two atoms. Thus,
(3) To lind therelationship between mass and
this result docs not contradict Dalton's atomic
volume ofa gas.
theory.
Applications of Ayogadro's Law.
Molecular mass = 2 x Vapour density
(l) In the calculation of Atomicity ol'Elemen-
tary Gases.
Mass of lL of the gas at [Link]
AlomiciD oI an elcmEntary suhstancc is deJined as
u umber of aloms d the element present in oru - ". ..^ Mr*;i IL H, ,r stp
"f
,nolecalc ol thE iubstance, e.g. atomiciE of otygen
(O) is two whila lhat of ozone (O) is threc.
. . Mass of .l L of thc gas at S.T.P
0 089 g
)
Ofu ,
Taking thc cxample of oxygen, its atomicity = Mass of 1L of the gas at S.T.P
can be calculated as follows :
-
= 22.4x Mass of lL of the gas at [Link]
volumes ofhydrogcn combine with l volume
2
of oxygen to lorm two volums5 of 1y31ar vapours : Mass of 22 4 L o[ the gas at S.T.p
Hydrogen + O^ygen ----------+ Water vapours Thus
lolumes 1lolumc
2 2volumes
22 .4 litres of any gr,s al S,T.P, weigh eq*ol to the
.
App$ing Avogadro's hypothesis mobcular mass of tlw gus uprcssed in grams.. This
Hydrogen + Orygen Watcr vapours k cnllcd Crqm-Moluultr Volume (G.M.V) Lav
2n moleculcs r, moleculcs
-----' 2, molcculcs
s t_Ct't( )N_\ I
or I molecule moteculc 1 molecule
] ATOIIIIC AND MOLECUL,{R
Thus 1 molecule o[ water contains 1/2 SES AND MOI-E CONCI'PT
I\{A*S
molecule o[ orygen. But 1 molecule oI watcr con- 1.24. Relaiive Atomic Masses :,lii:i::j:i:i",:r::;:i::ii'r:,:il :rr:l;;r:::::
tains 1 atom of orygen. Hcnce
Having known that matter is made up of
1
j molecule oforygcn : I atom o[orygen atoms, the next immediate interest ofthe scientists
or 1 molecule of orygen was to determine the masses ofthe atoms. However
.
i.c. atomicity of oxygen = 2.
= 2 atoms of oryge n
as an atom is so small a particle that it cannot be
(2) To lind the relationship betren seen or isolated, therefore, it is impossible to deter-
molecular mass and vapour density ofa gas. mine the actual mass o[ a single atom bv weighing

'Earlierthe STP conditions (i e. Sti

. and U"C, Howc!,cr, now these arc

as l bar and 0"C, STP will be takcn a! I atm and OCin thts book.
1132 Pra rlc r :r's Net4 Course Chemistrglftfiffi
it, Alternatively, the mass of ar atom could have t - .
atomit mast anit (anu) is qad to
been calculated by wcighing a large sample oI the One
fi th o!
element and then dividing by the number of atoms E mt,o ol,,n dtom bI carbon-12 isow.
contained in it but unfortunately there was no
mcthod known to count the number of atoms. Thc Thus the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008
problcm was hnally solved by A,,[Link] am,u-while that of orygen is 15 9994 amu (or taken
irypothesis which states that "Equal volumcs of as16amu)'
diiferent gases under [Link] conditions of Prior to 1961, two different standards were
tempcratur"e and pressurc contain equal numbcr of ' uscd for. expressing atomic masses wheu orygen
molccutcs." Thus ifcqual volumes oi two different was-used-as the reference Chemists on their scale
o[ (called chemical scale) assigned an exact value oI
oascs are taken undcr similar [Link]
mass of orygen atoms as theyoccrr
i;;;;.. ;; o'...rt. ""J',r,., *"igi.J, ,r," inlbtothcaverage
nature' on the physical scale' the isotope ioo
rurio of rheir masscs *itt u" equat to ihc;;il;iil;
-rtt", ofin"[Link] molecules (because they con- *"t ^.tig"t!
exact value of 16' As naturally
1o consists of three isotopes (with
tained equal num[er of molecuies). For example, [Link]
1? and 18)' the average value for
taking equat volumcs ofhydrogen and otyg"i, th.i, -11t iTb:f.16'
scal€ comes out to be 16 00214'
-"rrE ,i" always found in thi ."ti;; i;i;. iii. To rcmove this- duality' all atomic masses are- now
orygen on physical
means thal a moicculc of orygen it oii-"ti"*i.,
r
cxprcssed on the l2c scale' tzkitg mass of this
lhan a molecule of hydrogen. F;r',h.r";;;;
molcculc o[ hydrogcn con]tains two atoms o[ isotope as exactly 12. This sca]e [Link] unilied
hyrlrogu, and one m6lecule of orygen contains two scale. On [Link], the symbol 'u' [Link]
instead
u,o- amu' though the symbol 'amu' is still used quite
-uto.-oi
,io,n."u1oryg.n, it -uybe intcrpie-ted iiu,un of
often in place of 'u' Thus now we better write are
of orygen iJ rO ti-". fr"uui"i tf,- - 1 that of
the atomic-mass of hydrogen 008 u and
hydrogen. Thus though ,rr" ,"4ri."..".'iiii" as
orygen as 16 u'
aio-Jcould not be d-etermined but their relative
masscs could be determined. It follows that if the The atomic masses of the elements have been
a(omic mass of hydrogen is talen as one, lhe rela- determined- accurately
during the recent years
ioreiccurately lttlg -,i1:Iu.*"'t called "mass spectroneter"' It
tivc atomic mass ofoxigen is ro (or
itcomesouttobe15.88).,isfoundthatinanumberofcases,atomsofthe
rn rhe beginning, thearomicmasses of allrhe ;:[;];.Hi.',f'.T:[Link]"::li: I:]i: i:i51
clcments wcrc obtained by comparing. with the the eierient is taken as the average value. For cx-
it was the ample, ordinary chlorine is a inixture of two
omrc mas- isotopes with atomic masses 35 u and 37 u and they
elractron- are present in the ratio of 3 : 1. Hence the average
to orygen atomic mass of chlorine would be
takcn as 16. Howevcr, a still better reference which 35x3+37x1
is now widely accepted, has been found to be carb- 3+1 = 35.5 u
on taken as 12. On this basis the relative mass of
Evidently, the word 'average' must be in-
hydrogen comes out to 1.008 and that of orygen as
cluded in the dehnition. Hence atomic mass of an
15.9994 (or 16). Hence atomic mass ofan element
element may more accurately be deltned as under:
may be defined as follows :
-
Thc alomk nlcss oI an elE nent i8 tlw avcmge nla'
The tive,nilssd s aoms as codpatd vilh ttt 0tom oI
limes carbon tulrcn as 12.
utom
Altematively, the average relative atonic mass
It
may be notsd that the atomic masses as ofan element caube calculated from the'fractional
obtained above are the relative atomic masses and abundances' of the isotopes of that elemetrt.
not the actual masses of the atoms. These masses
Fractional abundance of an isotope is the frac-
on the atomic mass scale are expressed in terms of
tion of the tolal nuntber ol aloms thqt is compised
atomic nwss units (abbreviated as amu).
of that paniculat isotoPe.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1133

For example, naturally occurriog [eon coil- Lastly, it may be pointed out that naturally
sists of three isotopes, the mass numbers of which occurring carbon contains three isotopes of carbon
and thsir fractional abundances are as follows : with atomic masses 12, 13 aod 14 u. It is the carb-
Isotop€ Fractional Abundance on-12 isotope that is taken as a reference on the
20Ne 0 9051 atomic mass scale.
2lNe 0 0027 The atomicmasses of a fewcommon elements
22N" 0.0922 taking carbon- 12 isotope as the reference are given
Averagc atomic mass of neon in Table 1.4.
= 20 x 0.9051+27 x 0.0027+22 x 0.0922
= 2A 779 tt

tAItLFl 1.4. Atomic masses ofsome corrmon elcments (taking C-12 = 12.000)

EI,EMI.]NT SYMBOL ATOMIC MASS ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC MA"SS

Aluminium AI no Lead Pb 207 .Z

nrgon Ar 39.9 Litbium Li 6.94
Bcryllium Be 901 Magnesium Mg u.3
Boron B 10.8 Neon Ne 2n.2
Calcium Ca 40. 1 Nitrogen N il.o
(larbon C 120 Oxygen o 160
Chlorine CI 35.5 Phosphorus P 31 .0
Copper Cu 63.5 Potassium K 39 1

Flourinc F 19.0 Silicon si 28 1

Helium He 4.O Situer Ag 107.9

Hydrogen H I .008 Sodium Na 23.0
Iodine I t26 9 Sulphur s 32.1
Iron Fe 55.8 Uranium U N.O
Zinc Zn 65.4

f'X \\ ll'l-ll. Use the dala given in the lollowing 1.25. Gram Alomic lrass
table to calculate the molar mass of naturully occut-
The alomic mass of an el ncnt expr*sal in grans
nnq argon.
is ctlled Gram atomic mass,
Isolope Isotopic molqr mass Abudatce
36A, 35 .96755 g mol-1 0'3!7Vo This amount of the element is also called onz
grum atom.
3EA, 37.96272 g nrol-1 0'0637o e.g. Atomic mass of orygen 16 amu :
eA, j9.9624 g mot-l 99.6NEo Gram atomic mass of oxygcn
(N.C.E.R-T) (or one gram atom of orygen) = lg g
, r ',:: i..ir ,r: i, .T::
Solutiot. Molar mass of Ar
= 35.96755 x 0.00337 + 37. 272 Molecular mass of a substance refers to the
x 0.00063 + 39.96924 x 0.99600 relative mass of its molecule and is defined in a
manner similar to the atomfug mass a5 follows :
= 39.948 g mol-r.
?ilu moluulu @.*s o! ti iubiuae (elencnr or
Note. Also see Problems 18 page 1/7 and 29 compouttd) is [Link]$nber d tit 6 thz molecub ol
page 7178 of C.B.S.E. PM.T. (Special) Problems lhc substarct tt hlolter lhan 1 112 th thc mass olan
given at the cnd of this unit for calculation of alom ol carbon-L2 isonpe.
average atomic mass.
1lu Pradeep's

12, score for 144 etc. are used to count different

objects. Since the t€rm mole is applicable to all
sorts of particles, while using this term, it is very
important to indicate the nature of the particles
The molecular mass of a substance ca! bc under consideration r.e. whether they are atoms,
calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the molecules or something else. For example, it is
atoms preseut in one molecule of the substance. wrong to speak 'one mole of hydrogen'. We must
e.g Molecular mass of HrSOo specily whether we are referring to hydrogen atoms
or hydrogen molecules. Thus :
= 2 x At. mass of H + At. mass of S A mok of hJdrogen atoms me.o6 6.022 \ Id3
+ 4 X At. mass of O.
atoms of hldrogen wh eas a mok oJ lqdrogen
= 2x1.0+32.0+4 x 16.0 = 98.0 u. molecules metns 6.022 x 103 mnlccutes oJ
1.?7. c,t"m Molecltlar Mass .. ,
hydmgen, or 2 x 6-022 x 1G3 uoms olhydrogen
The molccuhr muss of a substance expressed in (because each hydragen molecule contqins 2 atons
grums ir culled iI Gram molccuku mass. of ltytlrogen) ,

Similarly. a molc of orygen molecules means

gram molnule . t)'o22 x lOzJ molecules of orygen or
2 x 6.022 x 10ts atoms of orygen.
e.g Molecular mass o[ H2SO4 = 98.0 u
Gram molecular mass of H2SOI
A mole of sand particles means 6.022 x 10?3
sand particles.
(or one gram molecule of H2SO4) = 98.0 g
A mole of electrons means 6.022x1dj
1.28- Mole Concept electrons and so on.

In section 1.24, we discussed how the relative

Generally, when we speak of 1 mole of
hydrogen, it implics I mole of hydrogen molecules
atomic masses of the elemeuts could be deter-
i.e. the natural form in which it exists. However to
mined. However, the problem of finding the ab-
solute masses o[the atoms remained unsolved until avoid confusion, in such cascs, the molecular forms
it became possible to count the number of atoms or are called dihydrogen (Hr) diorygen (Or),
molecules in a dcfinite amount of the substance. It dinitrogen (Nr) etc.
is found that one gram atom of any element con-
It is interesting to note that the magnitude of
tains the same number o[ atoms and one gram
Avogadro's number is very largc. Its valuc may be
molecule of any substance contairs the same num-
imagined from the fact that this rumber is about
ber oI molecules. This number has been experimen-
lOlrtimes the populdtion of the entire world or
tallv determined and found to be equal to Avogadro's number of marbles are sufficient to
6.d22137 x 104 correct upto seven sigirificanr
cover the surface ofthe entire earthwith 5 km thick
figures. However, the value generally used is
layer. Thus, mole u not a uselul measure for things
6'022 x 104. lt is called as'Avogadro's numbel or which are much larger than atoms and molecules in
'Avogadro\ constant' il honour of Amedeo size or mass. Further, as I mole represents a very
Avogadro, a great pioneer in this held. It is usually large number of particles, therefore, being SI unit,
represented by N. Hence
it can be used with prelues. For example,
Avogadro's Number (N) : 6'622 Y 1 mmol = 10-3 mol, 1p mol = 10-6 mol
1 nmol = 10-e mol etc.
It is usually convenient to express large num-
ber of atoms or molecules in terms of moles. For
example, suppose the sample of a substance (e.&
vitamin C) contains 2.L x 1024 atoms ofhydrogen.
Then number of molcs o[ H-atoms present in the
sample= (2.1 x 1G4)/ (6.022 x 1023) = 3.5 mol.
Further, according to Avogadro's hypothesis
'Equal volumes of different gases under similar
conditions of tcmperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules'. This means that
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI\4ISTRY 1/35

(t.022x 7O23 molscules of any gas at STP (i.c. 3rd Dellnition (in terms of volume), In case o!
standard tsmperature and prcssurs viz 0"C ar,d gases, t mok is deJinul fls tlur qmtu of fte gas
atmospheric pressure) must havs the same volume. whirh hu a volwrw of 22 4 litrcs dt STP
This volur^re has been expcrimentally found to be
22.4 litres at STP (0"C, 1 atm or '1 01 bar e.g. 1 Mole o[ oxygcn gas : 22 4 litrcs of
pressure) and is callcd molar volume* (bccausc oxfgen at STP
6.022 x molcculcs reprcsent onc mole o[ the
lO23 1 Mole of CO, gas : 22 4 litrcs of CO2 at STP
gas, as already di:cusscd).
REMEMBER
Keeping itr view the differcnt aspects dis-
cusscd abovc, a mole may be defined in any one of Iu [Link], system,
the following three ways :
I g mole = Molerular mass expressed in grams
lst Dcfnition (tn tenns ofmass).;l nole [Link] = 6'022 x 1d3 molecules
as tlut omnmlolthe substarce vhich hasmosquol
to gmn aromb mosl iI tte subslalre b atotnie or In M,K.S. slstem,
grum molauhr nutss if thc subfiq!,cc is t olafurl 1 kg mole = Molecular mass expressed in kg
c.g. 1. Mole o[ carbon atoms : 12 g = 6 .O22 x 10x molecules
(. [Link] C = 12u) Mole Concept for Ionic Compounds. The for-
1 Mole of sodiurn atoms : 23 g
mula of an ionic compound does not reprcscnt a
( . At. mass of Na = 23 u) molecule of that compound but expresses only thc
1 Mole of oxygcn atoms = 16 g rclative ratio of their constituent ions. Howcver. the
(. [Link] O = 16u) [erm mole is applicable to thcse compounds also
1 Mole of orygen molecules : 32 g with thc modification that the term'formula mass'
( Mol mass of O, = l2 u) is used in placc of 'molecular mass' and lhe term
'formula unit'is used in placc of 'molecule'. Thus
1 Mole o[ HrO molecules = 1tl g
( . Mol mass of HrO : 18 u) A mob of an ionic com?ound iJ d4irrcd as thal
amounl oJ thc subslanee v'hich l1g's mass equal to
1 Mole of CO, moleculcs : 44 g
gramlormuh mass (i.e-lormub mass e4ressed in
(,' Mol mass of COz = 44u) grams) or vhich cottains Avogadro's number
(6 .022 x 1e3) ollomullt units.
2nd Delinition (in terms of number). .4 zro& rs
definzd as thtt smouit ol the subslsnce vhich e.g. 1 Molc of NaCl = 5U.5 g of NaCl
conlains Avogadro's number (6'022 x lei) o! ( . Formula mass of NaCl : 23+3-5 5
aloms il alu subsnnce is alomix or Avogadro's : 58 5 amu)
number (6 022 x let) oI moltul2s d rhe sub-
Also, 1 Molc of Na C.l : 6 022 x 1G3
statce is ,no[zcllat
formula units of NaCl
1 Mole of carbon atoms
= 6.022 x 1023 Na+ ions
: 6 022 x 1023 atoms of carbon
and (t 022 x 1023 Cl- ions
1 Molc of sodium atoms
Similarly, 1 Mole o[ Na, COr : 196 * u1*uraO.
= (t.022 x 10x atoms of sodium
1 Mole of orygcn atoms ( . Formula mass of NarCO,

= (t.022 x 1023 atoms o[ orygen = 2 x 23 + 12 + 3 x 76 : 106amu)

1 Molc of oxygen molccules Also, 1 Moleof Na2COr= 6.922 x 1023 tbr-
: 6.022 x.1023 molccules of o4,gcn mula units of Na, CO,
1 Mole of HrO molccules : 2 x 6.022 x 1023 Na+ ions
: [Link] x 104 molecules of HrC) and6.022 x 1023 CO3- ions
1 Mole of CO, molccules (which are further equivalent to 6.022 x 1023 carb-
: 6.022 x. 10ts molecules ofC()- on atoms and 3 x 6.022 x 1023 orygcn atoms).
.ln gencral, nolat whtmc of o abswrcc is thc voltan of onc molc ol that $/bstancc.
1/36 Netl Course Chent i stry
SI Delinition of Mole. The Sl definition of substance is atomic, therefore, dividing the molar
mass by Avogadro's number, the absolute mass of
mole is as follows : - a single atom can be obtaiued. Similarly, the ab-
A mole is lhat smount oJ the substance which
contains as nany elementary entities as therc are solute mass ofa single molecule can be calculated.
atoms in exaclly 0 012 kg (i.e. 12g) of carbon 12 - lmportanc€ ofAvogadro's Number and Mole
isotope. The eiementary entities mustbe sPecifiedi.e. Concept. Avogadro's number and mole concept
whether lhey are qloms, molecules, ions, electrons or help in the chemical calculation in a numberofways
any other entity. as follows :
-
Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass in terms 1. In the calculation of the actual mass of a
ofAvosadro's Number and Mole Concept' As one single atom of an element or a single molecule of a
mole of any atomic substa-nce is equal to its gram substance.
atomic mass and it contains Avogadro's number In the calculation of the number of atoms or
2.
(6'022 x l0B) of atoms. Hence molecules in a given mass of the clement or the
Gram atomic rnass of an element may be compound.
dertned ds the mass ol Avogadro's number of atoms. 3. In the calculation of the number of
S imilarly, Grum molecular masso/a subslancc may molecules present in a given volume of the gas
be defined qs the mass of Avogadro's number under given conditions.
t6.022x 1F3) of molecules. 4. In the calculation of the sizes of the in-
The mass of 1 mole ofany substance is usually dividual atoms or molecules assuming them to be
called iis molar massr. Evidendy the molar mass is spherical.
equal to the atomic mass or the molecular mass These calculations can be understood by
expressed in grams depending upon whether the going through the solved examples given below :
substance is atomic or molecular. As molar mass
is the mass of Avogadro's number of atoms if the

nvocaoRo's NUMBER AND l,lol-E cor'roEPr

"IE@WW'@N
Recspitulatlon of trorloulas
(i) In cane ol atomic substances ,
1 Mole = Gram atomic mass or 1 Gram atom of
the element

1 I\,IOLE OF ATOMS

(iii) In care of ionic compound-s,

Mole = Gram formula mass of the comPound
1

= 6-022 x 104 formula units of lhe comPound I

= 6.022 xlo8 times the number ;; ill

present in one formula unrt of the compound.
=6 x abms of the element.
(", M'ti8ifei*::f*
022 1023
(ii) In case of molecular substances, = M,,r"'
1 Mole = Gram molecular mass or 1 Gram or Mass of substance*' = Moles x Molar mass
molecule Nunrber of cntities
roT-F[6' =
Morcs
Avogai,
=6 o22 x I023 molecules of the substance
or Numbcr of entitics = Moles x Avogadro's No.
=22 4 litres at STP if lhe suhslancc is a aas

.Obviouslythe units of mollririss are g mot-l orkg mol-1

,.Molar volume of a liquid or a solid can be obtaincd by dividing the molar mass by density of the substance at thc givcn
temperaturc afld Plessure.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1137

1YPE I. On the calcul tlon ofthe actusl I \ \\11'! i. -\ Calculate the number of
rn ss ofa sitrglc alom or a sitrgle trrolecule molecules present
(i) in 34 20 grams ol cane sugar
\\\i!lI L
Calculate the msss ol (i) an (c t2 H 22o t )
atom of silver (ii) a molecule ol cafuon dioxide.
: -liifin on" litre oI watet essuming thqt thc
Solution. (i) 1 mole of Ag atoms 10tJ g
density of wstet is I glcm].
( . Atomic mass of silvcr = 108 u)
(iii) in one drop of water having mass 0'05 g.
= 6 022 x 1023 atoms
Solution. (i) 1 mole of C,rHrrO 1 : 342 g
6.072 x lF atoms of silver have mass = 108 g
. . Mass of one atom of silver [ .' Molecular mass of cane sugar (C1rHrrO.,,)
lo8 = 12x72+22x7+ 11 x 16 = 342 amul
= 6.022xt0'J., = l'793 x lo-n g
= 6'022 x 104 molecules
(ii) 1 mole of CO, = zt4 g Now 142 g of cane sugar contain
6.022 x 1023 molecules
( . Molecular mass of Co,
. . 34 2 g of cane sugar will contain
=1x12+2x16=44u)
6'022 x rF
Thus, 6 022 x
= 6 OZ2 x 108 molecules
1023 molecules of CO, havc
= -"fi: rU'Z
mass = 44g = 6'022 x 1d2 molecules
. . L molccule of CC), has mass (ii) 1mole of watcr = l8g= 6 022x1e3
moleculcs
44 44 x 1:0-23
Mass of 1 litre of water : volume x density
[Link] c
6.022 x 1G3 x 1=
= 1000 1m0C
= 7.307 x lo-ts g
Nou 18 g o[ water contains = 6'022 x 7021
IYPE II. on thc calculatiolr ofnuntbcr ofatonrs moleculcs
or molccules in a girr:n rtrss ofthe substancc
. . 1000 g of watcr will contain
. r. , i" I .:. How marry atoms and molccules
i 6 o22 x 7023 x Y)ao
ol sulphur are present in 64 0 gol sulphut (Ss) ? 18
Solution. Molccular formula of sulphur : S, = 3'346 x 1d5 molecules
. . Molecular mass of sulphur (S*) : 32 x 8 (iii) 1 mole of H2O = l8g = 6'022x 7023
molecules
= 256 0u
l
1 mole ofsulphur mol-culcs = 256 g
Mass of drop ofwater = 0 059
Now 18 g of H2O contain = 6'O22xlF
= 6.022 x 1023 molecules of sulphur
molecules
Now, 256 g of sulphur contain 6 022 x L023
molccules
.. 0 05 g of HrO will contain
.'. 64 g of sulphur will contain
=
6'@11 1r x [Link]
_ 6'022 x 1023 x 64
256
= 1.573 x ldt molecules
= 1 506 x lOa molecules. late the number of atoms
1 molecule ofsulphur (Ss) contains 8 atoms of of th in 5j g of NarCO,

sulphur Solulion. By mole concept,

.. 1 506 x 1023 molecules ofsulphur will con- 1 mole of NarCO,
tain sulphur atoms = 8x1506x 103 = Gram formula mass of NarCO,
= 1.2048 x 10u atoms. :2xZi+72+16 x3 = 1069
1/38 Neqt Course Cheaisttq
Now, 106 g of Na2CO, : 1 mole Thus, 22rlo0 cm3 of NH3 at STP contain
1x53 6 022 x 10ts molecules
.'. 53 g of NarCO, = .
106 . ?00 cm3 of NH, at STP will contain
= 0.5 mole of NazCOr _6.022x10€ ,!.tm.l
But 1 mole of NarCO, contains 2 moles of 224{fr
.t62 x 1d2 molecules
Na+ ion or 2 x 6.0z2 x 1023 Na+ ions. =l
.'. 0.5 mole of NarCO, will contain 'nPIi I\: ( )n rhr (.rlrnlul i,)r, ,,1
sizt\ of indi\ [Link] utonrs or nrolr. Lri"s
2x 6.022 x lor x O.5Na+ iotrs
= 6.022 x 1d3 Na+ ions L\ \\ll'1.1. (. (i) Assuming the density oI
water to be lglcm3, calculate the volume occupied by
Again, 1 mole of NqCO, contains 1 mole of
one molecule of waler
carbon atoms = 6'022x 104 carbon atoms
(ii) Assuming the watet molecule to be sphei-
.'. 0 5 mole of Na2CO3 will contain cal, calculate the dismeler of lhe water molecule,
= 6'A22 x 10u x 0'5 carbon atoms -t)b/*lsunring that orygen atom occupies half
o[ tlrc volunte occupied b)t the water molecule, calcu-
= 3.011 x 104 carbon atoms
late approximately the diameter of lhe otygen atom.
Further, 1 mole of NqCO, contains 3 moles
Solution. (i) 1 mole of HrO : : 13
18g
of orygen atoms or 3 x 6 O22 x 104 orygen "-:
atoms ( . densitY of HrO : | 9cm3)
.'. 0'5 mole of NarCO, will contain = 6.022 x 1d3 molecules of HrO
3 x6 022 x 1023 x 0'5 orygen atoms Thus6'022 x 108 molecules of HrO have
= 9'033 x 1d' oxygen atoms volumc = l8 cm3
'l-\ I'l! tl I. ( )n lhc crlculxlion of rrrnrl'cr .
. 1 molccule of HrO will havc volume
, l rrr,.Lr'ttlcs t,rr\rrt ir.r ti\(Il
vilunrc,,1 :r ras undor gir(n co[rlitioDs 18
= 6.022 x, 7U5
= 2'9t9 x 10-a cm3
(,I) As water molecule is assumed to be
and 2 almospherc pressare.
spherical, if R is its radius, then its volume will be
Solution. First of all, we have to determine -cm-
the volume of the gas at STP. L3 n3 = 2 989 x 10-23 cm3
Given conditions At STP
or
Vr : 350 cm3
R3 = 7'133 x 10-24
or R: (7.13r;t/: y 1g-s
Tt = 273 K Tz = 773 X
= I 925 x 10-8 cm
P, :2atmospheres P2 = latm
. : Pr V, PzYz
Appl),rng gas cquatron
,l = T,
350x2 L x V2
we get
zr=n3 . . Diameter of water molecule
or u,='2A' *! = too"ot = 2x7.925 x 10-8 cm
By molc conccpt, =385xl0-8cm
1 mole of NH, = 6'022 x 1023 molecules (iii) As orygen atom occupies half of the
volume occupiedbywatcr molecule, hcnce ifr is the
= 22,100 crt3 at STP radius of orygen atom, theD
 SOI\4E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI\,4ISTRY 1/39
a-1 (vi)7.9mgof Ca= ?.9 x 10-3gof Ca
I3ZtF =:x2.989x10-tscm3
7.9 x 10-l
or f =3.566 v 1g-ze = mol (Al. mass of Ca : ,10 a)
40
which gives r= 7'528 x 10-8cm (vii) 65.5 pg of C = 65.5 x 10-6 g ofC
.'. Diameter of orygen atom
= Ali4-"1 = s.45r x 1o-Gmot
= 2 x 7-528 x 10-tcm
= 3.056 x l0-l cm.
lf'PIi \: ()ll tLc (,xrl'crsio ol m,)les into rrrr\s-
\lrllrlrc or lirnrhor of rtot s/tnok'culcs arrri ricr: ersa T
and (iii) 112 cnf of hydtogcn at STP
(i) l mole of KNO, = 1Q1g
l:\ \\ll'l-ll i. Cqlculate the number of moles
in each of following : -
the ( .' Formula mass of KNO,
(i) 392 grarns ol sulphuic acid (ii) 44. 6 litres ='tx39 + 1x 14+3x 16= 101 u)
of carbon dioid.e at SfP \ii) 6.022 x 1d3 ..01moleof KNOr = 101 x0.1
molecules of orygen (iv) 9 . 0 grams of aluminium (v)
I metic ton of iron (l metic ton = ld kil (vi) 7 .9 = 10.1 g of KNOr
mg ol Ca (vii) 65 pgof cabon. (ii) 1 mole of CHo - 16 g
Solrtion. (i) 1 mole of HrSOo : 98 g. = 6.022 x 104 molccules
( . Molecular mass of HrSOo i.e. 6'A22 x 1d3 molecules of methane have
:2xt+ 32+4x 16= 98u) mass :
16I
Thus 98 g ofHrSOo =l moleof HrSOo .. 1 x 1023 molecules of methane will havc

.'. 3929otHrSO4=:x392
1
-u." = 6"r;*-r*, x rF = 2.6s7 e.
(tii) 1 mole of H, = 2 g : 22400 cm3 ats fP
= 4 moles of HzSOr.
i.e. 22400 cm3 oIHz at STP have mass = 2 g
(ii) l mole of CO, :22.4litresatSTP
.'. 172 cml of H, at STP will havc mass
i.e.,22. 4 litres of COTatSTP =l mole
)
.. 44.8 lirres of CO zats'tP= M.8 = ffi" l12= 0.0rg.
,hx l'.\.t\ll'[Link] ,). Anange the following in order
= 2 moles COz of lhcir increosing masses in grams ?
(rii) 1 mole of C), molecules : 6.022 x tG2 (i) One
molecules nitrogen, (iii)
x o4gen molec
6'022 Le3 molecules =I mole of orygen
One gram of iron.
molecules.
(iv) 1 mole of Al = 27 gof Al -!98!rm. (i) 1 mole of Ag atoms = 108 g
( . Atomic mass of aluminium = 27 u) = 6.022 x 104 atoms
i.e. Z7 g of aluminium = lmoleofAl i.e. mass of 6.022 x 1d3 atoms of Ag = 108 g

= ! x9
1
.'. 9g of aluminium .
. Mass of 1 atom of
" = ----4q--
Ag
6.022 x 702i
= 0.33 mole of Al
(v) l metric ton ofFe
1d kg : : ld g
= 1'793 x 10-22g
I mole ofFe = 56gofFe (ii ) Mass of one gram atom of N : At. mass
ingrams = 14.0 g .

. . 106 g of Fc = 14 (iti) Mass of one mole of Ca :

-o1"" At. mass in
grams = 40.0 g
= 1.786 x 1d moles.
1140 Neut Course Chemistrrl
(rv) Mass of one mole of orygen molecules
..14gof nitrogen wilt occupy
4ax
:
Mol. na"ss in grams = 32'0 g
= 14

(v) 1 mole of C atorn-s = 12 g = 11.2 litres at STP

:
6.022 x 10F3 atoms (ii) l mole of carbon dioxide : 22.4 litrcs at
t.e., Mass of 6' 022 x 10! atons of C = 12'0 g STP
. . Mass of 1013 atoms of C
.. 1.5 moles of carbon dioxide will occupy
12 x 108 l.99Jg ::)) a,
x 1.5 = 33.6 litres at STP
= 6.o22xIOB'--
=. =
(rri) 1 mole of O, molecules
(vi) Mass of iron = 1 .0 g (Given)
Thus the order of increasing masses is : = 6.022x 104 molecules = 22.4litrcs at STP
i.e 6.022 x 1023 molecules of orygen occupy
C)ne atom of silver < one gram of iron <
108 atoms of carbon < one gram-atom ofnitrogen 22.4 litres at STP
< one mole of orygen < one mole of calcium. 1021 molecules of orygen will occupy
l,lXANIl'l,li lt. Calculate the vofume at STP x 1o2l litres ar STp
occupicd by (i) H C9fuituSct*(ii) I'5 moles of = 6.022"'o ==
x 1O2!
csrbon dioxideiiATiil ldt mokcules of uygen. = 3.72 x
1O-2litres at STP
qo_!f!!gt (i) Molecular [Link] of nitrogen = 28 u 3.72 x
10-2 x 1d cm3 at STP
=
1 mole of nitrogen = 28 g = 22.4 litres at STP r = 372 cm3 at STP
l'.e. 28 g of nitrogen occupy 22.4 litres at STP

1. (d) What is the mass of (iii) 52I of He tNC.E.R.T )

(i) 1 mole of water (ii) 0.5 mole of CO2 [ ,rns. (4 3.1314 x l# (ii) 13 (iii) 7.t2E6 x rP]
(r)i) 2.5 moles of CI2 'l 5. Which of the following weighs most ?
(i) 50 I of iroD
'.ns (i) 1E.0 g (,,) 22.o g (iii) 117.s gl
I ( )5gatomsofnitroSen
(b) How many moles ofatoms are contaiDed in :
(iii) 0.1 g atom ofsiker
(i) 9.0I of AlunriDium (ii) 0.8 I oflron ?
(iv) 1 x 1P atoms ofcarbon
I r,. (irlmolerii; fimolel I Aus. (i) 50.0 e (ri) 70,0 g (iu) 10.t g (ir) r.992 g.
2. Calculate the number of molcs in each of the fol- IIeDce 5g rtoms of tritrogetr [Link] mo6tl
lowir1g amouIrts of materials
6, Calc:ulate the number of molecrles present in Z2 g
of CO2 ?
(i) 10.0I of CaCO3 [ '.r'. 3.011 x 1d3 moleculesl
7. Calculate themassofCO2 which coDtaios the same
(ii) 1 x 104 moleculcs of CO2 number of molecules as are contained in 40 g of
I ,1n. (i) 0.1 mole (ii) 0.166 moleJ orygen. [ \r.. 55 g]
3, What is the mass in grams of :
E. Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 which will have thc
same number of nolecules as coDtained io 12.3 g
(i) 6.022 x 108 atoms of orygen ?

(ri) 1.0 x 1023 molecules offI2S ?

of MBSOa.?H2O.
I
s.3 s]
9. calculate thc volume occupied by 1(P2 molecule.s
(iii) 6.022 x l(P3 mofecules of oxygen ? of a gas at 300 K and 760 mm pressure.
(rl, 1.5 oroles of H2SOa ? I tr"
40t'9 cm3;
10. Find the number of atoms of each type prcsent in
I \,). (i) 16.0s ('i) [Link] g 1ir4 rz.o g 1i,1 rlz.o g1
3.42 grams of c€no sugar (C12H22O1t).
4. Calculate the Dumber of atoms ih each of the fol-
lowing I .\n.. C = 7.226 x td2 atonrg
(i) 52 moles of He (ii) 52 11 of He H = 1.325 x lF atomsl
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1141

11, Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of- 16. The mass of 350 cm3 of a diaromic gas at 273 K at
(i) oxygen (ri) ammonia 2 atmospheres pressure is one gram. Calculate thc
mass ofone atom of the gas.
t \,i. (i) 5.314 x 10-23 g (ii) 2.t23 x 10-2r gI
12. (a) Calculate ihc volume occupied ar STP by [ \ns 2'657 x 10-23g]
(i) 16.0 g of orygeo (!i) 1.5 motes of orygen aDd 17. How many atoms and molecules ofphosphorus are
(iii) 6.022 x 104 molecules of carbon diodde preseDr in 124 g of phosphorus (p, ?

I r,,.. (i)
ll.20litres (ii) 33.60|itrcs (iri) 22"4 litrcsl I ru. 24.0Ettld! atoms and 6,022x1F DoleculesJ
13. (i) Ho\" many grams of H2S are conrained in 0.40 lt. What is the mass of a water molecule in gram ?
mole of H2S ? How maDy molecules are pres€nt in one drop of
L\ns 13.6 gl
purewaterwhich weighs 0.05 [Link] same dropof
(ii) How many tram aroms of H and S are con-
wa tcr evaporates in one hour, calculate the numb€r
tained in 0.4O mole of H2S ?
ofmolecules leaving the liquid surfac€ p€r s€cond.
[,u,s 0.t I otoms ofH ond 0.4 g atoEs ofSl
(rii) Hotp many molecules of H2S are containcd in [ \r)\ 2.989 x lO-23 9,1.673 x l02r moleculcs
x 1017 molecutes/sec.l
and 4.647
0''!0 mole of H2s?[
rns.2.4t8Ex10P molctules] 19. What is rbe mass of carbon present in 0.5 mole of
(iv) How marry atoms of H and S are contained in K1 [Fe (CN)6] ?
lrn. 36 gl
0'40 mole of H2s ?[ 20. The cost of table salt (NaCl) and table
t,r 4.tl76xr0! atoms ofH sugar
and 2.4(BE x lF atoms ofsl
(cr2H22oll) is Rs. 2 per kg and Rs. 6 per kg
14. You are supplied with a gas contaiDiDg 0.32 g of respectively. [Link] their msts per mole.
cxygen. Calculate the Dumber of moles aDd Dum- [.\Is. Solt = 12 p, Sugsr = Rs. [Link] p]
ber ofmolecules present in it. 21. Chlorophyll, the green mtouring matter of planrs
[.rrr..0.01 rnote, 6.022 x ldr molecules] responsible for photosynthesis, contains 2.68% of
15. The mass ofa litre oforygen atsrandard conditioDs magnesium by weighi. Calculate the number of
of temperature and pressure is 1.43 g and that ofa magnesium aroms in 2.0 g ofchlorophyll.
litre of SOz is 2.857 g.
(N.C.E.R.T,) [ An".l.34s x tdrt
(i) How many molecules of each gas are there in 22. Ho,v much timEGiidli-iake to disrribure one
this volume ? [ADs.2.6EE x ld, moleculesl Avogadro's number ofwheat grains if 1010 grains
(ii) What is the mass in grams of a single molecule are distributed each s€cond ?
ofeachgas? [.[Link] 5.320 x t0-,3gand I aD.. 1m,t93 ],rars approx.I
=
23. Calculate the total numb€r ofelectrons prescnt in
SO2 = 10'629 x 10-23 gl
I .4 I of nitrogen gas.
(rii) What are rhe molecular masscs of SO2 and
[ &rs.4.214 x ld3 electronst
02 resPectivel} ? [ \nr o: = 32.032 u and
SO2 = 63'D7 ul

FOR DIFFICULT ?R:OE-LEi/'S

4. (ii) 4 u of He = I arom of Hc 0.05 mol NECO3 = 0.05 x 106 8 .3 g
= 5
7, 40 goz = 40,32 moles = I 25 moles
9. Volume occupied by 1022 molecules ar ST?
l25molesofCO2 =125 x44t=55 g
-f4!!-* x toz2 cmi = 3:l2.1 cm3
(Equal moles conrain equal number of molecules) 602x10"
P, Vr '160 xvt
E. 12.3 t Mgsoa. 7 H ro =
6e *n*2*1776i ^or \vz .760 x1iz.l
-T- =-E-' --rm- = ----71-
12.3
= f;6 mol = (l U) mol or Vl = 408.9 cm3
1142- Netl Course Chen,ist l
HINIS CCNI-T:D,

ls. IL Oz or SO2 =
Zii
I

^ol
No. of molccules leavirg p", ,"" = Lffifff4
=fi"u'orxlosmolecules = 4 647 x 1017
19. I mol of K1 [Fb(cN)6] mntaim c = 6 I atom
= 2 688 x 1022 molecules
0 5 molof K1[Fe(CN)6] wilt coDtain C
Mass of 1 molecule of o.' = 1 43 ,, s =3 x1,28=369
2.688 x t0" - =6 x 0.5 gatom = 38atom
x 20. I mole of NaCl = 58 5 g
-- 5 32o 1O-B g
2 E57 .. Cost of NaClper mote =
1ft' x 58 sRs.
Mass of I molecule of So,
' = 2 688x10"..
=0ll7Re=11 1p=12p.
= 1.0629 x 1o-B g 1 mole of sugar (cl2Hz2o:fl) = 342 E
Gram Molecular mass of 02
= Mass of22 4 L at STP
.. Cost ofsugar per mote =
ffi x:lz Rs.
- 1.43 x 22 4 =32 O32g = Rs. 2.05p.
Molecular mass of Oz=32 O32 rt 21. 10Og chloropbyll contains Mg = 2 68 I
Similarly, molecular mass of So2 can be calculated .. 2 g chlorophyll will contaio Mg =ffi "
z
16. (i) Find the volume of the 8as at STP which is
= 0.0536 g
700 cm3
(ii) F-ind the mass of I mole ie. 22.4 litres of I mole of Mg=24g = 6'022 x 1oB atoms
8as at

sry,Le. ffi =es -- o o536BME=9J4;fg xo 0536 atoms

(ii) Calculate the mass of one molecule ie. = 1.345 x to2l atoms
32 .. g and dMde il b,y 2 to get lhe mass of q9-+0'z3 ,
6.022 x 10" 22, Tlme Required = = 6 s2 x to13 s
one atom of the gas.
18. l mol of Hzo = 18 8= 6 022 x 1023 molecules =-;ftffi#lrrrrears
'. Mass of one molecule of H2O 190,893 yeals approx.
=
1.4
= a,----J3 - Ts = z.s1s x to-23I 2J. 149N2=; mol =0 0s mol
o?7 x 10" "

o 05 gof H2o = =0 05 x6 02 x 1023molecules

!,qmor
= 3.01 x 1022 molecules
= 1*1 * u o" x 1oB molecules = 3 01 x 1022 x 14 elcctrons

= 1.673 x 1021 molecules =4 214 x 1023 electrons

callsd the solvent.

o[ a solution can be ex-
A sohrtion k tlefined as a homogeneous mixture oJ -- l-l:-t:l:"""ation
presscd in a number ofways as follows:
tt+o or nnre chemiculty ,rr-*ririi trtirri"i,
tht rela,iye amounts oi which un belaried upto a (1) Strength. Trte srrength oJ a mlution is defined
certain limil. as lheamo d of the solule in grams Presen per
I[ a s,'lutirrn consi\rs ot .nly rwo com- ';::;^%'::riy::;n:i;i:li"::r:;;)r';;:r:,
Ir)n(nr\. ir i' [Link] r binary s,lution. Tl,. :ll ii t\o eolthe solutioi lcutkd piicent itength
Ili)nenl lr( \(nl in snrrllcr amount is callcd lhc fu
^ori)."
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1143

(2) MolariBThe mobrit! of a solution isdqincd number of moles in the solution remains thc same,
as thc numbet oJ moles of the solute pfiEsent per we h ave
litre oJ thz sokrtion. It is representcd by the sym-
bol M. M,xV,=MrxV,
(3) Molallty. Tlu nolauty of a nfutim is dcfiictl This equation is called molarity equation.
ar tfu nunbcr ol molts of tlu nlute dissolvcd in
1 0OO E oI lhe solvcnr. It is Eprcsentcd by tlE slmhol,
For a balanced chemical equation involving
m.
,?
r moles of [Link] 1 and n, moles of reactant 2,

(4) [Link] nonta@ of a mlution is M,V, M,V,

delind as thc number of gratn equivalents o! the n1
sobte presenrllitn of the solutioL It is representa.t
by thc symhol, N. For exact neutralisation of V, ml of an acid
(5) Mole fractton. The molatraaion ol aay com- having molarity M, and basicity z, by V, ml of a
porwnt in the nhtitn is equal to tlu numher oJ base having molarity M, and aciditynr,
moks o! that corynnent dividcd by the total nun-
her o! molzs of all the ctmlnnc s. For a sohtfun
conlainhg nx molzs of lhe sohttc disrrllved itt n,
noMoYo = nrMoY,
mobs ol ttv solye , Normallty equation. If a solution having
normality N, and volume V, is diluted to volume
Moleftaction qlsol teinthe nhaion
n2 V, so that the new normality is N, or if V, cc of
(r) = nt4nz solution of substance A and normality N, react
exactly with V, cc of solution of substance B and
Mob lraaion S solvent in u solaion
, n, normality N, , then in the first case as the number
fr.)=- ofgram equivalents remains the samc and in the
nr+n2
second case, substances react in equivalent
:r + .t, =1 amounts,

The equivalent masses of acids, bases and Nl xVl =N2xV2

salts are calculated as follows :
- This cquation is callcd normality cquation.
: Mol. mass of the acid
Eq. mass of an acid REMEMBER
Basicity
Mol. mass of the base
Normality ofa solution = [Link].L-I
Eq. mass of a base =
Acidity = No, of milll eq. ml--l
Eq. mass of a salt
Molarity of I solution = No, of moles L-l
Mol. mass oI the salt
Tbta.l positive valency of metal atoms = No. of milli moles ml--l
Baslcity is the number of displaceable H+ ions lrom l._\\1ll,l.l,l 1. A sollLtion of otalic 0cid,
one molecule oI the acid (e.g. 1 for HCl, 2 for (COOI|, . 2H2O is prcporcd by dissolvittg 0.63 g
HSOa ,3 for HIPOaetc.). ol thc ucid in 250 cnf of (he solution. Calculqtc
Acldity rs lhe number of displaceable OH- ions (a) ntolai\ (b) nomlolity oI the sohttio .
from one molecule of the base (e.g- 1 for NaOH, 2
fot Ca(OH)2etc.). Solution. (s) Calculation of molarity.
Molarity equation. If a solution having Molar mass of oxalic acid,
molarity M, and volume Vr is diluted to volumc CoOH
V2 so that the new molarity is Mr, then as the total | .2H2O = 126 g mol - I

ctooH
1144
Pradeep's i

Molar muss of HCI - 36.5 g mol-l

.. 0.63 g of oxalic acid = Q9mole of oxalic
..38gHCI = _: mttles = 1.04molcs
acid : 0.005 molc of oxalic acid
Thus 84.03 cm3 of the solution contain HCI
IMor",
L"'"-" =,Y?"'n* I
Molar mass l : 1.04 moles
Thus 250 cm3 of thc solution contain oxalic . . 1000 cmr of the solution contain HCI
acid : 0.005 mole 104 x
= 84.03 rooo
. 1000 cm3 of the solution contain oxalic
.
: 12.38 molcs
,"la= ryrrj x 1000 = 0.02mole i.e. Molarity of thesolution: l23EM
(D) Calculation of volume of conc. HCI for
i.e. Molarity of the solution = 0'02 M
1.00Lo10.10M HCl.
(r) Calculation of normality Applying molarity equation, we have
. Mol. mass of oxalic acid
.
Eq. mass ol oxahc acrd: -----;;[ity- M1 xVl = Mzx Vz
HCI) (l '0 L of 0' 10 M HCI)
(conc.

=;= 126
u, 12 38xVr = 010x10
0.r o
or V' = #L = rr-I*-l x tooOcms
1

. 0.63 g of oxalic a"16= : 0.01 g eq.

.
ff c
"t.
-- 8'1cm3
.
I (;ram coulvalcnts
Massingr
A samPle of [Link]
L = =-
ts,q. mass J
| I.l\,\Nt Pl -l'1.r. (a)
0.40 g is dissolved in watet and lhe sollttion is made
Thus 250 cm3 of the solution contain oxalic to 50.0 cmJ in volumetic flask. Wat is the molaity
acid = 0.019 eq of thc resu ing solution ?
.. 1000 cm3 of the solution contain oxalic (b) How many grams of NuOH should be dis-
solvid to make 100 cm3 ol0 15 M NaOH solution ?
u"id =
$ x 1000 = 0.04geq Solution. (a) 0.,10 g of NaOH =
0.40
Imotes
i.c. Normality of lhe solution : 0'04 N : 0.01 mole
I , . '. l' )- Commercially available con-
centrated lrydnchloic acid contains 38Va HCI by Thus 50.0 cm3 of the solution conLain NaOH
nlass. = 0.01 mole
(a) tuhat is the molaity ol this solution ? The . . 1000 cm3 of the solution contain NaOH
ttcnsity is 1.19 g cm-3. 0 01
(b) Wat volume of concentruted hydrochloric - x looo = 0.2 mole
50
acid is rcEtired to make 1.00 L of 0 10 M HCI ?
. . Motarity of the solution = 0.2 M
(N.C.E.R.T,)
(b) 1ffD cm3 of 0.15 M NaOH contain NaOH
Solution. (a) Calculation ol molarity- 18"/u
HCI by rnxiiiireans that 38 g of HCI arc present in = 0.15 mole
l(n g of thc solution. .
. 100 cm3 of 0.15 M NaOH contain NaOH
Volume of 100 g of the solution : -ffi
= !15-
1000 "
too= 0.015 mole

= # = 84.03cm3 = 0.015 x ,10 g = 0.6 e

 SOI\,4E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI\,4ISTRY
1145

RO BL E M I FO R IPRACT,,l'6_iE
l. A "solution is prepared by dissoMog 18.25 g of
NaOH in distilled warer to givc
4. How many grams of barium chloride (BaCl, arc
2OO cm3 of the necded to prepare lm
solutioD. Calc-rJlate the molarity oftbe 6olution. cm3 of0.250 M Ilach sotu-

IArrs.2.2t Ml
tion ? s.20 gl I
2. How many moles and ho\ many grams ofsodium
5, How many moles and hof, many grams ofsodium
chloridc (NaCI) are pres€nt in 250 mI. ofa 0 50 M
chloride (NaCI) are prcsent in a50 cm3 of a 0.500 NaClsolution ?
M NaCl soluiion ? [,\rrs. 0 125 mol, 7.32 g]
6. A sample of NaNO3 weighiog 0.38I is placed m a
lArs.0.125 Eolg 7.312 gl 50 0 mL measuring flask. The llask rs then fillcd
3. CrnccntEted aqueous sulphuric acid k ggEa utttwater upto the mark on the neck- What is lhe
lI2SO1 by mass and has a density of 1.84 g cm-r. molarity of the solutron ? (NC.E.R.T.)
What volumc of the concentrated acid is required l-\,;.-:Im66'fri-
to make 5.0lire of 0.500 M H2SO4 sotution ? 7. lD g of NaOH is required
to the reaction. HowmaDy
[,rn,, 135 cm3; mi OI{ solurion shoutdbe
added for this requirement ? (N.(:.8.R.7:)
I 30.7 mt,l

3.98o/o I[7SO4 by nrass means 98 g H2SOa are .. For 100cm3 of0.25 M llacl2, mass needed
prcscnt in 100 g of rhe solurion = 100/l .84 cm3
204
= 54.35 cm3 = iood'loo x 0 25 g
Molar mass of II2SO4 = 98 g mol-l = 5.2O B

98I 6. Lbrmula massof NaNO3 = 23 + 14 + 48 =

I-Iencc [IzSOa =l mole 85

'. Molarity ofthe given solurion 0.38I NaNO3 = = o.oo4s mol

\f 'or
=j?+"rooo=184M Moladty of Ihe solution !+3$ x ,0oo = [Link] M.
-
Applying M1V1 = M2V2, 18.4 x Vt = 5 x 0 500 7. lmo mL of o. 150 M NaoH c{nrain NaoH
or Vl = 0.1361- = 136 cm3 = 0 150 mol = 0.150 x 40 : 6g
4. Molecular mass of BaCI2 = 137 + 7l = 208 u. re. 6 gin 0 150M MNaOHsolurion
= 1000 ml.
. 0 184 g in 0 150 M NaOH soturion
[Link] 1000 cm3 of 1 M Baclz sol., mass of BaCl2
1000
necded = 208 g = -;- x 0.184 = 30.7 mL.

' l lamu(orlu)=#rhofmassotanaromofc-12=$[Link]*hyIirmuorluisarsocaflcdlAvogram.
l\o -
2 The number of molecules presenr in 1 cm3 of an idear tas at srp is calred t schmidt number.
rrsvatue = !+ftP = 2.6e x lore.
1146
l1'arlaaS,'5 Neut Course Ch.-itt glfrm
tta ; b| i6: Y tix ii:rirvoirlED 6E-t6'diNfD::r:
::

.1 r\s ionic comPounds are not molecular, lhe terml[ormality, is used in plac€ of molaty [Link] the
concenrratio[of thel t solltion. Fotmality is the number of formula weights present in one lifie of lhe sol tion.
No ot formura wcish'' = #*T*#;##H**
ii J Molarity of a solulion does not change wth temperature because it involves masses of the solute aod
Normalityand molarity changewith temperatule because they
solvent
involve
which d; not ohangewirh temperatuie.
volumes which change with tcmperature
:5. Standirrd solutior. A solution whose normality or molarity is koo$'n is callcd a standard solution

, ,',,;, : tt-:'t::: I I :::il:r::')" :i lir

::r

SECTION_\'II Step l. Calculate the molecular mass of the

compound from its formula by adding the atomic
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION masses of the elements Present.
AND IVIOI ECULAR FORtr,TULAE
Step 2. Calculate the Percentage of the ele-
1.30. Calculation oI Percenlage ment or ihe constituent by applying the following
composiiion lrom Fotmula relation :
Percentage of the element or constituent
No. of parts by mass of the
elomont 0r constituont x 100
ofthe [Link] can bc cirlculatedby tle follow- Mol. mass of thc comPound
ing two steps :

SOLUED EXAATPLES
IiXAI\{PLE l. (:okulate the perxentage com- Solutioo. Mol. mass ol (luSOo . 5 HrO
position oI the vaious clenrenls in MgSO,
=63'5 + 32 + 4x 76+ 5 x 18 = 249 5
Solutlon, Mol. mass of MgSOa
No. of parts bY mass of H2O =5x 18 = 90
=24+32+4x16=72.4
vo of Mg =.'#f H::i:ffi:'r$;"- " r,
... voorHro = ff3, ,*
= 36'079a.
=[Link]=zou" l.l.\d\tPl l'l -r. Calculate the percentage of cat-
ion in ammonium dichrcmate.
Solution. Molecular formula of ammonium
zors=ffffi$ffiffixroo dic (NHn)rCrrOT

Mol. mass of (NHo)2CrrO7

no :26'67vo
fix =
= 2 x (14 + 4) + 2 x 52 + 7 x 76 = 252
%oro=\H**ffi#xrco No. of parts by mass of cation viz NHa+

# =2xGa+q=X
= t2t x 100 = 5! 33%,

l.-\.\,\I PLl'l l. Calculate the percentoge ofwater

'.7oofNHn+ =fn"m=ff
of crystallisation in the samP:e of blue vitriol
(CuSOo. 5 HrO). = 14 29Vo.
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 't
147

FORI :CiE';
l. "P..O?LEMS
Find the pcrc€ntage qjmposition of potassium
chloratc (KCIO3).
4A sample of clay is found ro have the formula
AJ2O3 . KzO . 6 SiO2. Calculate the perc€ntage of
I
rrr. K = 31 t47o, Cl = 2E 9aio, O = [Link] alumioa (Al2O3), F,orassium oxide (KzO) and sitica
2. [Link] thc percenrage of (i) SO?- (x) H2O rn (sio2) in the sample. [ ,\n..Al2or=lt.3s%,
pure cq/stals ofMohr salt vtz.
K2O=16.90yo, SiO2 =64. 7 S%l
FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4. 6II2O.
5. Fe2(SOa)3 is used in water alld sewage treatmenr
I r". SOI- = 4t.9yEo,HzO = 21 ssEol to aid the remo\,ral of susp€nded impurities. Calcu-
3. Calculate the percentage ofwater of crtsrallisahon late the mass pcrcenlage of iron, sulphur and
in rhc samplc of washing soda, Na2CO; . l0 H2O. oxygcn in this compound. ,!NC,E.RA_-
l \F 62.94Ea1
[ \n\ Fe = 2t%, S = 24%,O = 48Col

H I N T5 FoR DIFFI cul:r ?r<[Link],o

1. Mol. mass of KCIO3 = 39 + 35.5 + 4a = n2.5. -. voorNro,-ffi \ too - tB3sqa
E" ot K =
# 5x rco. Ea or ct=
#i,,oo.
%oro=ff1xlrlo
V. ot Kro =
lfi x too = 16 .soEo

%ofsior=ffix rco=64.75%
2. Mol. maes of FeSOI . (NH4)2SO1 . 6 H2O
5. Mol. mass of Fez(SOa)3
=56+32+ 64+36+32+@ + 108 = 392
=2x56+(32+64)x3=400
ot Hro = x rco = [Link]
vo
ff E"orFe=# xfio -- 28qo
2 (3?-+ 64)
% of Sol... - x fio = 48.98%
4. Mol. mass of Al2O3 . K2O . 6 SiO2
[Link]=31# xrco=24%
= (2 x 2? + 3 x 16) =(2x39+16) +6 (2a+2x11) ..",o=o "-if6"t x too = 48o,0.
=102+94+360=556

1.31. Empirical and Molecular Forrnul6q

"'"r ,,t, Empirical Formula, rhe qrrryfuiautqorr|$tq oIt
computtd e1prrrlrs tlu sinp&rrt wl*lc nuirber
ruIb q fie afrr',5,{.tltG varfur/(r,,abxiiU pmnu in
otv ,ttot*ub of tlE compoard.

n of one molecule of the

nunrber and kinds of
present in its molecule.
The question is How are these formulas deter-
-
mined ? The determination of the formula of a
substance involves first the determination of its
'Empirical Formula, and then the ,Molecular
Formula-- Let us now explain what we mean by
these different types of formulas aud the method
of their calculation.
1l4A
Netl Course

tf a it. Thus, for glucoso (E.F. : CHrO), the cmpirical

Mnlccular I'ormula. The molecularformuht
lormub oJ ils forrnull mass can be calculatcd as follows :
utbcr of atoms Empiricaltormula mass : At. mass of carbon
mclccule of thz + 2 x At. mass of hydrogcn + At. mass of orygen
compound. :72.0\+2 x 1.0u+16 0 u :30 0u.
For example, the molecular formula of ben-
zene is C5H5, that of hydrogen peroxide is HrO,
The empirical formula of a chemical com-
and that ofglucose is [Link]. pound can be deduced from a knowledge of the
This suggests that one molecule of benzene (a) percentage composition of different ele-
contains six itoms of carbon and six atoms of menls, and (b'1 atomic masses ol the elements.
hydrogen, oue molecule ofhydrogen peroxide con- The following steps are involved in the cal-
tiiqs ivo atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of culation of the emipirical formula'
orygen and one molecule of glucose cortains six
Step 1, To calculate lhe relative nurnber of
atoirs of carbon, welve atoms of hydrogen and six
abms o; abmic ratio- Dwide th€ percentage of
atoms oI orygen.
each element by its atomic mass. This gives thc
1.32. Helation Between EmPirical and relative number of atoms or the atomic ratio of the
Molecular Formulae va ous elements present in one molecule of the
The molecular formula of a compound is a compound.
. simplc whole number multiple oI its empirical for- Perceotage of an element
mula. Expressing mathematicallS
Atomic ratro =;r- ,n"*;iih;;." el...,t
x Step 2. Tb calculale the simplest atomic rutio'
Molecular formula = n
Divide the atomic ratio obtained in step 1 by the
where n is any integer such as 1, 2, 3 ... etc.. smallest quotient or the least value from amongst
When n = 1, Molecular Formula -- Empiri- the vatueJobtained for each element. This gives the
cal Formula simplest atomic ratio.
Whenn = 2, MolecularFormula = 2 x Em- Step whole number
pirical Formula and so on. ratio. Tlte calculated in
step 2 are If not, then -
The value of 'n' can be obtained from the
Molecular mass (a) raise the values to the nearestwhole num-
following relalion, z = ber, oi (a) multiply all the simPlest atomic ratios by
E-Fc"t ffi;ia ."rs
a suitable integer.
The molecular mass of a volatile compound
can be determined by Victor Meyer's nethod or by 4.
Step rmula' Wtile
employing the relation the symbols side bY side'
Now insert the simPlest
Molecular mass :2 x whole number ratio of each element as obtained
mass can, however, be ob-
in step 3 at the lower right hand corner of each
Empirical formula
symbot. this gives the empiical fomtula of the
tained from its empirical formula simply by adding
compound.
the atomic masses of the various atoms present in
THE CALCULATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULAS

the salt.
SOI\4E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI.4ISTRY 't 149

!9!!iL", Calculation of empiicat formula

Symhol Percentoge
otelements

Sodium Na 29.|t 23
,nir=r* r'26
-
Sulphur s 40.51 32
*ri'='* r.26
t2tu
1.R=',
',

o 3oift t, 1 .89
Oxygen 30.38 16 =I t.2ts-'' 3

Thus the Empirical Formula is NqSrOr.

Iix\\lI'r.r'r1.2'j8gof uranium h/as heated, strongly in a cunent of air The resulting uide weighed
2.806 g. Determine the empiical formula ol the oide. (At. mass U 2jE ; O :
16). :
Solution. Step l, To calculate the percentage of uranium and oxygen in the oxid.e.
2.806 g of the oxide contain uranium = 2.38 g.

.'. Percenrage of uranium = fi* , 100 = 84.82

Hence, the percentage of orygeD in the oxide= 100.00-84.82= 15.1g.
Step 2. Tb calculate the empirical formula

Element Svmhol Perccntsge Aa Erass Ilelstive lro. Simplest Simplest whole

ofelemetrts ofcleErIb ,f atoms. = [Link] ratio

UraDium U u82 8A
ffi
r1J8
= oxaz o 3562
T.J562 = | 3

o
Oxygen 15. 18 16 = o elezs {ffi=,u* 8

Hence the empirical formula of the oxide is UrOs.

Aluminium = l0.50Ea; Potassium = 15. lVa ; Sttlphur = 24.96Vo; Orygen = 49.92Vo.

Find the simplest formula of the anhydrous and crystalline salt.
Solution. Step l, To calculate the empiical formula of the anhydtous salt
Elemctrt Symbol Percertlgc AL Eass Relative no.
ofelements [Link] atoms. =

Potassium K 15 I 15rio 0.39

39 =o ls o:rq - I 1

Aluminium AI 10.50 27
lHo 039
=[Link] 039-' 1

Sulphur n 0.78 ^
s 24 96 32
\'{ =o 6.19 - '
a

Ory8en o 49.92 49.92_ 1 t.

16
t6 --'' ffi=s 8
1/s0 !'rn / o t' 1t'5 Neut Course Chemistrg lffi[fi
Thus the empirical formula of the anhydrous
= 258=474.3t.
sali is K Al 52 Os #"
[Link] calculate the empiical fomula mass Step 4. Tb calculate the number of molecules of
oI the anhydrous salt. wqter in the hydrated sqlt.
Empirical formula mass of the anhydrous salt Total loss in mass due to dehydration
(KAlS2O8)
: 474'3-258.0 : 216.3't
= 1x 39.0+1 x27.0+2 x 32.0+8 x 16.0
Loss in mass due to ortc molecule of water
= 258.0 u.
: 18.C u
[Link] calculate the empiical fomtula mass
. . No. of molecules of water iu the hydrated
ol the hydrated salr .

Let the empirical formula mass of the samnle=2763-.D

'18
hydrated salt = 100.0 u.
Step 5. Io calculqte the empiical formula of
Loss of weight due to dehydration:45.67o
the hydrated salt.
.. Empirical formula mass of the anhydrous Empirical formula of the anhydrous salt
salt = 100-45.6 = 54.4n. = KAlSzOs
Now, if the empirical formula mass of thc
anhydrous salt is 54.4 that ofhydrated is 100 : No. of molecules of water of crystallization :12
.. If the empirical formula mass of the an- .. Empirical formula of thc hydrated salt
hydrous salt is 258, that of hydratcd is = KAISrO, .12H2O

l.\\l'll'[Link] L-The percentage composition of fenous ammonium sulphqte is 14.32Vo Fe2+;9.20Vo

NHI p; a9 0% SO2n- and 27 57V. HrO. What is the empiicst fomuta oI the compound ?
Sol tioa. Calculation of empiical formula.
Formula of Percentage Mol. mass/Al mas.s ReletiYe no. Simplest ratio
Percentxpe
the con6tituent ofconstituents or constrtuents =Eol:Effi ofcor!stituents

,o lu2 o 2557
Iie2+ t4 32 56 = [Link], [Link] = |
eiSo 0 51I I
NH,* 920 18 = o srrr d.-T.l:t- = "
so?- 0.5104 .
49.0
*9 = o t'oo o-\91 - '
Hzo 2'7 5',7 l8 4d= r szz
r.532
o-.557 = 6

Hence the empirical formula of the compound is

(Fe,+) (NHf,)2 (SO1-)2 (HrO)6 or Fe (NHa)2 (SOa)z. 6H2O.

?ROE,'LEiltv{9 F-O,R
An inorganic salt on analysis gave the follo ing 2. An oxideofnitrogen gave the following percentage
perceDtage composition : composition:
Pb=62.6,N=4.4,O=29 N=25 94
What is empiric€lformula of rhe compound ? Also and O = 74.06
Dame the compound. (AI. mass Pb = 207, N = 14, Calculate ihe empirical formula of the compound.
o= 16). I rrr., [Link](No3)t, r-ead Ditratel trr. N2O5l
I
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1151

3. A sample ofsalt has rhc following perc€ntage com- Calculate the simplest formula. (At. mass of
posltlon: ME= ) [.\ns. MgSO. . 7H2O]
Fe=36 76;S = 21 11 and O=42 14
5. Calculate the empirical formula of told chloride
C-alculate the empirical formula
of the [Link]. which conrains 35.1% ofchlorine. At. mass of Au
(At. mass Fe = 56, S = 32 and O = 16) = l9'7 - [ \n\ AuCI3l
[,\tr \. FeSO.] 6, Calculate theempirical formula ofa mineralhaving
4. A salt containing water of crystallizarion gave rhe the followrng composition :

following pcrcentage composition : CaO = [Link] ;PzOs= 41 37a ; C-aCl2 = 10 '?%

Mg=9 76; S= 13 01 ;
[,\rrs. 9CaO. 3prOr. CaClr]
O = .01 aod }{rO = 51.22

4.
Con- Eoage Atomic Relaive no. of Simplert . Empirical Formula = Mgsoa . 7 H2O.
shtuenl nasslMoL cotlitti@nts Ratio 6.
m(us Vo
= Mo-l ,.ass Con- Voage MoL Relalive no. of const- Simplest
Mg 9.76 24 9 7624 = 0.407 1
tfihtenl nuus Vo Ratio
= M;1. moss
s 13.01 t3.ot12 I
Cao 48.0 56 48 0/56=0 857 9
=O 407
o 21.o1 l6 .ov16 4 Pzos 41 3 142 41 31142 = O.291 3
=1626 C"C\ 10.7 11i 10.7/111 = 0.()1b 1
Hzo 51 22 t8 [Link] 7
= 2.846
Empirical Formula -9 CaO.3 prO5. CaClr.

compound from the given dala'

The molecular formula ofa compound can be
deduced from its (d) Determination of the value of tt' by using
(l) Empiical formula and the relation,
(2) Molecular mass. T\e determination of Molecular Mans
molecular formula involves the following steps ; n= Enpincat Fo^rula Ma",
(a) Calculation of the empirical formulo from
' (e) Detemination of the moleculu
the pircentage composltion- lomula by
using the relal,ion
(b) catculatton of empiical fomula mass by
addingihe atomic motirt ilolt thi oto^, pr"iiirii , Molecular Formula-n x Empirical
mula.
For-
the empiical formula.

f" R@_. E,Lp,g46. ON rH E C A L C U LAI O N O F M O L E C U LA R F O R M U LAS

1. A compound containing oJ lhe crystalline salt ? The moleculat mass of the

hydrogen and orygen gave the Iot_ crystalline salt is 322.

:
analysis :
- Step l' Zo calculate the percent-
Na 14.28Vq S : 9. 92Vq H : 6.2Mo age of orygen. The given compound contains
Calculate the oxygen but its percentage is uot giveu. This can,
hydrous compound,. howevef, be calculated by subtracting the sum of
the compound are percentages of Na, S and H from 100 as shown
orygen as wakt of crystollizttion, what is the sfittctwe below :
1152 Pradeay's Neut Coqrqe Chemistrg W
Sumof percentagc composition of Na,SandH = l4'?S+9'92+6'24=3O'4O
.'. Percetrtage of orygen = 100'00 - 30 ,10 = 69'60
Slcp 2. Tb calculate the empiical fotmula.
Element SyrEbol l'ercentage At mass RelBtive no. Simplest SiEplestwhole
ofelement ofelement ^
ol,lorrs. = _-:a
Percentaae
atomlc ratio no. atomic ratio
/\i- mx\s

Sodium Na M.2A B lff =o ez

0.62
O:1T =
^
Z

a. q, o 31
Sulphur s 9.92 32 -ff=o tr 0.31 - ' 1

Hydrogen H 6.20 1
*= u^ # =ro 20

u'ru* o t
Orygen o 6960 16 = #?i =,0 t4

Hence the empirical formula of the com- Slep6. Tb calculate the numbet of molecules of
pound is NarSHrrOlo water of cryslallizattoz. Since all the H-atoms are
Step 3. 7o cdlculale the empirical fotmula present in thc form of H2O, 20 atoms of hydrogen
mass. Empirical forrnula mass of the compound would combine with 10 oxygen atoms to produce 10
(NqSlIr6O,a) [Link] of HrO. Thus, the number of molecules
= 2x 23.0 + 1x 32.0 + 20 x 1.0 + 14 x 16'0 of water of crystallization present in the salt
.taa NqSH26 O1a is 10.
-
SIED 4. Tb calculate the value of 'n' Stfjp7 .'Io detetmine the st acture of the crystal'
: mass
Molecular 322
Ime Jarr. Out ofthe 14 oxygen atoms, 10 are present
= ,o= '
' [Link]";l [Link]'u -r.. in form of HrO. The remaining 4 must be a part of
Step 5. Io calcul0te the molecular formula of
the compound. the salt consisting of Na and S. A plausible formula
Molecular formula = z x Empirical formula for this saltis Na5SOo and that of crystalline salt will

= 1x Na2sH2oolo = NarSllro or. be NarSOo .10HrO

!r\ \ttlrl,l- 2. An oryanic substance containing carbon, hydrogen and orygen gave the following
pe rc entage c omposition.
C :40'687Vo;H=5'065Vo and O =54 228%
The vapour density of the compound is 59. Celculate the moleculor lormula of the compound'
Solution. Step l. Tb calculate the empiical formula of the compound-

Element S!mbol Percent!ge AL mass RelstiYe no. Simplest Simplest whole

oI- atoms, =
Perce[taae
ol€lerDent ofeleEert -m;;a;- atomlc ratio no,atomic r0tio

oolf7 3.390 _
)
Carbon C 40.68',1 12 = [Link] 3.389 -'
5 985 5 .085
Hydrogeo H 5 .085 I = [Link] T3EEi =I) 3

sar? = z 3 389 _
2
Or(ygen o 54.m 16 zee TTtrq= I

. . Empirical Formula is C2H3C),

SOIVE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEi/ISTRY 1153

Step 2, % calculate the empiical lormula Mo$cular mass :2 x vapour density

mass.
Zx 59 = l1.8.
The empirical formula of the compound is Step 4. To cala/lafe he value of 'n'
QH:oz. Molecular mass
: E;piriaro;ul";G= 118
. . Empirical formula mass
= (2 x. t2) + (3 x 1) + (2 x 16)
n
6 ='
= s9. Strp 5, To calculate the molecular formula of
Step 3. Tb calculate the moleculat mass of the
the salt.
sak.
The vapour density of the compound
Molecular formula = r x (Empirical formula)
= 59.
(Given) =2 x c.HrO2 =crl{ior
Using the relation between vapour density Thls the moleculor formula is CfirOa.
and molecular mass -

?RACTICr-
l. A cr,stalline salt when heatcd becomes anhydrous 5. A chemicalcompound is found to have the follow-
and lo6es 51.2% of irs weighr. The anhydrous satt ing composition :
on analysis gave the following percentagc mmposi- C = 19.5'1Eo ,Fe = 15.2% ;N = 22 83 %;
tion:
K= 42 19%
ME = ?n OEo ;S = 26 66% arfi O = 53 31% Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
Calculate the molecular formula of the anhydrous What will be itsmolcc'ular formu la if lhe molecular
salt and the cr)6talline salt. Molecular mass of the mass of the compound is 368 ? Name the com-
anhydrous salt is 120. [,tDs MgSO..7H2OI pound and describe the action of hydrogen
2. A mmpound cootaioing carbon, Irydrogen and perqide on it. [ \ns. K.I'e (CN)61
oxyBen Save the following aDalytical dara :
. 6. But ric acid contains only C, H and O. A4.2A mg
C = 4O O% aodH = 6.61% sample of bur,,ric acid is completety [Link] gives
Calculate the molecular formula of the mmpound 8.45 mg of COz and 3.46 mg of HzO. The
ifits molecular mass is l8O.
[.trs. C5H12O5] molecular mass of buqric acid nas determined by
3. On analysis, a substanc! was found to have the experiment to be 88 amu. What is molecular for-
follo iDg perc€ntage composition : mula ? INC-U-T.) [ \,'s. c.H!o2l
K = 31.84, Cl = 28.98 and O = 39.18 . 7. A welding fuel gas contaios carbon and hydrogen
Cllculate its molecular formula if its molecular only. Buming a smau sample of it iD orygen gives
mass is 122.5. 3 389 carbon diuide, 0 690g of water and Do
[-rrr. KClO3l other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at
4. An organic liquid having carboD, hydrogeD, [Link]) of this \+plding gas is found to weigh 11.6g-
nitrogen and orygen was found ro contaiD [Link] (i) empirical formula (ti) molar mass of
C=41.37%; H =5.757o; N = 16.09% and rhe tbe gas, and (rii) motecuhr formula. (N.C.E.R.T)
rest orygen- Calculate the molecular formulaof the
liquid if its VD. is 43.3. ['rrr.. (4 cH (i0 26 (iri) crHul
[,\)s. CaHrNO2l

2UCr t LEMs
1. Calculate the empirical formula of rhe aDhydrous . 120 g ofanhydrous salt contains ll2o
salt. It comes out to be MgSOa. E.E mass = 120.
Mol. mass = l2n. }Iencf,- molec'ular formula = =
ffi , rrr, = 126 g =
#motecules
MgSO1.
= 7 molecules.
As crystalline salt on becoming anhydrous los€s Henc€ mol. formula ofcrlstalline salt
51 .
2% by mass, this means
,ltl =MgSOr.7HzO.
8 g of anhydrous salt cootains HzO = 5l .2 g
1154 Pralct l,'s Neut Coarse Chemistrgdffi)

5. The molecular formula &FoC6N6 suggests that it .. %ofo = 100-{5a 4+ 9 1)=36 5%

is Poldssium lenocyan dc. It is oxidised by H2O2 to Calculate [Link] If comes out to be qH4C).
potassium ferric,'anide. E.E mass = 44 u, Mol mass = 88 u.
II2O2.+ HzO+O l{enc€r=[Link]/[Link]=2
2K4 [Fe (CN)6] + O+ HzO -......- . Mol. [Link] =2x E.E = CaHrO2
2Iq [Fe (CN)6] + 2KOH 7, Amount of carbon in 3 389 CO2
6. 1 mole CO2 cootains 1g atom ofc =4;x3.38s=0 9218 8
i.e. M g COz coltaiIrs C = 12 g
Amoun t of hydrogen in 0 . 690 I H2O
.. 8.45 mg Co, willcontain C = 12 x a ls mg 7
= -+ x 0.690 8 = O-0761 I
This is present in 4 24 mg ofthe compound. As compound cootaios only C and I-I, thercfore,
.. Toof cinthemmpouno= jlxffixroo total mass of the compound
=o 9278 + 0 07678=0 9985 g
= 54 4Vo 7., of C in the compound
or use the formula directly =ffi" too = s2 32
,. Mass of CO"
'1o otc - 44Y
x grg o1.o,nro166
x loo % ofH in the compouno = ffi x loo = 7 68

Similarly, % of H Now calculate empirical formula. It comesout to

be CH.
, Mass of H.O
= -1
'18x =-----.------:- x 100 * rr'n = 26 t mot-l
Mass ot compouno Molar mass =
ffi
E.E mass = 13 . z = 2. Henc.e M.E = Cztlz
= i,?# " 1oo = [Link]

trsually no direct method is used for finding the pErc€ntage of oxy8en in a compound. It is calculated by findiD8
the perc€nta8es of all elements except o,ry8en. Then %age of ory8en = 100 (Sum of Toages of all other
elements present in the compound).
-

SI'CTION_VIII CaCO, + 2HCl

I Mole 2 Moles
STOICHIOMETRYOF 40+12+3x16 2(l+3s.5)
CHENIICAL REACTIONS =100g =118
CaCl, Hzo coz
Molc1 1 Mole 1 Mole
One of the most important aspects ofachemi- 40+2x35.5 2xl+16 12+2\16
cal equation is that when it is written in thebalanced =1119 =189 =449
form, it gives quantitative relationships between thc or 22 4 litrcs at STP
various reactants and products terms of moles, il Thus, (i) 1 mole of calcium carbonate reacts
masses, molecules and volumes. This is called with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid to give 1 mole of
stoichiometry (Greek word, meaning'to measure an calcium chloride, 1 mole of water and 1 mole of
element'). For example, a balanced chemical equa- carbon dioxide.
tiotr alongwith the qualtitativ€ information con- (li) 100 g ofcalcium carbonate react with 73 g
veycd by it is given below : hydrochioric acid to give 11i g of calcium chloride,
SOI\,IE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1/s5

18 g of water and ,14 g (or 22.4lilres at STP) of l.))t{\ I l'l-l,l 2. l hat mass oJ slaked lime would
carbon dioxide. be required to decompose completely 4 grams of
The qua-ntitative information conveyed by a qrnmonium chloide [Link] what would be the mass of
chemical equation helps in a number of calcula- eqch ptoduct ?
tions. The problems involving these calculations Solution. The equation reprcsenting the
may be classified into the following different types : decoffFoJtlon of [Link] by slaked lime, i.e.,
(l) Mass-Mass Relationships i.e. mass of one Ca(OH), is,
of the reactants or products is given and the mass
of some other reactant or product is to be calcu-
ca (oH)2 + 2NH1CI CaCl,
latcd. 40+2 (1+16) 2 (r4+4+35 5) 40+2x35.5
=749 =1079 =1118
(2) Mass-Volume Relationship i.e. masV
volune of one of the reactants or products is given + 2NH3 + zH2O
and the volume/mass of the other is to be calcu- 2(r4+3x1) 2(2t1+16)
lated. =ug = a

(3) Volume-Volume Relationship i.e. volume of (i) calculate the mass of Co (OII), required
To
one of the reactatrts or the products is given and the to decompose 49 of NHoCl.
volume of the other is to be calculated.
From the above equation,
The gencral method ofcalculations for all the
problems of the above t,?es consists ofthe follow- 107 g of [Link] are decomposed by 74 g of
ing steps : Ca (oH),
(i) Write dowtr the balanced chemical equa- . . 4 g of [Link] will be decomposed by
tion. 'fa
(i) Write the relative number of moles or the
relative masses (gram atomic or molecular rnasses)
G, o= 2.76gof Ca(OH)2
Thus the mass of slaked lime required
of the reactatrts and the products below their for- :2.766 s.
[Link],
(ii) To calculate the mass of CaClrformed,-
(ili) In case of a gaseous substance, write dJwn
?2 4lrtres at STP below the formula in place of I 107 g of [Link] when reacted with Ca(OH),
mole. produce 111 g of CaClr.
(iv) Apply unitary method to make the re- . . 4 g of [Link] when reacted with Ca(OH),
quired calculations.
Now we shall tale up a few solved examples will produce
to illustrate the different types of problems.
#"o=415gofcacl,
t'l l'[, L lnvohirlg ]lass-l\lass Rrlatiollship Hence the mass of CaCl, produced

I i\,\1I l'Ll.: L Calculate the mass of ironwhich = 4.15 g.

will be conveted inlo its oxide (iii) To calculate the mass of NHrproduced.
(Fe ,O ) by the action
of 18 g of steam on it. 107 g of NH,CI when reacted with Ca(OH),
Solution, The chcmical equation repre- give 34 g of NH, .

sentin!-tEe-reactionis . . 4 g of NH4CI when reacted with Ca(OH),

3.1"-_
- X 56
+ 4H2O + Fe3C)a + 4H2
will produce
3 4X 18
= 168 g =ng 1t
I.271 gofNH,
Now 72 g of steam react with 168 g of iron ;.r4=
Hence, the mass of NH, produced
.'. 18 g of steam will react with
=1.277 c.
(iv) Tb calculate the mass of H.O fotmed
ffr:n= 42 s of iron
107 g of [Link] when reacred with Ca(OH),
Thus the mass of iron required : 42 g. yield 36 g of HrO
 1/56 Neut Course Chemistrq
.'. 4 g of [Link] when reacted with Ca(OH)2 (i) 2Al + 3H2SO4 ........- Al, (SO.),
g
2x27=s4
winfiefd= x 4 = r.345EgofllzO +
ffi 3Hz
3x2=6 g
Sothemassof HrO formed = 1'345EC.
, (ii)
' Zr + H2SO ----------- ZnSOo + H,
. .1r l)XAlvtPl,li 3. 1,5 gol an impure sampk of 658 2A-
' i sodium sulphate dissolved in water was trcated with
acess of baium chloide solution when 1'74 g of
Fe + HrSOo
0lr) 568 -------- FcSOo * H,
2g
., . BaSO rwere obtained os dry prucipitate. Cal&late lhe
'' percentage puity of the sample. Let us supposc that the amount of hydrogen
to be prepared = 100 g.
Solution.
Step l. Tb [Link] the cost of pleparation of
Treated with 100 g of Hrfrom Al
Giventhatl59 l'74got
of impure Baclz gavc BaSOa 6g ofH, is prepared from Al = 54 g
NarSOo . . 100 g of H, will be obtained from Al
The chemical equation representing the reac-
tion is :?54 x 100 = 9100 g
NarSOa + BaC! --:- BaSOo
Cost of 1.000 g of Al : Rs. 20
2x23+32+4x16 137+32+4><16
= 1428 =233a )i
.'. Cost of 900 g of Al= x 900
Saep l, Tb calculate the mass of NarSO ofrom l0O0_:

1.74 g of BaSOo. From the chemical equation - = Rs. 18

233 g of BaSOo are produced from 142 g of Slep 2. To calculate lhe cosl of preparulion of
100 g of Hrfrom Zn.
NarSOa
2 g of H, is produced from Zn : 65 I
.'. 1,.74 g of it would be obtained from
1L) .'. 100 g of H, will be obtained from Zn
fix r7a = r'06g
The mass of pure NarSOo present in 1 5 g of =;65 x 100 = 3?50 s
impure sample : 1 06 g.
Cost of 1000 g of Zn : Rs. 16
Step 2. Io calculate the percentagc Puity of
impure sample. .. Cost of 3250gof Zn=ffix3250= Rs.52.
1 5 g of impure sample contains 1 06 g of
pure NarSOn St p 3. Tb calculate the cost of PrcParation of
100 g oJHrfrom Fe.
. . 100 g of the impure sample will contain
2 g of H, is produced from Fe = 569
= +ff , lm = 70.67 s of pure NarSOo .'. 100 g of H, will be obtained from Fe

Percentage purity of impure sample = 70'67 =;56 x 100 :28wc

I'.X \IPLli {. Crrent market pices of Al, Zn
and Fe scraps per kg are Rs. 20, Rs. 16 and Rs. 3
Cost of 1000 g of Fe = Rs. 3
respectively. If H 2 is to be prePared by the reaction of 1

would be the
.'. Cost of 2800 g of Fe = ,*_- x 2800
one ol these metals with H plO 4
'9hich
cheapest metal lo use ? Wich would be most ex' = Rs. 8.,10.
pensive ?
Thus Fe is the cheapest ald. Zn is the most
Solution. The various chemical reactions in- erpensive metal to use for the preparalion of H2.
volve n below :
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1157

. In order to find the strength of a . . .r g of CaCOj will give

sa aci4 lqgweru dilutedwith watet
'weighing 56 xr
and a piece of marble 7 g placed inlyhen
it. -roo- = o s0 xxgofCaO
all aclion had ceased, the mable was rerioved,
washey' died and wos found to weigh Thus the mass of CaO formed = 0.56xg
2.2 g. Wat
was lhe percentage strcngth of sulphuic acid. ? Step 2. To calculale the ma$s oI MgO residue
Solution. Mass oI marble ta_ken = 7.0 g. from ( I . 84 - x) g of magneium carionit" -
Mass of marble left unused = 2.2 g Using the equation
. Mass of marble reacted = j .0 2.2 MgCO, MgO + CO2
.
- UE 408
= 4.8 g. -'
84 g of MgCO, upon decomposition yield a
The chemical equation involved in the above
residue of ,10 g of MgO
problem is
. . (1 .84
CaCO, + H2SOI - -r) g of MgCO, will letd
40+12+16x3 2+12+4x16 g of MgO
=1009 =989
CaSC)a+H2O+CO2 Thus the mass of MgO formed
Step 1. Io calculate the mass of pure HrSOo AN

required to react with 4 .8 g of marble.

= *- (1 84-x)8.
100 g of marble react with HrSOo Step 3. Tb colculate the masses of CaCO3and.
= 9g g
.'. 4.8 g of marble will reacf with HrSOo MgCOrin the mixure.

Total mass of the residue -- 0.96 g.

= __ x 4.8 =
98
4.7049. Equating the total masses of CaO and MgO
-
from Srep I
Step 2. To cqlculate the strength of sulphuic
and Step 2, we have
-
acid.
10 g of dil. H2SOa contaiD pure HrSOo
0.56r +
#(1 84 -r) = 0.e6
: 0.56.rx84+40x7.84-rl0x= 0.96 x 84
4.704 g.
.. g of dil.
or 47.04x - 40x = 80.64-73.60
100 H2SO4 will contain pure
or 7.04x= 7.04 or x= 1
4.70,4
H2SOa = -16- x t00= 47.04 Thus the mass of CaCOa in the mixure
: 1 .00 g and the mass of MgCO, i.n the mixture
. Thus the percentage strength of sulphuric
.
acid : 47 .O4. :1.84 - 1.00 = 0.E4C.
r I'l\.lr\ll)[Link] r'. 1.64 g ol a mitture of CaCO, % of CaO, in rhc mixrure = , ,,
and MgCO, is strongly heated tilt no Iwther loss of #
mass tqkes plqce. The residue weighs 0.96 g. Calcu-
= 54.35
late the percentage composition oI the mixturc.
Vo ot MgCO, in the mixture : 100 - 54 . 35

Solution. Let the mass of CaCO, in the =45 65

mixure ber g.
. . The mass of MgCO, in the mixure will be
heatedbelow 600"C until the mass of the residue was
(1 8a-x)g. c.ons_iant. lf the loss of mass is 28Vo,'find the mass oI
Step 1. Io calculate lhe mqss of CaO residue lead nitrate and [Link] nitratc in the mixnre.
from xg calcium carbonate. (At tlts. of Pb = 207, Na :
23, N 14, O: 16) =
CaCO, CaO + CO. A
100 r 558 Solution. 2 Pb(No3)2 2 pbo
.'. 100 g ofCaCO, upon decomposition give a 2 x 331=
--.
6628 2x223=4469
residue of 56 g of CaO + 4NO, I +q I
 1/58 Neqr Course Chenr istr\l
A
Stcp 2. Tb calculote the votume of COz at 27.C
NaNO.
2 2 NaNO2 + Oz I
2x85 = l10g and 746 ,
7 mm pressure
2x69=138E
Initial conditions Final cortditions
Suppose Pb(NOr) in the mixture = ,I g
Volume V, = 2240cm3 Vz: ?cm3
Then NaNO, in the mixture = (5 - x) g Pressure P1 = 760 mm Pz=7467-26'7
662 g Pb(NO.), give residue = 4,16 g
= 720 mm
Tcmperature T1:273 K 'fz : 27 +273:3N)K
x g Pb(NOr), will give residue =
#." t f By the gas equation, wc have
= 0.674x g -
L70g NaNO, give residue
V2 x 72fr _ ZZtfr x 760
= 138 g
300 273
(5 - x) g NaNO, will give residue
_. 2240x760x 300
vr=ff -zzo = 2598..r cm:

"o-
x) c, = 0.872 (s
= i# - x) c
Thus the volumc of carbon dioxide
Actual residue obtained
= 25983 cm3.
_24 I'l\ \i\lPLI,I9. 1.0gof amimtre of cqrbonates
=5-1OOx5=1.68
of calcium and magnesium gave 240 cm3 of CO, at
.. 0'674x + 0'812 (5-r) : 3.6 STP Cslculste the percentage composition of the
or0 138x:0.216 mixture. (West Bengal J.E.E.2003)
or x = 3.339 Solution. Mass of mixture of carbonates of
Pb(NOr), in the mixure = 3 .33 g
t'.e. Ca and Mg taken = 1.0g

NaNO3 in the mixture : 5 - 3.33 Let the mass ofCaCO3 = rg

. . Mass of MgCO. = (1
= 1.67 E - r) g
-lYPIi ll. Inrolving Mrss-\'ol tnc l{clirliorrslrip The chemical equations involved are :

CaCO3 """""'+ CaO + COz ...(,

, li\A\Il,l,l.l 8.
What volume of cafion dioide 40+ 12 +3x16
224tm cm!
measured at 27"C and 746.7 mm pressure $)ould be = 100 g at STP
obtained by treating 10. 0 g of pure mafile with dilute
hydrochloic acid ? (Aq. tension at 27'C is 26.7 mm).
MgCO: -----------r MgO + CO, ...(ii)
u+12+3x16
Solution. The chemical equation repre- =849
22400 cfi1
at STP
sentin[lf, E-reaction is -
Slfp l. Tocakulate the volume of COrevolved,
CaCO, +2HCl-..........' CaCt+HzO + COz
looc at STP from x g of CaCO ,.
:
""1T#" L00 g of CaCO, evolve COz at STP 22400 cm3
Step l. Tb calculate the volume of COrevolved . . x g of CaCO, will evolvc CO, at STP
from 10 g of CaCO, at STP.
From the chemical equation, : z?ff xr" '= z24xcm3
100 g of marble react to produce 22400 cm3 of
CO2 at STP Slep 2. Tb calculate the volume of COrevolved

. at STP from ( 1 -x)g of MgCO..

. 10g of it would produce
))tnn li4 g o[ MgCO, evolve CO, at STP = 222100 cm3
::IjY - i^- rTrn"^J
. . (1
- x) g of MgCO. will evolve CO, at STP
This is the volume of CO, evolved at STP
=ryx (1 -x)cm3= $tr-,)"-,
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1159
Slep 3. Tb calculate the value of x
. . Total volume of CO, evolved at STp
2qH2 + 5(),----------+ 4CO2 +ZH|O
2 Vol. 5 Vot. 4 Vol
= 224x * ${r -r)"., Step l. Tb colculqte the volume of Oz qt STp
rcquiredto effect complete combustion of 200 cm3 ol
But total yolume of CO, evolved at STp qcetylene.
= 240 ct# (Given)
- Applyrng Gay Lussac,s Law o[ gaseous
.'. z24x+
S tr -..1 = zlo.
volumes,
2 Vol. of CrH, require O, for complete com-
or 672x+800-&00x=720 bustion : 5 Vol.
or 128.r = 80
. . 200 cm3 of CrH, will require O, for com_

.'. ,= IIt plete combustion = ] x Zn = 500 cm3 ar STp

Thus the volume of O, required

. StrD 4.'fo cslculate
ol"lhe mulutc
the percentoge composition
= 5fi) cm3 at STp.
.. Percentage = ,fi x fOO
ofCaCO, Step 2. To calculate the volume oJ CO,
produced at STP.
= 62.5 Applyrng Gay Lussac's Law
.. Percentage of MgCO: = 100-62.5 . o[ gaseous
volumes,
= 37.5 2 Vol. of CrH, produce CO2 = 4Vol.
. . 200 cm3 ofCrH, at STp will produce CO,
orrgen at sTP
l
ustion oI 200 = ,'2[n = ul00 cm3 at STP
the volume of
Thus the volume of CO, produced
The chemical equation repre_
sent bustion of acctylene is = 4fi) cm3 at STp

9 FOP.- $T1{ I
rate of 25 paise per kilogram to mmplete ly
Deutral-
1. ize 7 kt of caustic poksh ?
[-r,1.. Cct olIICl = Rs, S.70, Coet ofH2SO.
= Rs. f,9fl
3 NO2 (8) + H2O (0- 2 HNO3 (4C) + No G) ? 5. Frxcess of AgNO3 solution nas added
to 2.2 E ot
commercial
water. The
ciloride was
collrmotr salt

decompose 50 g of chalk (calcium carbonare). 6. A sample of dolomite @fiained, 45 of

CaCO3,
40% of M1CA3 artd,15% clay. Calc,ulate
rhe mass
4. which is cheaper: 1# ?l:lrtpluJrc 1c!d of
srrengrh 30
required ro reacr
rate of50 paise pcr the completety witb l0 g of the sample.

[,a1". 30'27 91
1/60 Pradeep's

P;R r€f,f pE- lRo ALEM5 qp N rP

" Calculate rhe mass of graphite that must b€
7. bumt 14. 2.50 g sample ofsodium bicarbonatewhen strongly
to pJrc" r:.2 g or Cbr. [,r,rs, 3.6 gl heated gave 300 crn3 of co2 measured at 27' and
otculate the pcr
6. one sram of a mixture of potassrum uno rool,, 3f?#33';l€:*" ff;flrHl
chlorides on rreatment with excrss of silver nitratc 15. phide(s 2.63)
garr 2 g of AgCl. What Eas the comPosition otthe 'rotumi ultini
tu/o salts in the original mixture ? 25 il
[41t5. Nacl = lA%'KCl = E6%l a 16. The drain cleaner, Drainsx conkins small bits of
aluminium which react with caustic soda to
Droduce trydroqen, What volume of hydrogen at
9,
loeC anO 6ne tlr will be released whcn 0 15 I of
aluminium reacts ? (1VCEn.I)-[,[Link] 203 0 nl]

10. What mass of iodioe is liberated from I solution of

Dotassium iodide when I litrc ofchlorine tas at 10' 17. ed in
'C
and 750 mm presure is Passed through it ? o,rygen gas. Calculate the number of moles of
[n15. 10.7t gl CO2 formed. [,\.r)s. 0.25 mole]
11. of chalk (CaCO3) containing clay
I of a samPle
1.4
lt. Calculate thevolume ofair containing 21% oxygen
as imDuritv were treated with excess of dilute by volume at STP, required in order to convert 294
hydro;hbrlc acid. volume of coz evotved when cm3 of sulphur dioxide to sulphur
de uDder
measured at 15'C and 768 mm Pressure was 282 the same mnditions. [
700 cml]
cm3. Calculate the PerceDtage purity of the sample' 19. What volume of a solution of HCI containing 73
[,s.. t5.1%l Mitre would suffic€ for the exact ralization of
-NaOH
12. How much matble of 96.5Vo purity would be re- obtained by allo ing 0. of metallic
quired lo prepare l0 litres of carbon dioxide at STP sdium to react with uater. s. 10.0 cElI
when thi marble is acted upon by dilute 20. FiDd out the volume of Cl2 at STP Produced by the
hydrochloric acid ? [ 1u(. 46.26 g]
action ot 100 cm3 of 0.2 N HCI on exc€ss of
13. Calculate the volume of SO2 at STP obtained by
MnOr. 1_r,... 112 cm3l
burning 500 g of S containiDg 4% sand by weiSht'
['s' 336litresl

1, 2 molcs of HNO3 are Produced from 3 moles of 40% HCI acid required = a suzs
#,
NO2 . 7 33 moles of HNO3 will be Produc€d from
= 11 40625 kg
NO,=]x7 33=10 995 moles. cost = 11.40625 x 50p = Rs 5 70P.
2, Fe2Or = 2Fe. 2KoH + HrSOn .. K2SO1 +2H2O
*'jr'uo'i ro 2x55 2x56kr 98 kg
' = ,2c Proc€ed as above to calculate the cost of 80%
.3. CaCo3 I' Hrsoo t 63590 * H2o + Co2 H2SO1.
1009 98g
50 g chalk will require Purc H2SOa = 49I 9. 2 KCIO3 +2KCl + 3Oz

6070 H2SOa requircd =

100
x a9 = El 67 S 2(39 + 5 5 +48) 3 x22 4LatSTP
ff =u5E
4. KOIi + UCI -. KCI + I12O
clz 'zKcl+
56kg 36 5kg 1o'2KI + 12

x I 22.4 Laast? 254 E

Pure IICI and required for ? ke KOH = {f First convert the given volume to volume at S TP
-- 4 5625 kE
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1/61

11. CaCO3 +2HCl CaO, + HrO

100 C -
*
Ptvr
-T1 =T- PzYz

,r* (STP mnditions) (Rcqui( d conditions)

"33?..rr.
First convert the giveo volume to volume
at [Link]
Calculate rhe mass of CICO3 from whictl this
.=-----TTK-=-z''R--
_
- I arm x 196.7 ml 0.987 atm x Vz

volume ofCOz at [Link]. is obtained. Then calculale (l bar = 0.987 atnr)

%a$e pvdty.
or V2 = 203.0 ml
12. CaCO3 + 2 HCI- Cael, 1 1116 1 COz
lt. 2 SOz + Oz SO:.
I00 g 22.4 L aast?
O, rcquireO = x z 94 = 147 cc.
10 L of CO2 ar S'fp wi be obraincd from pure |
caco3 =#+ x n = 44.64 E
Air required - ff*ut-too u.
19.2Na+2H2O- 2NaOH +Hz
Impure marble requireO =
ffi x ll .ra 2x21t 2x41g
46.26 = 46C =tOS
= E
NaOH produc€d ftom 0.46 g Na 0.80I
=
15. l0 nrl of CS2 =10x2.638=26.38 NaOH .{ HCt NaCt HrO
CS2+302 COz+2SOz 40C 36.5 g -
- HCI required for exact DeutralisatioD of 0.80 g
76g 3 moles 3fos
Nu6rH - ,. [Link] g = 0.73I
=3x22.4 L at STp
73 g HCI are present in l0O0 cm3
16. 2Al + 2NaOH+2H-O-
2x278 .. 0.73I HClwill be preseot in 10 cm3
2 NaAlO2 + 3H2 20. MnO2,+ 4 HCt- MnCt2 + ZH|O + Ch
3 x 22400 mt
ar SIP
4x36.5s zz,roolFlisrp
. . H2 produced at S'I? from 0. 15 g AI HCI prcsenr in 100 cm3 of 0.2 HCt
=,oofi'roog"q'Eo 02s€q
=3 " ?laoo * [Link] nrl = 186.7 mt
=012x36.5S=0.739

.A few cxamples solved below will hclp to

understatrd the calculatioos more clearly.
EXAIIIPLE 1. Cakium catbonate reacts with
aqueous HCI according to the reaction
CaCO j (s) + 2HCl (aq)-.+
CaCtr(aq) + Co2@) + HzO (t).
What moss of CaCO3 LJ tequired fo react com-
pletely with 25 mL oI 0.75 M HCI (N.C.E.R,T) ?
. To calarlate mass of HCI in
25
10(X) mL of 0.75 M HCI contain HCI
= 0.75 mol
= 0.75 x 36.5g=V4.375,
25 of 0 ' 75 HCI will contain HCI
"' 'nr
 l)ratlct1t : Neut Coerse Ch"-i"trg@
1162
I,lX \\tl'l lr .1. Calculate the volume o10 05M
r!.r1^'!^5
= x ?sp = 0.6844g. KM\O i solution required to oidise completely
1000
j reacling 2 '70 g of omlic acid (H rC rO ) in acidic medium'
Step 2. Tb calculate mass of CaCO
completel! with 0 9125 g of HCI Solution. The equation representing the
CaCO, (s) + zHCl (aq) chemical change is -
CaCl, (aq) +- COz @) + H2O o 2KMnOa + 3H2SOa
----->
2 mol of HCl i e' 2 x36'5g = 73 g HCI react IQSO. + 2MnSOo + 3H2O + 5 (O)
completely with CaCO3 = 1 mol = 100 g H2qO4+(O) ...........' 2CO2+ H2Olx 5
. . 0 6844 g HCI will react completely with
2KMnOo * 3[I2SO4 + 5H2C2Oa .......-
Caco3 =
ff , o ua** = o'936*. 2 moles 5 moles

I.\\tll'l l. 1. Calculate the volume ol X2SO. + 2MuSOa + 10CO2 + 8H2O

hvdrosen liberated at STP when 500 cm3 of 0'5 N
s'ulphiic acid ,eocls with excess of zinc' (H = l, o Step 1. To calculate the number of moles of-
: 16, S = 32). KMnOoiequired to completely ondise 2'70 g ol
Solution. The chemical equation repre- H rC rO o i n aci dic mc dium.
sen(ing the reactior is :
Molar mass of IITQO,
Zn * HrSOo ---------'.. ZnSOI * Hz
x 16 = go mol-l
=e8 0s =1?$,"' = 2x1I+2x12+ 4 og
.. No. o[molesof HrC2Oo contained in 2 70g
Step l. Tb calculale the amount of HrSOo in -.
otit= rfi;fff
Massin erams
=;:= 2'7O
o 03
500 cm3 o[ 0'5 N HrSOasolution.
From the above equation,
Strength/litre of H2SOo solution
5 moles of HrC2On are oxidised by 2 moles
: x Eq. mass
Normality of KMnOn
= 0.5 x 49 = 24.5 gllitre
Now, 1000 cm3 of the acid solution contain .'. 0 03 mole of HrCrOo will be oxidised by
24 5 g of pure HrSOo
2 x 9 03 KMnor
. . 500 cm3 of the acid solution will contain = o.o 12 mole of
5
g : Step 2. ?o calculate the volume o[ 0 05 M
- 'x
24'5
1000
l2'25gofPureHzSor
KMIO a solution .
Slep 2. Tb calculate the volume of H2liberute d
Now, 0'05 mole of KMnOo are contaiaed in
at STP
98 g of HrSO4 react to liberate 22400 cm3 of 1000 cm3 of the solution.

H, at STP .'. 0 012 mole of KMnOo wil be contained ir

. . 12'25 g of HrSOo would liberate H, at STP lffi xo o12 = 2zl0 cm3 ofsolution.
2N *72'25 = 2800 cm3
0.05
= 98
cm3
Thus ths required volume of 0'05 M
Thus the volume of hydrogen liberated at KMnOo solution : 240 cm3.
STP = 2E00 cm3

acid. Whatvolume of CO2 measured at sTP wll be

evolved lD the abor'e reaction ?

[\ns. 43.E7. and l00E cm3]

 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1/63

M 2. Calculate the volumc of I 0O mol L-l aqueous

sodium hydroxidc thar is neutralized by 200 mL of zBt- (a + c\(aq)- 2Ct- (a!t) + Bh @q)
2.00 mol L-l aqueous hydrochloric a;d and mass Suppoc€ we havc 50.0 mL of 0.060 M solution of
o[ sodium chloridc produced.
. N qI R T).
NaBr. What volume of 0.050 M solution of Cl2 is
J(
[ .\r\ 400 mI, 23 4 g] needed to react mmpletely with the Br- ?
3. BromiDe is prepared commercially by the reactioir
I Ans.30 rtrl. Cl2 soluaion]

H I NTg Fo'-DtFFtcut:r r{orl-:z,v,s

1. CaCO3 + 2HCl .* CaCtz+HzO + CO2 2
100g 2 x 36.5g ZZqU);, = t oo0-
O
x 2OO = 0.4 nor
at srP I molof Hcl
Marute reacreo-l 5- { 5g = a.5g Produc€s Nacl = l mol
:. . 0 4 mol of HClwill produce NaCt = 0.4 mot
smarbte = Jl
,oira sg
HCI reacledwith 4 5 _
=0.4x58 5E=23.48.
3. 50 mL of0.060 M NaBr conraiD NaBr
= 3.285 I
% strengn = !ff x rco = 43.87o =ffi"somot=0 003 mot

co2 2i190 ,. 2molof Br- rcact with cl2 = lmol

' evolved ar [Link] =s.., 100
o
0 03 molof Br- will react with
= lfi)g cm3
Cl2

I
2. MrVr = MrYri.e. 10xV1 =20x200 =tx0 03=0 0015mol
(Naoll) (HCl) 0 05 mot of Cl2 sotution are prcscnt in l00oml_of
or Vt = 400 mL CL solution
NaOH + HCI...- NaCt + [Link] .. 0 015 molof Cl2 will be prescnt in Clz solution
200mLof 2.0MHCt conrain HCt
=##[Link] =30mL.

Quite ofteq one of t-he reactants is present in larger amount than the other
as required according to the
balanced equation The amount of th€ prcduct formEa u"i a"p.n*
up"" the reactant E{rich has reacted
completely. This reactantiscalledtherimiaingrtactantorrimiuo!Gg;.rlr"."r"t-,*rrr"ti.,.1*irr-"a
completely in the reaction is called exctss Eactant as tre excess;f
;s reacta is left unreacted.

SOLYED EXAMPLES

, I.l\..\IIPLE [Link] c and hydrochloic acid react Thus, 1 mol ofzinc reacts with 2 moles of HCl.
[Link] lo the reaction . . 0.30 mol of zinc will
Zn (s) + react with HCI
2 HCI (aq)
=7x0.30=0.60moI
ZnCl, (qq) + H2 @) But we have onlyO.52 mol of HCl. Hencc zinc
-
110.30 mol Zn qrc added to hydrcchloic acid cannot react completely and hence is not a limiting
[Link] 0. 52 mol of HCt, how many moles o[ reactant.
H, ure produced ? (N.C.E.R.T.) Again, 2 moles of HCI rcact with zinc
= lmol
Solution. The reaction is
. . 0 52 mol of HCI will. react with zinc
I
2;61 + zHCt (aq) =;x 0.52 = 0.26 mol
ZlCt, (aq) + H, (g)
-
 [Link] Coursc Chent istrg
1164

As we have 0 30 mol of zinc, therefore, HCI Apply"g Gay Lussac's Law of Gaseous

will react completely i.e. HCI is the limiting reactant Volumes,

2 moles of HCI Produce H, = 1 mol 1 Vol. of O, reacts with Co = 2Vol.
.'. 0'52 mol of HCI will Produce H, . . 1 litre of o, witl react with CO : 2 litres

=1x0.52mol=0 26mol at STP

2
But the volume of CO taken : 3 litre at STP
3.0 g ol Hr 'eact wirh 29'0 g ol
l,t\Al\lPLr,l z.
Orto Jorm HrO'
.. Volume or co ,", ttr, ,lTl,l"j
, ,,,,"
(i) Wich is the limiting reactant ? Now by mole concePt,
(ii) Colculate tlw ntaxintum amount of H2O Mass of 22 4litres of CO at STP
that can be formed. = Molecular mass in grams
(iii) Calculate the amount of the resctant left
unreacted-
- t2+ 16=2ag
Molecular mass of Hz = 2.016. .. Massof llitreof COatSTP= *",
Solution.2 H, + Oz .-..+ 2H2O = t.25 g
xz 016 32c 2x(2 016+16) Thus the mass of CO left unused 25 g :1
=a n1)o = 36 032
Step 2. To cqlculote the volunte and mass of
12 COrformed [rom 1 litre of Orat STP.
3gof H, require Or=;fux3 =23 89
Appty,ng GaY Lussac's Law of Gaseous
Thus O, (29 g) is present in excess Hence Volumes,
H2 is the limiting r€actaut. 1 Vol. of O, Produces CO, : 2 Vol'

. litre of O, will produce COz = 2 litres

Hro formed =+# x 3s = 26 Eg
at STP
. 1

02 left unreacted :29-23 8 : 5 2C By mole concePt,

Mass of 22 4litresof COzatSTP
= Molecular mass in grams
Cahulale lhe mass ol each substance lutnd allet lhe
= L2+2x76 = 44 g
Wich one is orc limiting rcsclant ?
reaction.
Solution. The chemical equation repre- .'. Mass of 2litres of CO, at STP
sentin g thE-reaction is

2 CO + 02 ""'----- ZCOz = *"2=

22.4
3.92as
2 vol. 1!,ol. 2 rol. :
Thus the mass of CO, produced 3 928 g'
[Link] calculate the volume and mass of CO
SteP 3. As orygen has been completely used
(at STP ) lelt unused alter the reaction .
up, hence oxygen tt the limiting reactant'

FOR .fz CT,'IOE

"e<O?LEM9
1. 500 cm3 of 0.250 M NESOa solution sdded to an
aqueoussolution ot 15.00I of BaCl2 re$llted in the
many moles and how many grams of BaSO4 are
formed ? [,rrrs 0.072 mole, 16.776 g]
2. Ifm 0 gof CaCO is ueated with 20 otof HO, horv
formation of a white precipitate of BaSO4 How
3
marry grams of Co2 wil be produced ?
L\,rs. t.t0 8l
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1165

1. 50Ocm3of 0.25 M NarSOo =

ffi x soo 2. CaCO3 + 2 HCt
40+12+3x16 2(r+35 s)
=0 125 mole
= 100t =73t
15 I ror" = 0 072mole
BaCl2 =
ffi Caclz+H2O+CO2.
NarSOo + Baclz +BaSOI+2NaCl 12+2 x 16

Evidently, BaCl2 will be rhe limitiDg reaclanr. 44t

Here C.aCO3 will be rhe limiting reacranr.
BaSOr formed = 0 072 mole = 0.072 x 233 E

= 16 '7'76 I

,r I Percentyicld' The actualyield ofa product inany reactioD is usually less than the rhcoretrcal yield (calculated
from the balanced chemical equation) because of certarn sidc reaitions taking place or less idealionditrons
than required. Hence we have percenr
feld = Th*re!!ffEh. x 100

:,i: l Eudiometry' This isa method for finding the molecular formula ofa gaseous hydrocarbon. The apparatus rs
sho'sm in the Fig 1.6. The merhod iDvokes the following sreps:
(i) A ktown volu me of the gaseous hydrocarbon is mued with an excrss (kno*n or un kno\xn volume) of orygen
or ak in the eudiometer over mercury.
(,i) Themixture is exploded by electric sPark and then cooled so that water vapour condense to liquid whose
volume is negligible

Cr H, (ir) +i (r+l) o2e)-xcO2e) +

| nro 1r;
tcc I.*Ii xcc
\ 4./ ".
( i) KOH is introduc€d which absorbs CO2 and onty
unused 02 is left. Thus decrease in volumeon adding
tr(OH = Volume ot CO2 produed
Iues ofxand yare rhen calculated from the follow-
ing data :

(i) Volume of 02 used per rc of hydrocarbon

= t*r)
I 4./
..
(!r) Volume of CO2 produced = r cc
(iii) Conrraction on explosion and [Link]

=1,.(,.+)]*-(-. )*
r /66
r)radec j,'s Neut Caurse Chemiitryl&ElD

,
' once al
rrlr*[Link]:r
egtlono
.r: : : I ri i: r: Inlr"jx+r+tn2'J:rtr:n:rtn

Q. What physical quantities arc r€presented by the follorying units and what are their most common Dsmes ?
(i) kg ms-2 (ii) kg m2 s-2 (iii) dm3
turs. (i) Force (ne$4oD) (ii) Work 0oule) (iii) Volume
(-). ]. Rewrite the following after required corrections :

(i) The letrBth ofa rod is l0 cms. (ii) The work done by a system is l0 Joules.
Ans. (i) The length of a rod is 10 cm (r is not uscd).
(r) The work done ry a system is l0 joules (small lettcr is used in placc ofcapital letter).
(.). -r Classify the follotf,ing substances into elements, compounds and Eixtures :
'
(i) Mitk (n) 22-@rat gold (iii) Iodil2d tsble salt (iy) Diamond (y) smokE (y0 steel (y4) Brass (vin) Dryice
(&) Mercury (.r) Air (E) Aerat d dritrl(s (!r) GluGe (ri.r) PetrovDiesevKer6ene oil (riv) StearD (rv) Cloud.
Ans. Elements (iv), (tt)
- (viii) , @r), (rir), @)
Compounds
- ( i), (v), (vi), (wi), (r), (r),
Mixtures- (,). (d), (11ii)

Q JWhy air is sometim.s considered as.a heterogeneous mixture ?

Ans. This is due to the presence of dust particles which form a separata Phase.
e. S. Why Itw ofcotrserratior o[massshould better be called as I,sw ofconservatioD ofmass aDd energ]r ?
Ans. In nuclgar reactions, it is observed that the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants. The
difference of mass, called the mass defect, is converted into eners/ according to Einstein equation, E =
a rn c2. Hcnce we belter call it as a law ofconservation of mass and enerry.
Q r,. ts the larv of constant compo6ition true for all types of compounds ? Explain why or why DoL
Ans. No, Iaw of constant compositioD is not true for all types of mmpounds. It is true only for the compounds
l2C and lac. When it forms
obtained from oDe isotope. For example, carbon exists in two common isotopes,
11C, tbe ratiowill be 14 i32
Coz ftom l2C, the ratio of masses is 12:32 = 3 | 8but from = 7 :16 which is
not same as in the fitst case.
(.) I I L of a ges at S.T.P weighs I 97 g. What is the vaPour density of the gas ?
Ans. 22.4Lof tt]fvgas at [Link] willweigh = 197 x22 4= 44 l gia molecular mass =44 1. Hencevapour density
= 44.1/2 = 22 05.
(,) IWhy ltomic masses arc the average valucs ?
Ans. Most of the elements exist in different isotopes r.c. atoms with diiferent masses e.& Cl has iwo isotop€s with
mass numbers 35 aDd 37 existing in the ratio 3 : l Heoce average value is taken'
r.) r) Itryo bulbs Br and 82 ofequal caPacity contain 10g orygcn (or) and ozone (o3) resPectively which bulbwill
have great€r nurEber of O-atoms aud which will have Sreater nuEbcr ofmolecules ?

lns tOgO, = $msr, =$x6 02 x 1oB rnolecules

= 1.88 x 1oB molecules = 2 xI 88 x 1023atoms=3 76 x 1023atoms

or x
l0 Smole = ]$ " e oz 104
g = molecules

=1 254 xlodmolecules=3 x1 254 x1023atoms=3 76xloaatoms

Thus both contain the same numbgr of atoms but bulb Bl contains more numbel of molecules.
r., to Deterrrine tbe equiyalentweightoleEch ofthe following compounds assuming the formula weiShts ofthese
comPounds [Link] y snd z resPectively.
(i) Na2SO. (ii) NaIPO. . 12 II2O liii) Ca3(PO4)z (M.L.N.R. Alhhabad 1991)

Ars. Eq wt = Mol. wtflotal positive valensy of metal atoms

(i)r/z (ii)Yt3 (iii)z/6
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1167

r."' lvhy sre the etomic mosses of ulost of the elemerts fractionol ?
Ans. This is because atomic masses are the relative masses of atoms as compared with aD atom of C-12 isotope
taken as 12.
l-) ll llLite the formulae and nerDes of thrce clEurounds @ntaining ssme Frt€[Link],rp*ition of q H aDd o.
Atrs. Compounds with the same p€rceDtage compositioD of C, Il and O will have the same empirical formula. The
compounds with the cmpirical formula CH2O can b€
IICHO CH3COOH C5HI2O6
Formaldehydc Acetrc acid Glucqre

Q. 1. What is the nuErber ofsigtrilicant ligxEs ir 1.050 x ld ?

ADs. four
Q. 2. What is the S.I. unit ofdensity ?
Ans" kg m-j
Q. 3. What is AZT ? To rvhich use is it being put ?
Ars Azidothymidine used for AIDS victims.
Q. 4. What is the law called which deals with the ratios of the volumes of the gaseous Eoctants snd products?
Ans Gay Lussac's law ofgaseous volumes
Q. 5. What is one a.m.u. or one.u' ?
I
Ans. 1a.m.u. or I u = l2th oflhe massofan atom otcarbon-12.

Q. 6. Which lsotope ofcarbon is used for gettitrg relative atomic hasses ?

Ans, C-12
Q. 7. Write down tbe empiricsl formula ofscltic acid.
Ans CHrO.
Q. t. What is thc S.I. unit ofholarity ?
Ans. mol dm-3.

CARRYING2oT3MARKS

\r( I l. 1, Chemistry can prove ro b€ a blessing or a curse depends upoD the us€s to which it is put. Crmmcnt.
l,! I -1.
sr( I.J 2. Briefly explain rhe difforence between precision and accuracy.
l0 l.(r
3. What do you m€n by 'sigDlficaDt figures, ?
4. Under what conditions the zerG in a oumber are sigDificaDt ?
5. After roundiDg ofl what $'ill be the value of
(i) t.z3s (ii) 1.22s ?
6, What does symbol SI siFiry ? Name the seven basic SI units ?
7. What do you understand by unit conversion factor? Hos, do€s it help to coovert height
in feet to
hcight in metres ?
r.. ls t. Define Element, Compound and Mixrure.
to 1.12.
9, Give examples ofhomogeneous mixturcs in different phlsical states (rwo each).
10. Give three main points of dilfereDce betwecn a compound and a miKure.
11. Classiry the following subsrances into elements, compounds aod mixtures.
Further separate the
mixtures into homogcneous or heterogeDeous :
'1168 l'r,. tbt'y's Neut Course Chemistr:g mm
(r) air ( ) milk rrrr) graphite (iv) diamond (v) Sasoline (vi) mp water (vii) distilled water
(viii) qygen (rI) one rupee c
coin (x)22 at Eold (r) steel (ri) iroD (dii) sodium chloride
(.tiv) iodized table salt.
s(.c. I lJ. 12. dive one experiment invoMng a chemical reaction to prove that the law of conser%tion of mass is
t,) L llt true.
13. Copper oxidc obtained by heating copp€r carbonate or copper nitrate [Link] copper and ory8en in
the same ratro by mass. Which law is illustrated by lhis observation ? State the law.
14. Nitrogen forms a number of oxrdes. Wrire their formulae and give their names. GMng apPropriate
calculations, exPlain the law that follows from it.
15. N and O combine with H to form NH3 and HzO and they combine with each other to form NO2-
Which law is illustrated? Explain bricfly.

15. Define Gay Lussac's law of Saseous volumes Explain witb one suitable e)(ample.
Srr. 1.10. 17. What are the postulates ofDalton's Atomic Theory ? How do the laws ofchemical combination follow
to L)) from it ?
lt. What are the postulates of Modern Atomic Theory?
se(. t :l- 19. Which isotope is used as a reference on ihc atomic scale ? What is one amu or one 'u' ?
1,, l.l7
20. Why atomic mass is an average value ? Frplain with a suitable examPle
Slj(. [Link]. 21, How N mole related to
(a) number of atoms/molecules
(b) mass of the substancE
(c) volumc of the Saseous substance ?

22. what is the SI definition of mole ?

2J. Crmment oD the following :-
'1 mole ofhydrogen'
s(-. I 2{) 24. what is thc difference between
(i) Normaliry and Molarity ? 0l) Molanty andlv{olality ?
sr( I .rr 2s. Difine Empiiicat formula and Molecular formula. What is the relatioDship bet*€en them ?

1o I -rJ
26. Write the emPirical formulae of the following :
(i) N2 04 (,i) c6 H5 (iii) c6Hrzoe (v)Hro2 (v) Hro (vi) NqCo3 (vii) cHrCooH
Scc. i -r 7. 27. What is a limitiDg reactant ? fsplain with a suiuble example.

Sir ll 1. Briefly explain the imPortance ofstudying chemistry.

i,) l-1.
2. What do you understand by 'significant figures' ? What are the rules for determining thc number of
siSnificant fi8ures? Illustrate with suitable examPles.
3. (a) Whal do you understand by 'RouDding off' ?
(b) What are the rules for determining the number ofsiSnificant fr8ures in answers involving
(i) addition or subtractioD
(ii) multiPlication or divisror
(iii)calculation iDvoMng a number of steps
Explain each case with a suitable example
:r, I 1 a. What is the latest and rhe most scienijfic system of units ? what are the seven basic unils in this
t, , 1 t slstem ? What aie derived units ? Give the derived units of the following Phlsical quaDtities :
Area, Volume, Density, SPeed, Acc€teration, Force, Pressure and Energy (or work)
5. What do you understaDd by Dimensional Analysis ? ExPlain with a suitable examPle'
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1/69

Scc. 1.7. 6. Define 'matter'. Briefly describ€ tbe phFical as well as chemical classification of matter.
lo [Link].
Scc. 1.9. 7. DefiDe Element, Crmpound and Mixture. What arc homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures ?
to 1.12. Give one example ofeach of the homogencous mifiure in the gaseous phas€, liquid phase and solid
phasc.
t. List ibe main points of difference berween a compound and a mixture.
Sec. 1.14. 9. State aDd explaiD the'[aw ofCoDservation of Mass'.
Scc. 1.15. 10. Defioe'Law of Consknt C-omposition or Definite Proponions'. Frplain with a suitable example.
Scc. 1,16. 11. State the Law of Multiple Proponions, Explain wirh two suitable examples.
scc. 1.17. 12. State and explain kw of Reciprocal ProponioDs.
Sec. [Link]. 13. What is Gay Lussac's I-aw of Gaseous Volumes ? Fjplain with two suitable emmples.
Sec. 1.20. 14. What are the main pclulates of DaltoD's Alomic Tbeory ? What were its limitations? Hotp has the
to 1.22. lheory been modi- fied ?
Sec. 1.23. 15. Define tbe follo$,ing :
to 1.27. (D Arom (ri) Molecule (rii) Aromic mass (iv) Gram atomic mass
(e) Molecular mass (vi) Gram molec1rlar mass.
Give suilable examples ilr cach case.
Define Avogadro's la$,. Thking a suirable example prove thai it is nor in conrradiction wirh Dalton,s
16.
Atomic Theory.
Scc, 1.2E. 77. Define Avogadro's Number' and.'Mole'. Whar is rhcir importance ?
Sec. 1.29. It. (a) Define the terms Solution, Solute and Sofvetrt.
(D) Define the differeDt methods used for expressing the concentration of a sotution.
Scc. I30. 19, Wbat are Errpirical and Molc@lar Formulae? Holp are they related io eaci other?
to 1.3.1.
 EUt*l,NjE@,RM"

l. Averrgc Deyiatior. The simple$ way to epress precision is in tenns of average deviation. For this pu rPc€,
first the average of the different mssurements is calculated. TbeD the deviadon of each meaaurement from the
average is catqrlated, tahog all deviatioDs as positive. The average of these deviations is called average deviation.
2. Relatlve average [Link] (r.o.d.). Precisioo is more ftequently exPressed in terrN of relative avcrage
deviation which is equal to average deviation dMded by average value of different measuremeDts.
ExsEplc.
Electronic charpe (esu) of individual maasurements Individual dzviation ftom the average
4.80 x 10-lo 0.01 x 10-10
4.79 x 10-10 0.00 x 10-10
4.81 x 10-10 0.02 x 10-lo
4 76 x 1o-lo 0 03 x 10-lo
'Ibtal = tg to x to-10 Total =o 06 x 10-10
19'1c xto-10
Arcrage - =1.79xt0-l0csu,
0 06 L1o-10 x
Average dev. - - 0 02 10-10 esu

.. Resutt will be reponed as 479xlo-1o to'o2 x 10-10 [Link]

Relariveaveraredcviation([Link]=99?"1!=::',*=o(){,42()tO42qoot42oOpartspermillron(ppm)
ls 4.79 x lO- esu
ofthe absolute error or the relative ertor.
3. Rclativc error. Accuracy is expressed iD terms
Absolute enor = Exp€rimeDtally determined value-Accepted value

Relarive error:ffiiiii#
ExrrEple. Experimentally determined value of electronic charge = 4 '19 x 10- to e.s.u-

Acceptcd value of electronic charge =4 80 x l0-10es.z

Error (or Absolute error) =4 79 t 1o-10 - 4 80 x 10-10 = -0 01 x1o-10esu'

Relatrve error _
- o or, to ]0x lm =_o 2.i
4.80 x l0-lu

1170
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTBY 1171

ADDITIONAL UgEFUL INFOtaMATION cart.l

4. Equivalent maes. The equivalent mass of a substancc is defiDed as the oumber of Parts by mass of that
substance which combine wirh or displace directly or iDdirectly I .008 parts by mass of hydrogeo or 8 pans by mass
of oxygen or 35 5 parts by mass of chlorme.
5. Calculation ofequiYaleut Eass

(i) [Link]"r"o, =ffiffi$ffifl

?.8. Eq. mass of Cu in CuO =
ff =31 8 (Valency of Cu =2)

Eq. mass of CuioCurO =li =63 6 (Valency of Cu=1)

Formula mass of the ion

(ii) Eq. mass of an ion =

e.& Eq. mass of co!- ion = U:]fJ9 = 9! = n

Molccular mass
( i) Eq. mass ofan oddilD&/reducing agent = No. of clcctrons lost or gained by onc molcculc
(Discwsed in unit 9)

Molecular mass of the acid

(rY) [Link] = --- ;;E;?fi;;;E- (Abeo$ discrused\
. Molccular ma65 of tbc basc
(v) 84. masol a Dase = --=.d,ty;I rh-" b"* (Abcady disc'tltsed)

6. Detormlnation of equivalent mass

(i\ mrtlad. Calculate tbe mass of the metalwhich displaces .008 of
Hydmgen displacemeru 1 Parts by mass
hydrogen.
(ii) Oide fomarion or [Link] of the uide method. Calcl)late tbe mas of the metalwhich combines lvith
or displac€s 8 parts by mass oforygen.
(iii) CHonde fomotion method. [Link] rhe mass of the elcment which combines with or disPlaces 35 5
pans by mass of chlorioe.
(iv) Melal di$plicement ethod. WheD a more electropositive metal N added to displac€ a less electroposi-
live metal from its salt (e.& Zn + CUSOa -- ZnSOa + Cu),
Mass ofmetal added
Eq. mass of metal added
Mass of metal-"ispiactA' = Eq. massE meiaIAEFEcEA
(v) Doubla decompsition melhod. For a reactroD of the t)?e
AB+CB-.+ADJ+BC
(e& A8NO3 + NaCI- AgCl l + NaNO3)
Mass ofAB takcn Eq. mass of AB Eq. mass ofA+Eq. mass ofB
IGss oFID-Errned = Emass oIE = E- mass of-A+E mass ofD
(vi) Elacnolytic ,tgthod. (Fanday's second law). When the same quantity of electricity flows tbrough
Mass of X deposited E4. mass of X
solu(ions of different electrolytes,
Mass ofyTeposiiET = Elmass ofJ-
(vii) Neutraliaion mathod. 'lo calcr')late the equi\ralent mass of an acid, calculare the mass of the acid
Deutralized by 1000 cc of 1N bas€ solution (which cootains 18 eq). Likewise equivalent mass of a base can be
calculated.
(viii)Silvet rau method (for organic acids only). A knowD mass of silver salt of the organic acid is ignted to
Eq mass ot RCOOAg Mass of siFer sall
8,'e a resrdue ol A8' thcn Ta. -
.ss or. Ag ( ra8i = -liasa ollliner
Eq. mass of acid (RCOOH) = F.q. mass of RCOOA8-1o7.
1n2 Neur Course Chent i strtl

ADDITIONAL U9EFUL INFORMATION car,td

(b) Convenion method. When one mmpound of a metal is converted into another compound of the same
metal (e.g meral carh)nate +metal Gide), then
Mass of compound I Eq. m ass of m etal + Eq. mass of anion of compound I
Mtssofco-mpoundT =@
7. Mcthods ofdetermining stomic mass
(i) By application of the rclation At. mass = Eq. mass x valency
Knowing approx. atomic mass and exact equivalent mass, first vale ncJ is calculated and then the exact atomic
mass.
(ii) Dtlong and Petit\ method. Fot sr,lid dements (e)rcePt Be, B, C and Si), according to Dz long ond. ktirb law
At. massxSpecificheat=6 4 apProx.
.. Apprq. aromic mass =
ffi
Exact atomic mass = Eq. wt. x Valensy

where valency = 4lPqjlggsI3il (Take nearest whole no.)

Eq. m ass

(iii) Ftom rutio of heat caPocities . Fot Easr;, we have

Ratio, 1 66 1.40 1.30 1.26
'1 =Cr/ cu
Atomicity 1

Molecular mass can be found from vaPour density (Mol. mass = 2 x VD)

Aromic mass of the Saseous element =

ffi
(iv) Vobnle chloide rnethod. (FrcmeaDc,ur density measurements forelements formingvolatile chlorides)
Molecular mass of lhe chloride = 2 x VD.
If -r is he valency of the elemenl (M), then formula of its chloride will be MClr . Hence

Mol. mass of the chloride MClr = At. mass of M+, x35 5

= Eq. mass of M x valency of M + .r x 35 5

=Exx+, x 35'5 =.r (E + 35 5)

. x(E+35.5)=2xVD'
2xVD
or r = E-+-35.5
Knowing the equivalent mass E of the element, the value of r can be czlculated. Then atomic mass = Eq'
mass x Valencf.
(v) Isomotphismmerrod. Compounds having similar molecular formulae and identical cq6tal structure are
called ircmorphous. The method is based upoD the fact that elemeots in isomorphous mmPounds have same
valencies, e.&
(a) KrSOo , K2CrOa , IqSeOa are isomorPhous Hence valencl of S, Cr and Se = 6.
(D) ZnSOa.T HzO, FeSOa.T H2O,MgSOa.7H2O are isomorPhous. Hence valency of Zt,Fe'Mg=2'
Xnowing valency, atomic mass = Eq. mass x Valency.
(vi) hom percentage of an element in a given compound. For examPle, potassium chromate (K2C[O1) is
found to contain 26 78/o of Cr. Ils atomic mass can be calcu lated as follo\\'s :

Suppose atomic mass of Cr = a

.. Mol. massof IqCtOo=2 rro +o +4 x16=142+o
.. Eo oto inK2ctoo=ffi = ru'rt
which on solving gives o = 52.O.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI\iIISTRY 1173

ADOITIONAL UgEFUL INFORMATION co ntd.

E D€tsrm lrrtlon ofAvosadm's Dumber. The simplest method is by studying elecrrollsis of acldu lated water.
The reaction taking plac€ at the cathode is 2Il+ + 2e- H2
This meanr that chargE c€rded by 2 moles of electrons produces - 1 mole ie. 2.016 g of Hz gas.
Thus cxPcrimentally the amount of electricity required to produc€ 2.016 g..f H2 is determined. It is found
[Link]=1.602x10-l9coulombs,thereforeifNisthenumber
of electroDs present in I mole, then

2N x 1.6U2x 10-le = 1!3669 q1 I{- 193000

2x7 6O2 x l0-te =602x1OA.

C",E.S.E. - [Link]. T. U[4 ATAISJ S PEC I A t

A. SUBIECTIW QUESTIONS Q, 3. What ls the diller€nce in ihe molar volume ofa
l. What is the differ€nce betweeo the follotiing
gas if S.T.P cordltloos src
Q. ?
(i) I atm, 0'C (ii) I bar, 0.C ?
(i) 2 5 x ldgand 2.50 x 1dg
ADs. (i) If
[Link]. condirions are I arm,0"C, molar
(ii) 160 cm ard 160.0 cm.
volume = 22400 cm3
Ans (r) 2.5 x 1d has two significant tigures white
(r, If [Link] conditioos are I bar, 0.C, molar
2.5O x lG has rhree significant figures. Hence volume = 22?oo cm3
2 50 x 1d represenrs greater accuracy tbaD
Q.4. Iryhy molality is prcfcrred ovcr Erolsrity in cx-
25xld. prcssiDg thc concentration ofr rolutioD ?
(ii) 160 has rhree significanr flgures while 160 0 Ans, Molality is the number of moles of the solute present
has four significant figures. Henc€ 160.0 repre- in I kg of the soh/enl whereas molarity is the numbcr
sen$ Sreater accuracy. of moles ofthe solu te present per lire oftbe solulion.
Qf Which of the following has largest nuErber of Thusj molality invoi,rs only masses $,tich do Dot
oxy8en atoms ? change with tempcrature ufierEas molarity invokes
rolume which cianges with temperature. HeDce
1.0 g of O atoms, 1.0 g of 02, 1.0 g ofozone (o3)
molaliry is prefe[€d over molarity.
Justlfyyour answer. 5. Takl4 N,aad 02s! main compotrcotc ofthe air
Q.
Ans, I0gof Oatoms=[Link] O (79% N2,21% O2W volumc) whst ls the mole-
x 6.02 x tozr aloms cular mas! ofslr ? How has lt been srrlved ot ?
= i Atrs. For a mixture of gases, the average molecular
6 02 x 7023
__-_16_ mass is taken.
= aroms
Average molecular mass =IrrM,
1.0gof02=f mor of or= j. x [Link] x ror ='n2 Mn, *'o, Mo, where rN2 and to2 are
molecules = 2 r 1r!r6 oz x toBaloms mole fractions of N, and O, and Mn, und Mo,
6.02 x 1023
____16_ are their molecular masses. As equal volumcs
= aroms
contain equal number of moles, therefore, thelr
molar ratio is same as ratio oflheir volumes.
10gof O, =f mor of Or=axe .oz x ro23
. ,n, = 0 79, xor= O 21. Also MN2 = 28&,
molecules = f ,. , [Link] x lo3 atoms
ol. or= 32u
e 02 x to23
=----lG-aroms .. Average molecular mass
Thus, all of thcm mntain equal number of -019 x28 +0 x32u 21
atoms. =22.12+612u=2t.a4u
117 4 Ne* Course Chent i s tra
Q.6 What is thc dilIerence betteen the mass of a or 35x+3700-37x=3545
molecule and gram molecular mass ? ot 2x=155 or x=7'1 5/o
Ans. Mass of a molecule rs the actual rirass ofa single 'ftris{cl = 77 .5% and 37c'l - l0o - 71 5 = 22's%.
molecule cxpressed in Srams whcreas gram Pfublr,,, -']. Calculate the temPeraturc at whlch the
molecularmassis the mass ingram ofAvogadro's
value in degrees celsilts ar|d degr€es FahcrDheit is ssme.
number of molecules.
(.).7. In the coDbustion ofmethane, whatisthe limit- The reacrionshiP beNveen 0'C and T is
itrg reactant and why ? .c=i(F_32)
s

Ans, Mcthane is the limlting reactant because the 5

other rcactant is orygen ofthe airwhich is alwals If .r"C=x.F,rhenr.= 6@ -32)
present in exc€ss. Thus, the amounts oiCO2 and
lI2O formed will dePend upoD the amount of or 9r=5r-160 or 4x=-160
CHa burnt.
or .r= -,10'C
Thus -40'C = -40'F.
(l I What is the equivalent weight of KH(IO3h as an
c,onY.ertz2 4 L into cubic metrcs.
t'ruhbtn 1.
oxidant in presenc€ of 4 0 (N) HCI when ICI
bemmes the reduced form ? Solution. 22.4L=22.4.'4ff+-*k
(K=39 0,1=127 O). (West Benqall-E.E.2001)
lm a lm
lurs. ln KH(Io3)2, IO3 is present as lot. Oxidation -" 100r{n' 100 [Link]
state of I will be 1000
_ 22 4 x m3 = zz.t x t}-t m3.
x-6=-1 100x100x100
q1 :=+5. I'roblL'n J c,slc]ulat the molar mass ofwater ifit
+5 .-.- +l contains 5{) heaYy vater (D2O).
KH(IO3)2 2 ICI
As water contains 50% D2O, this means
f)ecrease in oddatioD state = + l0-2 = 8 11
that it contains; mole of H2O and imole otD2O. Mass
'. Equii?lcnt wt. of KH(IO3)2

*-39)=[Link] j mole of H2o =; x lE = e6. Mass of mole of

- 39+l+2(12'l
Mol. wt. of I
9 What is [Link] ? Fi[d out the totrl trumbcr of
DrO =lx x2 +16) = 10 6. Hence molar mass of
(2
Q
electrons ir a kg' mole ofOt. the given sample ofwater = 9 + lO = 19g mol-l,
(West Bengal t.E.E- 2004) I'roblun 5. The average molar mass of a mixturc
Ans, One k8-mole (or simpty called one kilomole of metha!€ (cHa) and ethene (crH.) Present in the
(kmol) is the molecular mass of the substanc€ ratio of a : b is found to be 20'03 mol-!. If the ratio
expressed in [Link] CGS system, one gram were rcversedr whst vould be the molsr mass of the
mole ofa substanc€ contains Avogadro's number mixture ?
MKS s)6tem' one I
tains Avogadro's Molar mass of CH1 = 16I mol-
e is 6'022 x ld5 qHa = 2E t mot-1
Molar mass of
x tain 6'022 1G6
When they are Pres€nt in the ratio a . b, llrcit
molccules aDd hence 16 x 6 O22 x 1G6 avcragc molar mass
electrons.
B. PR()[Link]]l\ ="
*'2ll*" = 203 mor-r (Giveo)

!'rohleti l. Calculate the perce[tage of the i.e. 16a+28b =2O(a + b)

lscl and 37cl that sc-
[Link] occurrilg lsotopes ot 4a+7b=5.(a+b) ot a=2b
counts for the atomic mass ofchlorine tsken as 35 45'
a 2
Suppose 35Cl preseot = xVo. Tlnen37Cl ot E=I=L.^, t
present = (100 - r)7a
If thc ratio is reversed, now thc ratio a : b= 1: 2
Average atomic mass
Average molar mass -
1x16tzx28
_ .( x 3s + (Jgq - r) I31= a5 (given)35 r+2
100 -
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1n5
16 +56 12 6.4
f=zts^"r-l 613' = 1e3 e
=
;',-,,t'irDt o. 20-O mL of a mixturc of oxyger (O2)
.. Valenry of mercury
and orone (O3) was heated till ozone was completely
decomposed. The mixture on cooling was found to ex- = i; - 2 (as valency is a whole no.)
pand to 21 mL Calculate thc percrlt ge ofozone by
volume iE the mixtur€. . . Actual atomic mass = Eq. mass x lency
Sjlu-tion. DecJmposition of szone takes place as =1OOx2=2OO
follows : Calculatlon of stomicity
2Ot 3Oz Aromiciry=*#=#3=1
2volumc 3volumc
Suppose ozone in the m[ture = -r nL. Then Thus, mercury molecules are monoatomic.
Oz=(2O-x)mL /'rl,/,/,,,, ,\.Insulir contains 3 4% sulphur. Calcu-
late the miDiDurtr Eolecular rnass ofitrsulin.
2 mL of C]/zrone on des)rnpositron give 02 = 3 ,n L
SolutioD. Minimum molecular mass of insulin will
.. x mL of ozone on decompcition will glve be tbe.t-as
containing at least one atom ofsulphur.
1
o2=;x=1.5xnL One atom of S = 32 a.m.o.
No!v,3.4 a.m.u. of sulphur is present in lma.m.u.
. Tt talvolume of mirure afier de{ompGttion
ofinsuliD.
=1.5x+(20-x)mL .. 32 a.m.u. of sulphur will be presenr in losulin
=20+0 5r _ 100 ,1,'
.. 2O+0.5x=21 (Given) 1-4 ""
or O.5x=1 ot x=zmL = 941 2 a.m.u.
. Percentage of ozone in the miKure Hencc minimum molecular mass of insulin
1 = 9{ r. 2 r,m.u.
=;bx100=r0%. Pruhlttn [Link] aary [Link] rpproxlmately
l'nl'lut 7. Calculste the atomicity of Ecrcury doyou cxpect to bepr€entin (i) r small sugarcrystal
rDoleculcs from the following data : which weighs l0 mg (ii) one drop olwater with 0.05
cc volume ?
(B) [Link] mclturycombinewith 0 6gof oxygcn
to form an oxide. (i) l0 mg sugar (c12H22Ol l)
(b) 500 EL of mercury vopour at S.T:B weigh =
4 465 E
= O.0r g = $mor- = [Link] x10-5 mote
(c) Specinc heat ofmcrcury is 0 033. xrc-s) x (6.02 x loa)
= (2.s2
Solution. Calculatior of equivalent mass
= 1 7r x l0r9 molecules.
0 899of orygen combine with Hg = 10.0 g
'. 8 g of orygen will combine with Hg (ir) O 05 cc water = 0.05 I more
= $S
l0 = 2 ?8 x 1O-3 mole
=6T-x8=100t
= (2.78 x 10-1x (6.02 x 104) molecutes
.. Equivalent mass of mercury = 100
Cslculation of molar mass = l 6? x l02l molecules.

500 ,n L of mercury rapour at [Link] $righ = 4 . 465 t I'rohlun 10.9 7 x 1017 atoms of ircn ricigh as
. 22400 mL of me1'l(xry vapou r at [Link] wi weigh
Eluch as I cc of H2 at S,T,P What is the atomic mass of
iroE ?
=ffrzzeoot Solution. Mass of I cc of H2 at [Link]

=200t -13* )24(n =, o x ro-5 g

'Molar mass of mercury = 200 t mol-l Mass of 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Fe
Calcu!ation ofvalency. By Dulong and perit,s law 9 0 x 1o-5 x6.U2x lP
= 55.9 g
Approx- atomic mass oI mercury = --!-3- 9.i x lOrT
Sp. Hcat
Atomic mass of Fe = 55.9 u
1n6 Pradeep's
: ',.1) t,r tI 20 cc of 1 N HCl, 30 cc of I'rohlun 11. 4 g orbon werc heated with t g of
0 s N IlzSOl and 50 cc of 02 N HNO3 8rc mixcd sulphrr. Hot much carbon disulphlde (CSr) will be
toBether. What will be the normsllty of the tinal solu- formed when the reactlon is complete. What will be iLs
tion ? p€rcentage purlty ?
solution. 20 cc of 1 N HCI coDtains' C +2S CS2
I 128 2tl2 t2+2x32
=--.:_x20 =0 020geq. =aE =769
30 cc of 0 5 N H2sO4 conkins Obviously sulphur will be the limiting reactant.

_ _:__:, x 30 = 0.0t5 geQ 8gsutphurwll produce CS2 = # x8= I 5g

50 cc of 0.2 N IINO3 contains Carbon reacled = x8_1 5g

i;
jr__: x 50 = 0.01 geg. C-arbon lefr = a 1 5 = 2.5 9
-
of producls 9.5 + 2 5
-lbtal Tbtal mass =
no. ofgram equivalents r,
rLb d
--
=002+0.015+0.01 ' % puriry of CS2 in the product = x I00
= 0.045 ii1
'Iotal volume = 20 + 30 + 50 = 100 cc
= 79 2io.
' Normallty of the final solutron i r, i:1, n 1; How many years would it takc to
q:q1l spend Avogadro's number of rupees at thc rate of 10
= r00
, rooo =o.4sN lakh rupees per second ? (M,L.N-R- Allahaba.l 1990)
l' ,l r' )'
Crystalline magnesium sulphate on
', 6.02 x lOx x
heatinB bccomes anhydrous end loscs 51 27o ol its
mass. Calculate the numher ofwatertrrolecules pEsenL
ffiffis
sotution. = 6.02 torTs

So[u1iqn. 100 parts by mass of the hydrated salt = *:#;#k= r eore x loroyears
contain 51 2 parts by mass of water. This means that
ir,'htt Gastric juice contains about 3-0Iof
h ltr
( lfi)-51 .2) = 48 8 Parts by mass of the anhydrous salt
I ICI per litrc. produces obout 2 ' 5 litre ofgastric
Ifr Frson
arc associatcd with water = 5l 2 parts ry mass. juice pcr dalt how many ortacld tsbleb each (ontairing
Molccular mass of anhydrous MgS04 ,{tO mg of Al(OH)r arl needed to neutrelize all the HCI

=24+32+64=12O produced in one day (I.S.M. Dha^bad 1991)

.'. 120 parts ofanhydrous MgSOtPill be associated solution. HCI is neutralized byAI(OH)3 according
to the equation
r ithH2O=ffirtZO = 125 9 Parts
+ 3HCl AlCl3+3H2O
AI(OH)3
= molecules = 7 molecules' 27 t,37g 3x36 5
-
$2 =1Ag =109 58
t': t't,," l;
1 615 g of onhydrous ZnSOa was HCI produced from 2 5 litre of gastric juicc
placed in moist air. Alter a few days its rrlast was found =3Ox25=15t
to be 2 E75 g. What is the molecular forrn[la of the 109 5 g HCI is neutralized by Aj(OH)3 = 78I
hydrxted satt ? (At. masses : Zn = 65 5, S = 32, '.
o= 16).
75 g HCI will be neutralized by AI(OH)3
Solution. Molecular mass of anhydrous ZDSO4 -L*r'tr=s 342t =5342m8
=65 5+32 +64 =161 5
' Number oftablets rcquired = = 13 35 1.,.
I 615 g anhydrous [Link] combine with H2O
ffi
14 tablets.
=2815- 1615 =r 2608 t,[Link] n 17. Whatvolurne at N'T.P ofammonia gas
will be required to b€ passed into 30 mL of N H2SO4
. 161 5I anhydrous ZnSO4 willcombinewith
solution to bring dorf,n the acid normality to 0 2 N ?
ll2O = l2b g =ftt= 7 moles (M.L.N.R. 1991)

Ilencc the formula of the hydrated salt is SolutioD. Normality is the number of millic-
[Link]'ltllo. qui q) Perml-
 SOI\,4E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1m
.. Meq of t N H2SO1 presenr origiDaly in 30 rn L Molar mass of miflure = 2 x v.D.
=30x1=30 =2x38.3=76.68mo1-l
Meq of O 2 N H2SOaiD 30 mL = 30 x 0.2 = 6
ExpressiDg all quantities in terms of moles, wc
'. Meq of H2SO4 required to be neutralized by should havc
NHr=36-6=24 r -r 100 l(n
.. Meq ofNH3 required to be passed = 24
4+-'q-=TF6
or92x+460O-46r=5521 8
(. Acid and base react with each other in
or 46x = 92A.8orx = 2O 1g
equivalent amounts)
But I mole of NFI, = 1g eq r.e. l0O0 Meq of
'. No. of moles of NO2 rn rhe mmure =
fl| =o ev
NH, = 22466 -1", 1U.r, I'[Link] 11 Naturally occtrring Doron consits
of lwo isolopes L'hose otomic weilhls arc lO Ol and
. ll OL The atomic weitht of natutal Borun is ll]. El.
24 Meq of NH3 - *frP , 24 = si1 .6 mL
Calculale the percealage of each isotope in natural
I'nhltm l,t. Chlorinc has two isotopes of atomic Boron. (M.L.N.R. A&[Link] Ig94)
mass units 34.97 and 36 97, The relativc abuadances Solution. Supposc the percenlagc ol isotopc w h
of thess two isotopes are 0 TSSand0 245 respectively atom ic-wEilEf [Link]'= r
Find the aversge otoinic mass ofchlorine.
Then perceDtagc of isorop€ wirh alomic $,ctghr
(B.l.T. Roachi l99l) l1 0l = 100
Average atomlc mass .. -x
Average atomic weight
14.97 x 0 155 t36 9'1 x0.24s _ 10 01.r + (l0O -r) x 11.01
- =J5 46
100
I'nt,l r A gas mixture of 3 .O litres of propane 10 01 r + 1101 ll 0tr
buaane - 1lO1 -.r
and mplete combustior ot 2fC produced loo IOO
l0 litres of CO2. Flnd out the coEpcitior of the gas
mirture. (M.L.N.R. Atbhahd 19921 "9h-'= lo sl or llol -x= tost
Solution. CrH6 + 5Oz 3CO2 + 4H2O or -r = 1101 - l08l = 20
I - .. 96 age of isotopc wtth atomicwcight 10.01
CoHro+ 6 jO, .......- 4CO2 + 5H2O qa
= 20
Suppose propane =rL. % age of isotope with aromicweighr ll.0l =t0alo
Then burane = (3 - r) L ltottt
";t )2
Thc mass of one litre sample of
I L q H8 grves 3L of CO2 and I L Ca Hlo gives ozotriscd oxygeh at N.I:p was fouhd to beI 5 g. }i'hen
l0O mL of this mixture at N.T.p were treated with
4 L of CO2.
turpertine oil, the volume was reduced to 90 mI^ C{l_
Henc€ CO2 produc€d = 3r + 4 (3 -r) culat€ tbc nrolecul.r moss ofozone. (M.L.N.R, 1996\

= 72-x .!g!r!loj. As ozone is absorbed by turpenrinc oil,

therefore volume of ozone io 100,nL of thc mixturc
.. 12-x=10 (Given) 100-90 = 10mL
=
He[ce x = 2L
02 in the mixture = 100 _ tO - 90 L
...
t.e. propane = 2L and butane
= lL As 1 L ot the mixrure wcigh = 1.5 g, lhcrcfore,
) t::httri :tt The vepour density of a Eixture of
average molar mass of the mixlure (mass of ZZ.4 L al
NO2 ond N2O. is 3E 3 at 26 ?.C. Calculate the ruEber
ofmoles ofNO, in 100 g ofthe mixturc, [Link].) = 1.5 x22 4 = 33 6 t mot-r
Ratio ofozoDe : orygen in the mixlure
(M.L.N.R 19931 = l0 j 90
Ifm is the molecular mass oIozone, thcn
Solutior. Suppos€ NO2 preseni h lO0 g of the Average mol. mass of mi ure
mD(ure = r 6
10xrr+90x1,
Then N2O4 presenr in the mixture = (100 _r)S = ----l6ii-= 33 6 ([Link] above
)
Molar massof NO2 = l4 +32 = 46 t mot-l
ot m+288=336otm=4E
-hcsti rthlut Lr. One gram of o metal hydroxide on
gives 5.6g ol Eetsl oxide. Culculate the
Molar mass of N2Oa - 92 t mot-r cquivalcDt r"eight ol thc Eetal. (Brlta. C. E.C.E. 2N0l
1n8 Pradeep's

Eo. wt. of metal hvdro0de (HrSOn + 2NaOH.... Na2SOa + 2 H2O,

Eq. w1. ot metaloooe
Wt. of metal hydrcrdde
HrPOo + NaOII- NaII2POa + tI2O),
- al odde equivalent mass of HzS04
E+l7 74
Tl-6- =5'6', Mol. mass
=-.---,-=2=4'
98

or (E+17)x5 6=(E+a)x1 4
or 188=36 or F -20, and equivalent mass of HrPOo - U9f3!! = 03.
I'rohbn 21. C lculatc the mol rrity of rflater in
pure water. (Bihar C.E.C.E- 2000) Henc€ the ratio of masses ofH2SO4 and H3PO4

I L of Pure water = 1000 cm3 = 10008 =49:48=1t2.

-3) t'rohlon )'\. 10 ml of HCI solutlon gave 0 14358
(assuming densitY = t g cm
of AgCl when treat€d iith excess of A8NO!' Find the
.. No. of moles in 1 L of pure water=139=tt tt' trorEolity of the acid solutiotr [Ag = 10E]
I'rohtrn )How many molecules are therc in 10
.< (Wen Bez,sol t.E.E- 2003)
lltres of a gas at s Pressure of 75 crtr at 27 degree ClPresent in 0 1435I AgCI
celsius ? (Bihor C'E'C'E' 2000\
Solution. PV = ,t Rf =#+x0143s8=o o3sst
750 _ ,n
760 "'" IICI containing 0 0355 I Cl
PV
=ffi=
n o;;E6o =o r morc
No. of molecules preseot in 0 4 mole
=ffi'o o"', = o o:ess-ffiseq'
= (6'o23 x1623; x 0 4 = z.lo9 x lo2!' = 0.0018 eq
l'rnhl, , )6 Potassium bromide, KBr contains ie. 10 ml of HCl contain 0 0019 eq
32 b! ..
with 3 60 1000 ml of HCI will cortarn = O 1 g eq. ie.
ofPotassi normality=01N
(N...E.R.T.) I'n,hlt'n 29 To account for atomic mass of
15N
In KBr, 32 9I of K are combined with nitro8etr as 14 (X)67' whst should be the ratio of
14N atoms in nstursl nitrogen ? (atomic Eass o[
61-19 otBt and
..3 68of Kwill combine with Br2 r'N = l4.oo3o7, lsN = tS oot z)
"na (Bih4r 2003) C'E'C'E
=!)
129
*3'6 = t s+6
laN =.t.
Solutiotr. Suppose Toage of
or6 4I or Br2 will combine with K= x6 4
ffi T7rcn Eaa|e ot 15P
= 100 -r
=3.14.s . . According to the definition of average atomic mass,
Thus Br2 is the limiting reactant oo3o? +(1q0 -r) x 1s 001
14.m67-rx14
K reacted = 3 l4g
or 1400 67 = 1500 r (14'00307 - 15 001)
ff$ t3
1+
.. xnrrormec = 14=s s4t
= 1500 1-0 99793'
= ,i fio ," - H.o, = o o8o2 u,ol
)- lko
acids II2SOa and IIIPO4 are
or x=ffi=w aza
!'rrhl, nt
neutralirrd sePorately by the same amount ofan alkali Le. EoaBe of laN = 99 636
\dhen sulphat and dihydrogen orthophosPhate are l5N
formed respectively, Find the mtio of the Easses of and qoage of = 1OO - 99 636 = 0 364
HrSOn and H3POa [P = 3ll. 111"s1 gerrgal J.E.E. 2003) .. Ratio otatoms of 15N and laN
18eq. of alkali(NaOH) willneutralizc I
0 364 L t27! 7r
eq. o and 1 g eq. of
H3POa For the givcD ,;:71=
I 99 .636
neutralization reactions
 SOIVE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTHY 1/29

T. T.T. CANATNS ) ST'ECTA L

I'rthl D I 1.O g an alloy ofaluminium and mag- At 6OffC lead nitrate and scdium Ditrate
nesium when treated with excess of dilute HCI form decompode as follows :
magnesiuE chloride and alurnitrium chloride and
hydiog€D collected over EeFcury at0'C hos e yolutne of
2Pb (NO3)2 2pbO + 4NOz+ 02
l-20 L aa 0 92 atmocpheric pressuE. Calcuhte the -
2NaNO3 -........- 2NaNO2+O2
compGition of the rlloy,
Suppose Pb (NO3L in rhe mrxrure = r g
Suppose Al in the alloy =-rg Then NaNO3 in rhe mixlure = (5 - .r) g
Then MB in the alloy = (r - ,) s
Al and Mg in rhc alloy will reacr with HCI acid as l moleofPb (NO3)2 gives I mole ofresidue of pbo
follo\trs :
i.e.207 + 62 x 2 = 331 g pb(No3h give residue of
2At + 6IICI 2Atc\+ 3H2 Pbo = m1+rc = 223 g
2 x27 = 54t
- 3xzz.4LatsTp.
Mg + 2HCl -.-.- MgClz + Hz
. r g Pb(No3)z will give residue =ff ", e
ua 22.4 t, at sT.p I mole of NaNO3 gvcs I mole ofrcsidue of NaNO2
I{2 produced fromr g of N = 1}?1L x, i.e. 23 + 74 + 48 = 85 g NaNO3 give rcsidue of
NaNOr=23 +74+32= 698
={frrats.'rp
'. (s - r) s NaNO3 glye rc516ue= x - r;
H2 produced from (1 - r)8 of Mg $ 15 g

)),n
--i'O Totatresidue = ?# - e{;:),
= -'r) Lat s'TP
l,oss in weighr ($ven) = 2aVo of 5E
. lbtal H2 produced at [Link]
2A
22 4x 22 1(l -:)l-u,,..a, =mIx5= 1.49
= 18 * 24
..
Lel us no\p convert the actual volume of
Residueleft = 5 - r.4 = 3.6 8
Hz
produc€d to volume at [Link]
aenceff16e$2=r6
0.92atm Pz= latm On solving, we getr = 3.32 g
P r=
Pb(NO3h = 3.32 g, NaNO3 = 5 - 3.32 = r 6ts.
vr = 1 20L
I'rthlun t AmiJ<tlureof formic acid andoxalicacid
Tt=273K Tz=273K is heatcd Mth conc II2SOa. The gas produced is col-
Pr vr PzY, o gzxt
2.0 7xv2 lect d aDd on its treatment with KOH solution, the
-T, =-T- ----TT-=-frT yolume of the gas decrcased by l/6 th. Calculate
the
molar ratio ofihe ttro acids in thc original mixture.
or Vz= 1.10+L
(I n*ee 1990)
' 224x 22.4 (7 -l.\ toa Suppose no. of moles of formic acid
lB--*-i-=t and r icacid is/. Then
isx
ot 4 x22.4x + 3 x22.4 (l - t) = 1.1o4 x.t2
C-onc
or 89.6x + 6'l.Z- 67 Zx=79.4U HCOOH + H2O (/) + co G)
.r mole II2SOI
or 22 4x = 12.288 ot x = 0.54a6g r mole
..VoolN=54A6 COOH
co (8) + co2 G) + H2O (t)
aDtJ 7o of Mg = - 54 .86 = 49 COOH / molc y motc
1OO
)'nn)h D J. A solid hixture (S.0 g) consisting of
14.
y mole -
. -
lead nitrate aEd sodium nitratewas heated bclor 60O.C Totalno. of molcs ofgaseous product = .y + 2 y
utrtll the wcight ofthe ttsidue was constanL Ifthe loss As only CO2 is absorbed by KOH, therefore frac_
inweightis2E 0percenglindtheamountofleadnitrate
qnd sodium nitrate in the mixture, tioD of CO2=
(I.r.T. 1990) #, = | or 6y= x+2y
1/80 Pradeep's

4
4Y=x or ;= HeD"e +0.01 = 0 02 or x=0.539
or T k
i3 , tm = zs S*
O
Hencemolar ratio of HCOOH to (COOHtis4:1. Eo ofNaz1os =
I'robleu 4. Colculate the DuEber of oxalic acid
moleculcs in 100 ml of0 02 N oxalic acid solution. 70 of NaHCOT =o {, tm = eZ ot"
(Roortze 1991) % ofN%so4 = 100 - (26 5 + 42 O) = 31 5%
Solution. mlof0 02 N o,Glic acid solution
100
i rablen 6, Upou mixiug 45 0 ml ofO 25 M lead
=O 002g eq =[Link]= 1o-3mole nitrrte solutioD teith 25 0 ml of 0 10 M chroElc sul-
phstc solution, percipitation of lesd sulphste takes
= 6 02 x 10m molecules. place. How many moles of lead sulPhatc ar€ forEed ?
Problefi 5. A2 Oesample ofa mixture contaitrhg Also calculote the molar concentration of th€ sp€cies
sodium carbonote, sodiuE bicarbonate atrd sodium sul' lefl behind in the llnel solutlon. Assum. that lead sul-
phate is gently heet d till the evolution ofCO2 ceascs. phate is [Link] insotuble (AL wt of Pb = 2(, 2).
The volume ofCO2 at 750 BE Hg pressuie 8nd aa 29t K (I.I.T 199i)
is measured to be 123 9 IIrl. A 1 58 of the same satDPle Solution. 3Pb (NO3)2 + Cr2 (SOl)r
requires 150 ml of W10 HCI for coEPlete neutralizo- 3 moles I mole
tion. Calculate the pcrcent!8e comPo6itiou ofthe coltr' ........
(I.I.T, I 992\ 3Pb SO4 + 2 Cr (NO3)3
ponenLs of the mixture.
3 moles
SuPPoso Na2CO3 = x8, NaHCOT =)8'
45.0 ml of 0 25 M Pb (NO3)2 solution
Tllen Na2SO4 = 2 - (x + f) 8.
x
On heatlng only NaHCO3 will demmpose to give = ffi +5 mole of Pb (NO3)2

CO2 as follows : = 0 01125 mole

2NaHCO3 NECO:+H2O+ COz 25.0 mlof 0 10 Mcrz(so4)3 solution
2(84)c
- ?s[' = -q1 x 25 mole of Cr2 (Soa):= 0.0025 mole

NaHCot will co, = 2# x / ml at sTP Evidently Cr2 (SOr3 will be the limiting reactant.
y I git'e

Actual CO2 produc€d at STP may be calculated as

0 0025 molc Crz (SO1)3 will react with
folloBr : Pb(No3)2 = 3x0 0025mole=0 007s mole

Pr Vr PrY, 160 xY, '. Pb (NO3)2left in the solution

-71 = -T;'--27J- =
= o 01125 -0 0075 mole = 0 00375mole
Vt = 112 0ml Totalvolume of the solurion = 45 + 25 = 70 ml
. . Molar conc of Pb (NO!)2 left in the sol.
aen".fft = i2 or y=o84g o qoJ75
I .5 g of the mixture requires M/10 HCI = 150 ml - xloooM = o os357M
.. 2.0 g of the mixture will require M/10 HCI PbSOa formed = 3 xo oo25=0 0075 mol

=.!!9rzo=2oomt I'rnblen 7 Amirtweof ethaEe (C2H6) andethenc

1.5
(C2H, occupies litres at 1 0O atEl sril et 400K. The
40
= O 02 mole HCI
mixture rcacts comPlet ly with 130 8 of O, to Produce
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
CO2 and H2O, Assuming idial gas behaviour, calculatc
106 g 2 moles
-
+ HCI- NaCl +H2O+COz the mole fractions of C2Ha and C2H6 in thG mixturc.
NaHCO3
UE 1 molc (I.I.T I egs)
, APPlying the ideal Sas equatioo,
r8 Na2 COJ require HCI = t06--1
xrmole.
PV=nRT
xo 0821 L atm K- I mol- I x 4mK
1
0 84I NaHCO3 require HCI= gh x o 84 mole l atm x 40L =n
=0 01 mole or r, =
40
6:[8ri:;Tm = 1.218 mole
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEI\,4ISTRY
1/81
(where z = total no. of motes of qH6 and qHa : a+b - la mL (Civen) .. (rr)
in the mixture) The Iirst given decrease is due to 02 consumed.
Suppose the no. of moles of qH6 in the mixture
=x a mL of CO wlll consume O, =
$mL
Then the no. of moles of ql{a in the mixture b n L of CHa will con srme Oz = Zb ml,
= 1 218 -.r ' O, consumed :f + 2b = t3 mL (Giveh)...(iii)
[Link] 130 g 02 = of O, = 4 0625 motes
$motes tiom cqns. (r) and (ii), c =
The rcactions for complste combustion of C2H6
ZO - L4 = 6 mL
Fiom Eqns. (t) and (iii),
and qHa are
$+ 2 gt - a) = r, orlo = t5 or a = 10 mL
2qH6 + 7 02 4CO2+ 6LlzO ...(r)
.. From eqn. (ii), tO + b = 14 or b = 4 mL,
and qHa + 3O2 -......- 2CO2 + 2HzO ...(r0
CO = l9 p1. 6110 = 4 mla N2 = 6 rrrl
Irrom (i), no. of moles of02 rcquired for complel.e
I'rohl, u r.t.
One litre of a mixture of 02 and OJ at
combustion of.r motes of qH6 =|r, = Z.S, NTP was allorved to react with an exccss of acidilied
solution ofKL The iodinc libcrated required 40 ml of
From (ii), no. of motes ofOz required for complere
NVl0 sodiurn thiosulphate solution for titrotion, What
combusrioD of (1.218 moles of qH1 is the weight perccnt of ozone in the mixture ?
-x) Ultraviolct radiations ofwavelength 300 lIm can [Link]-
=3 (1.218 _ x) posc
Hence 3.5r + 3 (1.218 - x) = 4.0625 D decompose
ohe would have
or 0.5r = 4.0625 654 = g 4055 been tion ofozone
oI r=0 -3 in th
8170mole GI.T Dgn
Mole fradioD of qH, =ffi=o lglullgll o: -.- oz + o
oz
2 KI + H2SO4 + (O) + IqSO4 + H2O + I2
and Mole ftacrioD of qH4 = 1 - O 67
2 Na2SO3 + 12 -+ Na2SaO6+2NaI
=0 33
2Na2S2O3 + 2KI + 03 + H2SOa ....-..-
/ /
"r/,.r/ ,l A mixture of 20 mL of CO, CHa and
N2 was bumt in excess of()2 resulting ir the reduction 02 + K2SOa + H2O + Na2S4O6 + 2 Nal
of 13 mL ofvolume. The residual gas was thcn treated 2 moles of NESz03 react wjth one mole of 03
with KOH solution to show a contraction of 14 mL in
volume. Calculate volume of CO, CHl and N2 in the No. of moles of NqS2O3 iD 40 ml of NES2O3
mixture. AII measurements are made at constart pres_ #
sure and tcmp€rature. 11
= m- x x to-3
e.I.T iggs) Jb;d x ao = 4 mote
Solution.
^-- = D7r1"n6 Slppose volume of CO = a mI_, .
CHo *, = crnl. Then 03 reacted (present) = 2 x l0-3 mole
a+b+c=zomt. (, Volume of O, =2x7O-3 x22.4L=0.0448L
The combustion reactions will be . Volume of 02= I-0.0448 =O9552L
1
CO+i()2-CO2 Weighr of 03 =2x10-3 x 48 = 0.096 g

CHa + 2 o2...- CO2 + 2H2O (/) weight ot o, = ffi x 32 = 1.3646 g

N2 + O, -..- [Link] 1sss116n .. Weight of miKure =0.096 + I.3646

Tbus, a rzl
of CO will produce CO2 = a mL = 1.4606 g
6 n L of CHa will pro du,ce COz = b mL .. % of 03 by weight = , rco = 6.s1r%
f#
Nz will remain
as suchi.e. = c mL No. of molecules in 2 x 10-3 mole of 03
As CO2 is absorbed by KOH, dccrease in volume
=2 x 1O-3 x J.022 x 7O23= 1.2044 \ rc21
on rreating with KoH will b€
No. ofphotoos required = 1.2044 x l02r
1la2 !)ra tl,' r :,'. Net{ Co urse Chc m i strg fiffi
!'r,t r, n I't 1 2g mixture of Na2CO3 ord ,'.e, fICl left unreacted = 12 meq

K2CO3 was dissolved in va(er to form 100 cm3 of a HCI used up by MgO and Mg3N2
solution. 20 cm3 of this solutiotr required 40 cm3 of = 6O-12 = 48 meq = 48 millimoles
0.1 N HCI for neutralisation. Calculate the weight of Suppose in thc mixture, there are r millimoles of
NarCO, and K2CO3 in thc mixture. (Rootkee Dgn MgO andy millimoles of Mg3N2
Solution. Suppose weiSht of N%CO3 in the mix- Then 2r + 8), = 48
ture = rg: ot x+4Y=24
. Weight of IqCOr in the mixture = (1'2 x)g Further,
NHaCI + NaOII- NaCl .t H2O + NH3
46 + 17 .+ 148
Eq. wr. of N%CO3 Acid used up by NH3 = 10 6 = 4 meq.
-
?e-t',f48
'" ' ' " -oe . NII3 produced = 4meq = 4 millimoles
Eq. wl. or ryco3 = ; or NH4CI formed in reaction (ii) = 4 mjllimoles
No. ofgeq. ofNa2CO3 and IqCO3 in the mHturc Thiswill be formed from MgjN2 = 2 millimolesi a
x
- 53_l'2-,
_
69 l{ence ,r+4x2=24otx=16
40 cc of0 I N HCI coDtain g eq. ofHCl 2M8+02+2M8O
,1 1
3 Mg + N2........ Mg3N2
=-:-j-x40=4x10,
16 millimoles of MgO are obtained from Mg
Thus 20 cc of the mixture sol neutralize HCI
= 16 millimoles
=4 x 10 'g eq
2 millimoles of Mg3N2 are obtaiDed from Mg
. 100 cc of the mixture sol. will[eutralize HCI
= 6 millimoles
=-#ax1oo=2xlo-28eq Total milliDoles of Mg = 16 + 6 = 2:2
=0 02 I eq. Hencr Mg converted to M83N2 = * ,' 100
As subsmnces react in equivalent amounts,
=27 27co.
x 12-x ^^- h t(n I) How many millilitres of 0 5 M
3f--9_:=002 H2SO4 are needed to dissolve 0 5 g of coPPer (II)
ot 69x+63 6,53t =0 02x53 x69
carbonate ?
=73 14
([Link]:H = 1,C = 12, O = 16,S = 32, Cu =
or 16x=9 54 63.s) @LT, 1999)
or x=0 5969 Solution. CUCO3 + H2SO4
Thus Na2CO3-0 596I -..- CuSOa + CO2 + H2O
and IqCO3 = 12-0 596=O 6O4C
I
moleCuCO3 =635 + 2+ rA=12359
i rbit t t I A sample ofmagnesium was burDt iD
requireII2SO4=1mole
air to give a mixture of MgO and Mg3N2. The ash was
0 5I CuCO3 will require HrSOo
dissolv€d in 60 meq of HCI and th. resulting solution
back titrated with NaOH. 12 meq of NaOII werc re- 11
quired to reach the end poinL An excess of Naoll was
= r23 j x0 5mole =r;molc
then added alld the solution distilled. ThG ammonia 0.5 mole of 0 5 M H2SOa are prescnt in 1000ml
relersed rYas thcn trapPed in 10 meq of second acid 1
solution. Back titration ofthis solution required 6 meq
2i7 mole of 0 M Ii2SO4 will bc Presenl
5 in
of the base. CalcYlate the Percentagc of magnesium
burnt to the nitride. (Roorkce 1998'l
Solution. M8O + 2HCl- MgCl2 + HzO...(,
ffi,,r|rrnr =t r-r.
t t,tDit ot t i. A Plalt virus is found to consist of
Mg3N2 + SHCl......- 3 MgCl, + 2NHaCl ...64 runiform cylindrical particles of 150 A in dixmeter nnd
5tx)0 A long. The specilic volume of tbe virus is 0 75
12 meq of NaOH = 12 meq of HCI
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1/83
cm3 /t, If the virus is coDsidered to bc a sirnple paraicle, Molarity of water means number of
find its molecular rpeighL 1t.t.t tOeel moles ofwater in I litre ofwater
Solution. Volume ofone vkus particle = z,2 L l Lof .\rater
= loOO cn3 = l0OOg

=?" (!*"ro-8.m12 x (sooo x lo-Ecm.) 1... d. = tXgtms = t grcm3l

' \z /
l0OOgHzO =
Smoles = ss se mote*
-8839x10-17cm3
Mass of one virus particle I'roble, 16. A Eixture of FeO and FerOn was
heated in air to a conslant mass. It was found to gain
1I
=8 839 x "
10-17cm3,
ons;;,
107, in its Eass. Calculate the p€rcentag"
ofthe ori8inal mixturc. (West "o-po"ition
BenBatI,E.E. 200{)
= l1 7E5 x 10-r7g On heating in air, both FeO aDd Fe3O4
Molar mass (t.e. mass of Avogadro,s no. of par- are oidtzed to Fe2O3 as follows :
,

= (lr.?85 x 1o-l7g) x (6.023 x lozl)

2 Feo * 1o, Fe2()3,
2 (56 + t6)
=144t
2x56+3x16
= 7 .09t x 107g mol-r. :160s
I'nn,tu tJ The formula rveight ofan acid ist2.0 zF%oa*]or-:r"16,
in a titration. 100 cEt3ofa solution oftbis acidcontain_ 2(3x56+4t16) 3xt6o
ing 39 0 g of the acid per litre were completely = 4At = 48Ot
n€utralised bJ' 95.0 cm3 ofaqueous NaOH cootainiDg Suppose FeO in rhe mixrwe = xVo
40.0I of NEOH per litre. \ hat is the basicitv ofthI
acid ? 6oor*.ee 2000)
Then Fe3O4 iD the mitr,twe - (1Oo _ x) Eo

Solution. Suppose lhe equivalent weight of lhc

acid Fe2O3 produce.d lrom x g of FeO = .lf x,g
=E-
. Normality of rhe acid solurion = Fe2O3 produced ftom (r0o _ r) t of Fe3Oa
f;
480
Eq. wr. ofNaOH = 40 = ?34 x (100 _ r)8
.. Normatiry of NaOH sotution = N=IN lbtal Fe2O3 produced from l0Og of the mixture
;3
= 100 + 10 = 1108
Applying NlVl = N2V2
(Acid) (NaoH) ' t& x + ,180 (lo0 _ r.)
JEi- ---;i- = lro
3q
or 19.! + 30 (100 _ x) _ ,,
8x100=1x95 ".-3---_.f'-=tto
or E=41 0 or 29Ox + 27O (lOO -x) = 110 x e x 29
. Bastcity. of the acid - Folmula wr'
- 82 0 ot 20, = 1710
Eq. wt. 4l .0 --.'..
I'rtnthtn t5 Calculate thc molority ofwater ifils or r = 85.5
density is 1000 kg/rz3 (r.r.T 2003) .. FeO present in the mixrure 85.S7a
=
and FerOn = 166 - 85.5 = t4.S%.
 Nerl Course Chem istr'!
1184

ANU LT' PLE CHOI CE wtrsTtoNS

and
10. 2 76 s ofsilver carbonate (at massofAg = 108)on
The number ofsiSnificant fi8ures in 0 050 is
being-heatcd strongly yields a residue weiShing
(o) 1 (b) z
(a) z.16 g (b)2 a8g
(c) 3 (d) 4.
(d)2 64 s
2. Which out of the followin8 is not a homogeneous -4<[Link] e
mixture ?
11. If 0'5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0 2 mol of
(b) Brass Na3PO4, thc maximum [umbsr of molcs of
(a) Air
(c) Solution ofsugar in water Ba3(Po4)2 that can bc formed is

(d) Smoke. (a) o 1 (b)0 s

3. A compound has the emPirical formuh qI{3O2' (c)0 3 -.@fl.t "I "r\t
Its vaPour density is 59. I$ molecular formula will 12. If 1021 moleculcs are removcd from 200 mg ot
be COz, then the number of moles of COz lsft are
(b) c4H6o4
@)qll3oz (b)l66xl0'
(d) c8H1208.
lafz u * to-r
(c) C5HeO6
(c)4 54 x 10-3 (d)166x1o-2
4. The number of molecules present in 8 g of oxygen
8as are of
13. 'fhc number of gram molccules oxygcn in
(a)6.o22 t lo23 (D)3 011 x 1023
6 .
02 x 104 CO molecules is
(c) 12 (M4 x to23 (d) 1 55 x lo23
10 g molecules -@J3 g molecules
.pJ
5' 112 cm3 of hydrogen gas at STP contain (c) 1g molecule (d)0 5gmolecule.
(a) 0 0O5 mole (b) 0 01 mole

(c) 0 02g (d)3 011x1022 molecules 14, Onc mole of COz contains
6. C-aCO3 oo reaction with 0 1 M HCI acid will x atoms of C
10 I . @6 oz 1023
produc€ CO2 (b) 6 O2 x t 023 atoms of C)

(a) 1120 cm3 (b) 2240 cm3

(c) 18 1 x 1023 molecules of CO,
(c) 112 efi (d) 224 cm3. (d) 3 I atoms of CO2.
7. One fermi is X (atomic wcrghl = 75) and Y
/1!. {alomicweight = l6) combinc to Sive rt comprtund
fwo ctemenls
(a) 10-13 cm (b) 10-15 cm
iraving 75 8-% ofX. The rormula ofthe compound
(c) 10-10 cm(d) 10-12 cm' is
r-g,Wtrlctr of the following has the largest number of xrY
atoms ? ' 1r; xY (D)

(d) xzv y
(a) 0 5Iatomof cu (6)0 6358ofcu (c) X Y2
(c) 0 25 moles of Cu atom
(LL X 1971 Is in
(d) 1g of Cu. 16. The largesl numbtr o[ moleculcs
9. 27 got N (at mass = 27) will react \\'ith oxYgen (a) 54 g of nitrogen Peroxide
equal to (b) 28 I of carbon dioxide
ltt) U B
(b)88 (d) 46I of ethylalmhol.
(c) 40 g (l) l0 s. '.rl.L \.R lr)lJ

t.d 9.a 10. c

t.b z.d 3.b
11. d 12, a 13.
'
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1/8s
17. The molecular wEight of Oz and SO2 arc 32 and 64 (a) 0.5 M (6)1.0M
respectively. If one litre of C)2 ar l5.C and 750 mm (c) 1.s M (d)[Link]
contains N molecules, the number ofmolecules in t.t !.t M.,\ t eet'\
two litres of SOz uDder tbe same conditions of 24. Given the numbers : 161 cm, 0. 161 cm, 0.0161 cm.
temp€rature and pressure will be The number of siglificant figures for the thre€
(a) ND (6) N numbers are
142N A*{N. \,v.t. \,.R ro')t \
(o) 3,4 and 5 respcctivety
Five grams of each of the following gases ar 87oC (6) 3, 3 and 3 respectivety
and 750mm pressure are taken. Which ofthem will (c) 3, 3 aDd 4 respeclivcty
have the least volume ?
(d) 3, 4 and 4 respectNely. [Link].,;.t, t!,tt.t: it),),\t
(a) HF (D) IJCI 25, 39
(c) HBr ,.tlTfit. of
ttll L \" lt Itjel um
'
19, Which one of the following is the standard for nt
atomic mass ?
haemoglobin is

(,) lH p'r. (a) 6

(c) 4
(b) |
(d)2.
(") ;tc (d) 160 t t.! t: tss3\
20. Rearrange the following (I to w) in rhe order of 26. In rhe reacrion 4 NH3 (g) r s 02 G)
increasing rDasses and choose the correct answer
from (a) (b) (c) and (d). Aromic masses : N = 14,
4 NO G) + 6 H2O (l), whenI mote of ammonia
-
and I mole of 02 are made to react to complction
O=16,Cu=63)
Ll molecule of orygen , (4) I 0 mote of H2O is produceJ
' IL 1 atom ofoitrogen (6) I 0 mole of NO wi be produced
III. 1 x 1010 g molecular weight of oxygen (c) all rhe orygen wi be consumed

IV 1x l0-18 g aromic weight of copper (d) all the ammonia wlll b€ consumed.
(a)II < I < III < IV (D)IV < III < II < I
(c) II < III < I < IV (d) tII < tV < I < IL
27. lt)e number of nrolecules in 16 g of methane is
(a)3 0x lOa (b)6 02x 1023
21, The number of moles of H2 in 0 224 litrcs of (c)u$x y
hydrogen gasarSTp(273 K, I atm) (assumingideal
104
' '3-!a0
1d1 16zl

gas behaviour) is
(a) 1 (6) 0. I 24. 50 ml 10 N H2SO4 , 25 mt 12 N HCt aDd 40 mt
$.ot Jd) 0 001 5 N HNO3 were mixed togetherand the volumeof
t,tI L.\.R. 1991) lhe mixlure was madc lO0O ml by adding water.
22. 'Ilvo conEincrs p and e of equalvolume (1 litre The normality of the resultaDt soluiion will be :
each) contain 6g of02 and SO2 respectiirly at 3OO (a)1N (r) 2N
K and I atmosphere. Then (c)3N (d) 4N.
(a) No. of molecules in p is less than that in e
(6) No. of rhe molecules in e is less rhan that in p 'lte number of atoms in 4.25 g ot NII3 is ap_
(c) No. of molccules in p and e arE same proximately
(d) Eirher (4) or (6) tHo!.a nc.E.t:.t tset.\ 1x lF
(a) (\2xrG3
23. The maximum amount of BaSOa precipitated on (c) 4 x 104 @)6 x lofi.
mxing BaCI2 (0.5 M) wirh H2SO1 (1M) wilt mr_
respond to ' i, t l!,14 t tr'),!,

17. c ta. d 19, b 2ll. a 2t. c 22. b 23. a 24. b 25. c 26. c
27. b 2t. a 29. d
1186
lrratleep's Neut Coursc thcmistrg lft[p
30. A molal solution B one tbat coEtaiDs 1 mole of a (a) 6.W x 1dl mohcutec of co,
solute in
(r) 22 . 4 L of CO2 at STP
(4) 1000 I of the sohrnt
(6) 0 44 g of CO2
(6) one litre of the solvent
(c) one litre ofthe sotudon (d) None of these. [Link].R. 2000\
(d)22 4littes of the solution. (If
P CE E 7999) 3E. Number ofg of oxygeD in 32 28Na2SOa. l0H2O
31, A 1OO ml solution of O 1 N HCI was titrated with IS

o 2 N NaOH solution. The titration was discoD- (a) 20 8 (b) 22 4

tinued after a
remaining titr
(c)2 u (d) 2.o8.
tIln^a ( l' ll l::t)lt/)\
N KOH soluti
completing the titratio8 is
(a) 70 ml (b)32ml
(c) 35 ml (d) 16 ml. (D.C F-. 1ee9) anhydrous enryme is
32. One mole of calcium phosphide on reacdon with
excess of water gives
(a) I 568 x 1d (D) 1 568 x 1d
(a) one mole of PhosPhine (c) 15 68 (d) 3 136 x 104
t('.ll.S.l-.. l!)ll l: )t)tti I

(b) two moles of PhosPhoric acid

(c) two moles of PhosPhine The p€rcentage ofnitrogen in urea is about
(o) 46 (6) 8s
(d) oDe mole of Phospnorut *r,oxio";r.
a r, , rrq (c) 18 (d)28 tK(.It.T 2oo1\

33. Assuming fuuy decompos€d, the volume of CO2 Ho'fl much ofNaOH is required to neutralise 1500
cm3 of O I NHCI ? (Na = 23)
released at STP o,r heating 9 85 of BaCO3 I
(4) 40I (6)4s
(Atomic mass, Ba = 137) willbe
(c)68 (d)60 E tK C. tt l: 2 t)()1 t
(s)o uL (b\ 2.24 L
dz3 of N2 gas and 10 dm3 of 8as X at the same
'10
(c) a.06 L (d) 1.12L.
(C B.s.D I!'V T 2000) temperature ccntain the sa e number of
molecules. The gas X is
34. The sPecitic heat of a metalis0 [Link]
atomic weight would b€
(a)co (b) co2

(a) 32 (b) 16 (")Hz (d)No,^(tt:lit

(c) a0 (d) 64. ti t.l.l[ s.2000) The volume of\ ter to be addcd to 100 cm3 of
35. The weiSht of a molecule of the comPound 0 5 N H2Sot to get deci normal concrntratlon $
C6oH122 is
(a) 100 cm3 (b) 450 cm3
(a)1 4x1O-2tg (6)109x 10-21g (c) 500 cm3 (d) 400 cm3
(c) 5 025 x 10239 (d) 16 O23 x lF g' t K.(.1,,.'l: )tt0l )

t,\ILlIS 2000) 44. The set of numerical coefficieflts that balances the
36. The number oI water molecules present in a drop equation
ofwater (volume0 0018 ml) at room temperature IqCrO4 + HCI IqCr2OT + KCI + H2O is
ls -
(a)6 023 x 101e (a; [Link] x tort (a) r,r,2,2,1 (b) 2,2, 1, 1, 1

(c) 2, 1, 1,2, (d)2,2,1,2,1

(c) 4.84 x 101? @)6 0a x lc€. 1
( Kerah li.E li. )0t)l
(D.C.0.2000t 2,2,2" 1, I
(e)
45. 250 ml of a sodium carbonate soludon coDEins
3?, Which of the folowing contains maximum number
2.65 Srams of Na2CO3 If 10 ml of this solution is
of atoms ?

30. a 37..1 32. c 33..1 ?4, c 3t. , x9, a

40. a 41, c 42. a 43..1 44..1
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1187
diluted to one litre, what is the conceDtration ofthe 53. AmoDg FeSO1.7H2O (A), CuSOo.5HrO (B),
rF,sultant solutioD ? (mol. wt. of NECO3
= 106) ZnSOI . 7 H2O (C), MnSOa . 4 H2O (D), isomor-
(a)0.1M (D) 0 001 M phous salts are
(c) 0.01 M (d) 10-1M (a) A and C (D) A and D
(c) C and B (d) A and B
t E./1. lf.c. E.7: 2t)0 1\
I D.l!,tL I: 2t0.t )
46. 7 5 grams of a gas occupy 5.6 lires ofvolume at
Sm The gas is What will be the volume of the mixture after the
reaction ?
(a) No (6) NzO
G) NH3 (1 L) + G) HCt (1 .5 L) ...- NHICI (r)
(c) co (d) coz (a)1sL (6) 0.5 L
\ 1,..1 .11.(.1:.'l: 200t t (c)lL (d)OL tt).t!,r1.'1: 200.1)
47. AD aqueous solution of 6 3 g of oxalii acid 55. A compouod has hacmoglobin like
structure. [thas
dihydrate is made up ro 250 ml. The volumeol0. l one Fe. It coorain 4 .6% of Fe- The apFqimate
N NaOH required to completel,v neutralise t0 ml molerular mass is
of this solution is (a) l0ogmol-t (6) 12oot mol-l
(a) 40 ml (b) 20 mt (c) l,toog mot-r (d) 160O9mol-r
(c) 10 ml (d) 4 ml. (t.1.7: 2001)
([Link].T 200i)
4E. Holr| marry moles of electron weigh one kilotram ? 56. In Haber process, 30 litres of dihydrogen and 30
(a)o oB x tP lires of diniuogen were raken for re{aion wtich
(D)
e;{* x rdl yeilded only 50% of the expecred product. Wbat
6 o23 will be the compciton of the gaseaus mixture
t"\
' '9 r lcfa (d) x lOt under the aforesaid conditon in rhe end ?
108 9 108 x 6.023
(4) 20 litres NH3, 25 litres N2, 2, tirres H2
(I.l.T 2002)
49. The prefix (6) l0 litres NH3, 25 liEes N2, 15 tiues H2
1018 is
(a) gi$a (c) 2I) litres NH3, l0litrcs N2, 30 litrer tI2
(D) exa
(c) kilo (d) nano
(d) 20 litr6 NH3, 25 litres N2, 15 litres H2
(e) mega lKctdla ll.E.E. 20021 ( c. [Link]. l! II.T. 200 1t
Number ofatoms in 558.6 g Fe (molar mass Fe 57. What volume of hydrogeD gas ar 273 K and I atm
=
55.86 I mol-l) is be
presrure will .69
elemental boron the
(4) Mce that in 60 g carbon
reduction of boro
(b)6oBxtfz (c) half thar of8I He (a) 67 2L (b) 44.8 L
(d) 558 6 x6.O23 x 1G3 r.1.E.8.E.2002\ G) 22.a L (d) 89.6L
3. 929 of ferrousammoDium sulphate aredissolved t;l.l. I,. L, li. 2 ()t).1 t
in 100 ml ofrvater. 2n ml of this solulion requircs 5E, Which has maximum number of atoms ?
18 ml of potassium permanganate duriDg titratioD
for complete o)ddarion. Tt e weight oa KMDO4 (a)usorc(12) (6) 56s of Fe (56)
present in one litre of the solution is
(c)27 gof N(27) (d) 108gof Ag(108)
(o) 34.76 g (b) 12.38 \l I t: )t)0-1)
E 59. Mixrure X = 0.02 motof (NH3)5 SOo]Br and
(c) 1.238 I @)3.a76 E
[C-o
0.02 motof[Co (NH3)5 Br] SOawas prcpared in 2
( (.8.'t )002
lanil lladu
Iitre ofsolution
3 g of an oxide of a metal is converted ro chloride
completely and it yielded 5 g of chtoride. The 1 litrc of mixture X + excess A8NO3 + y
e4uivalenr w€ight of the metal is I litre of mixture X + exc€ss BaCl2..... Z
(a)33.?5 (b) 3.32s
Number of moles of y aDdZarc
(c) 12 (d) N iK.L:1.:.L 2002\
(a) 0.01,0.01 (D) 0.02, 0 01

AJSWE
45. b 4.o 49. b 50. a 51. ./ 52. a 53. a 54. b
55. 56.
' '
 1/88 Neur Course Chemistrg
(c) 0.01,0.02 (d)o.o2,o t2 (b) 150 cc of N2 at ST?
t I 1- l: )t)t)l: (c) 50 cc ofSO2 at STP
60. The ma\imum number of molecules is present in
(d) 150 cc oI Oz at STP
.(oits t ottl, [Link] (b) 5 L of N2 gas at [Link]
(e) 200 cc of NII3 at STP
(c) 0 5gofH2gas (d) l0gof02gas
66. A samplc ofphosphorus rrichloride (PCI3) contains
t( .l].\.1,. l)tl
l: )001\
1 4 mcrlcs of thc substancc. IIow many atoms are
61. 4 g of copper was dissolved in conctntrated nitric there is the sample ?
-fhe copper nitrate on strong heaiing
acid. Save 5g (a) 4 (6)s6
of its oxide. The equivalcnt wcight ofcopper is
(o)?3 (b)32 (c)12 (d)20 (c)8 431 x 108 (d)3 372 x tfa
( 'l l:2ttttlt (e)2.N9 x lfa iKtah l'l.l l:. 2u01)
1ft ouloog and tetir's law is 'M A gas mixture contains 50 helium and 50%
(a) metals (6) non-metals methane byvolume. What is tbe pcrcent byweiSht
(c) gaseous elements (rfsolid elements ofmeihane in the mixture ?
(a) le.e1% (b) 20 osva
(c) 50Vo (d)7s%
/480.$q. (turuln,tl. l'..ll. )0t)1
x \P
(a) 6.U2 (b) t2-04 x 1O22 116 mg compound on vaporisation ln a Victor
of a
Meyer's apparatus displaccs 44 8 ml of air
(c)1806x10P (d) 31.80 x 1028 measured at STP The molccular weight of the
(.1 t K.( .l.:.l.200J1 mmPound is
64, One gram mole cf a gas at NTP occuPies 22 4 (a) 116 (b) 232
litrcs. This fact was derived from llfss (d) u.8
(a) I-aw of gaseous volumes a6.4 i K(rult [Link].L:. 21t01)
@)
,15j nvogaoro's hypothesis Number ofwater molecules in the drop ofwater, if
{9}Eerzclius h}'pothesis 1 ml of water has 20 drops aod A is AvoSadro's
(d) DaltoD's atomic theory tI rt L.( l).1) )lrtJ t
number, is
65, Which of the following contains maximum number (a) 0.5 A/ 18 (6) 0.05 A
of moleculcs ? (c)0 5A [Link] tt ta
(a) 100 cc of CO2 at STP

HINTS/EXPLANATION9 to
2. C-arbon particles (solid phasc) are disp€Bed iflto air
= :' x L |23 / l0.r mole'culcs
(gas€ous phas€).
9. 4N + 3Oz 2 NzOt = 2 77a x 1021 molecules
4x218 3x3zE - lelt
Atter removing 1021 moleculcs, molecules
10. Ag2Co3 Ag2O + CO2 1

2x1G+12+3x16 2x108+16
= (2.?38 - l) 1021

=2168 = 1 738 x 1021 molocules

11. 3 Baclz + 2 Na3POa ....- Bar(POr), + 6 NaCl lo:l mol rmol

-1738x
6 023 x 10'
=2 88r10
3 moles of BaCl2 reacr with 2 molesof Na3l>O4.
13. I molof CO= l gatomof O
Na3POa will b€ rhe timiting rea ant.
t2. or6 02x lOBmoleculesof CO = |g moleculc of
20o mg of CO2 = 6 296 g - f,or o2

"4 A/s 66..1 e

59. a 60. a 61. b 62. d 63. c 65. r, 57, 68. c
69. .l
SOi/E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 1/89

.. 6 02x 1024 molecules of CO atomic $erght of Se = 78.4, lherefore 1g atom of

Se i d 78 4 g will be prescnr in en4me
I 6.O2 x tO24
:7xffi;fu=5Smolecules too
iigx?84g=l568xto1g
15. X=75 a%,'{ =24 28o. Fitrd er,/piricat formula-
40. NH2CONH2 = 2N
16. 54 g N2O5 = 541108 mol = 0 50 mol
l mol 2gatoms
28 g CO2 = 2f,144 mol = O.@mol
(,oE 2Eg
,a
36gHrO=36/18mol=2mol 'iagcotN -ffix 100 = aoa.
46gqHsOH = 46146 mol = lmol
41. 1500 cm3 of 0 INHCI =ffixrsoo
17. Equal volumes of dilferent gases under same con-
ditioBs o[ temp. aDd pressure contain equal num- =0l-5gcq
ber of molecules. Ir will neurralis€ Naoft = 0 15 g eq.
lt. 5 g HF = 520 mol,5 g HCI = 566.5 mol,5 g HBr
=015x409=68
= 5181 mol, 5 g III
= 5,/121 mol. Thus III has least 42. No. of moles of N2 and X should be equal 'lhiscan
no. of moles and bence least volume,
bc so ifX has same molccular weight as N2
22. 6 8O2 = 6E2 n,ol, 6 g SO2 = 6/44 mol. Thusvessel
.13. NtVr = NrVrie.0 5 x 100 =0.1 x Vz
Q has less no. of moles.
25, Fe present in 672O0 u - 9j1 xouzoo or V, = JQQ 663

)r) Watcr to be addcd to l0O cm3 solurion

=222u=#=4atoms.
= 500-lO0 = 400 cm3.
26, C)2 flll be Iimiting rcadanr, Hence all oxygeD will 44. 2I<2CIO1+ 2I{Cl....* KzCrzO; + 2 KCI + }l2O
be coosumed. 22r2i
2t, NlVt + NrV, + NrV, = NoVo 45. Molarity of given Na2CO3 sol
lO x 50 + 12 x 25 + 5 x 40 =N4 x 1000 265 r2S0.1000=0lM
l
= 106
or N1 -lN
M,V1 = M2V2, 10x01= 1000xM2
29. 4.25 g NH3 = 4.25111 mol
or M2=0001 M
= 0 25 x 6 022 x IOImolecules
46. [Link] of 22.4 L of gas ar STp =fi "rr.o
= (1 + 3) x 0.2S x 6.022 x 1023 atoms
31. NtVt = N2V2 + N3V3 ie =30 g
0.1 x 100:0,2 x 30 + 0,25 Vl i.e. molccular mass of lhe gas = 30. Ileoc€ gas is
NO.
Ca3P2 + 6 HrO-* 3 Ca(OH)z + 2 pH3
47. Normali& ofoxalic acid soi.
u. Apprcx. atomic weight = 6.4,6pecific heat 3 1000 6
(DubnB aod Pe rifs law)
-250x 63 =oa\
35. l molofC6oIIjzz = 60 x 12 + 122 x1g =Bi2E 10x04=Vx0I or V=40mI
4t. l mol ofclecrrons weigh
= 6.O23 x lo23 molccules
36. 0 0018 ml fI2O = 0.0018I HzO = (9 r08 x 10-31) x (6.023 x 1023; kg
-( d= m1-l;
Ig or 9 108 x 10-31 x 6.023 x lF kg of elcctrons
1 mol II2O = 18 g - 6 023 x 1021 moiecules = 1 molofcleclrons
3E. 1 mol [Link] H2O = 149 aroms of (O) . 1 kg of electrons

i.e. 322 g [Link] I-I2O conrain (O)=224 g. =--=-!-

=9 x
t08 x 6.023 "
ro8 mol
'" '
50. 558.5 g Fe = 10 motcs
39. 0 5% by weighr means 0.5 g Se is present in 10O g
of peroxidase anhydrous enzrme. As at least one = 10 x 6 023 x 108 aroms
atom of Se muEt be pres€nl rD the snzyme and 60gC = 5 moles = 5 x 6 023 x to23atoms.
1/90 t:t'atletp's N,[Link] Coarsc Che.m tstrqEI[
51. Eq. mass of ferrous ammonium sulphate = 392 SO?- icns. With cxcess of AgNOr, O.01 mol of
'.' Normality of the salt solution AgBr ie Y is formed. With excess of BaCl2,0.0t
192 l mol of BaSOa rle Z is formed.
=-jr2,t00,1000=0lN
60, At STII22 4I-ofanygas = 6 02 x 1ozj molecules
20 ml ofo l N salt sol
= 18 ml o[KMnO1 sol

. Normality of KMnoo sor = ?9ff-1

' lsLu2=q+#x 15 - 4.03 x1023,
= | N
6 02 x I02J
Ilq. mass of KMnO4 = 31.6 :r r. [Link] = -,2214 ,5 : 1.344 x t0-J
.'. StreDgth of KMnO. sot- : | , tr .o 2 gH, = 1' 02 x lo23 molccules

=3 5 gL-l approx. o s gHr- 9-9-!dB xo 5 molecules

52.
= 1 505 x 1oB molecules
_ Eq. mass of mctal + Eq. mass of oxidc 72gOr= 6 02 x tO23 molccules
Eq- mas5 of met8l + Eq massofchloride
:3 = _:_,r
_ E+8 :_ This
-. give6 E = ,l j .25 rc g ox = gJ+e x 10 molecules

54. 1 L NHI G) reacrs wirh I L HCI k) ro form - 1.88 x 1023 moleculcs

NH4 Cl (r) r hich has negliSible volume. Hence 61. Cu=4g,CuO=5g. oxygen = lg. Thus lg
final mixture will contain only 0 5 L HCl. oxygen combines with Cu ..- 4 g.

55. 1 I atom of Fe (56I Fe) is prescnt in 1 mole of the

8g oxygen will combine with Cu = 4 xA =32t
compoudd. As 4.6 g Fe are presellt in 1009 ofthe Lq wt. of Cu = 32.
compound, 56 g ol Fe will be present in 63. Molar mas.s of NECO3 =2x23+ 12 +3 x16
I
seg = 011 g ol lh€ compound. Hence = 106t mol
{$ ' l06gNarCOr=0l6el
approximate molecular mass = 1200.
s6. N2 6) + 3 H2 6) i-----r 2 NH3 E) =o.l x6 02 x 1023 molecules
I I- of N2 reacts with 3 L of Hz ro form 2 L of =3 x0l x6 02 x toBatomsof O
NH3. Thus N2 is the limitinng reactaDt. =1806x104.
10 L N2 wiu react with 30 L H2 to form 20 L NH3- 65. 22400 cc ot any gas at S-l'P contains same number

As actual ycld is 50% of the expected value, NlI3 of molecules Lc. 6.02x 10?3. Ilcnce larger the
volume at S'ry greatcr is thc number ofmolecules.
formed = l0I- Nz reacted = 5 L, H2 reacted =
66. I mole of PCl3 contains 4 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms .
15L
1 4 moles will contain -3 31zx 1024 atoms.
'. Mixture will contain 10 L NH3, 25 L N2, 15 L H2.
67. Iiqual volumes contain equal number of moles.
57. 2 BC\ + 3H2 -* 28 +6HCl Heoce molar ratio of [Ie : CIIa = 1 : I . Ralio by
3x22.4L 2 x 10.t
*21 68 weight=4:16=1:4
-67 ?L . CH4 present by weight
)A = x rco = 8oEo.
U gC = limol = 2 mol = 2 x No atoms f
af at ST? will
6a- 22400 ml of be displaced by
569Fe = ffmol = l mol = No atoms =H+,22400s=5sg.
27 gN =;n,ol = I mol = N0atoms 69. 1 drop of water =
fr., = $.t
gag = (dn'o = 18 ml-l)
108
ffi mol = 1 mol = N0atoms
Mixture X will contain 0 02 mol Br- ions and lSgof water = A molecules
0 (}2 mol SOl- iotrs in 2 L solutioD. Hence I L of , Seno,"r= [,f = 9-.9I
n 6o1""u1",
mixture X willcontaid 0-01 mol Br- ard 0.01 mol
SOI\,4E BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1/91

ADDITIONAL UESTIO,A,r.$
As rlci o n - Re a e o n Ty
=Li on s
ee p e e,u e
The folloylng n. While ans_wering
thes€ questionq you are r€quired to choose aDy one o
(d) If both Asscrtiotr and Rcssotr sre true o'd the Reason is a correct explaDstioD ofthe
AssertioD.
(r) If both Assertion and Rcoso' oDd true but Reasor is not a corr€ct expranatioo ofthe Assertion.
(c) IfAssertior is true but the Rlason is false.
(d) Ifthc Ass€rtion is fals. but the Rcssor is true.
(?) Ifboth Ass€rtion altd ReasoD orc false.

Ass€rtion Resson
Cinnabar is a chemic€l compound whereas brass is Cinnabar always contains 6.25 times as much
mercuryas
a mixture. sulphur by weight. Brass can be made with widely dif_
ferent ratios of copper and zinc,
A sio$e Cl2 atom has a mass enctly 12 amu and a Amole ofatoms o[any element has a mass in grams equal
mole of these atoms bas a mass of epcrly 12 grams. to its atomicweight.
Pure warer obtained from dlffereDt sourc€s such as Mass ofreactaDts and products duriDg
chemical or phlsi,
river, e€ll, spring, s€a etc. alvays contains hydrogen cal change is always the same.
and Gygen in the mtio of I : 8 by mass.

4. In a gaseous reaction, the ratio ofvolumes ofreac- Volume ot gas !s invers€ly proportional
lo ils moles ct
taDts and gas€{us producls is io agre€meDt with partrcular temperature aDd pressure.
their molar ratio.
The slandard unit for expressing the mass of atoms amu is also called as avogram.
lll amu.
Both l06tofsodium carbonate and l2gofcarbon Bolh contain I g atom of carbon which contains
have same oumber of carboD atoms.
6.023 x 1023 carbon atoms.
Average aromic mass of boron is 10.3.
Boron has two isotopes B10 and Bl I who6e pcrcenrage
abundances are 19.6% and N.4Eo rcsrF ,tiflvely.
t. Atomlc mass of sodjum is 23.
AD arom of sodium is 23 rimes heavier than of rn"
$,n
mass ofcarbon atom 1cl2;.

True/Falee Statements
Wich of the followidg stdtements @e not true ? 5. Equalvolumes ofdifferent gases undc r srmilar con_
1. The zeros on the right of a decimal point are not olllons ot lemperature and pressure contarn equal
sigDificant. number ofatoms.
2. Petrol is a homogeneous mixlure of a Dumber of
6. Atom is not iDdestructible.
hydrocarbons.
3. Mass of re€dants is always equal to the mass of the 7. Empiricalformula represents the actualnumber of
products. atoms present in a molecule of the substance.
4, The volumcs of o(ygeo which combine wi$ a f ed &A balanced equation contains equal number of
volume of nitrogen in N2O , NO and NO2 bear a atoms of each elemenr on both sides of the equa_
simple ratio to one another. iion.
1192
Prt:dt:a y's Neut Couvse Chemistrgffi[f)

Fill ln Ahe Dlanks

1. The rotal number of digirs in a number iDcluding
- 7. The atomic ma.s of an element is the averagc
the last whose value is [Link] is called........ rclative mass of its atoms as compared with an
'lhe S.I. unit of pressure is......... atom of.....,.-,taken as..........

picometrc = .........meire.
1
t. Accordiflg to S.I. a mole is that amount of thc
subslance which contains as many elemontary en-
4. A pure subsunce that contains only one kiDd o[ titics as there arc atoms in gxactly. ...---.kB of.....
atoms is callcd...... isotoPe.
The slrnbol 'u' uscd for exPressing atomic alld 9, 'fhc rcactant whlch reacts completcly aod decides
molecular masses represents............scale based oD lheamountof theProductiscalled.. ....''
-...........isotopc.
The law which state.s that a chemical comPound
10. The welghl of 1 x 1022 moleculos of
always contaios the samc elements comttined in a
CUSOa.5I{2Ois...--...... (l.I.T.1991',
hxcd ratio by mass is ca11ed.........

W atchin O aY ? e G.'u e slio rte

Match erteries ol coltrmn A with aPproPrinte enteries of column Il'
lB
t, Petrol 1. CrmPound
2. Brass 2, Element
3. sugar 3. Mixture
4. Gold 4. Mixture

AJVSWERS
AS SERTION-REASON TYPE OUESTIONS

l.a 2,a 3.b 4.c 5,b 6.a 7'd E'a

TRUUFALSE S'TATEMENTS
r,4,5,7.
FILL IN THE BLANKS OUESTIONS
12 of constant
1- sionifrcant ficurcs 2. N m-2 or kg m-1 s-1 3. 10- 4' elemeot 5' uoified, C-12 6' law
."r"p*iirn oirr* of definite proponions 7' carbon, 12 t' 0 012, C-12 9' limiting reacknt
49 5.-,td7=t
,r.602x10" t+e.

MATCHING TYPE OUESTIONS

t--3,2-4.3-1'L-2.

Aseertio n'Rea 5 on Type [Link]

3. lloth Asserlion and lleason are correct s(atements 6. 106 g Na2CO3 = lmol
-1}re
but Rcason is not tic correct explanation = lgatomofC
correct cxplanation is bascd on law of constant 12BC = 1g atom of C,
composltlon-
7. Reason is corect but average atomic mass of B
4. Volumc ot agas is diroctty proportioMl to its moles
at a partlcular tempcrature and pfessure'
10x19.6+11x804
100
5. Both Acsertion aDd Reason arc correct statemcnts
but Reason ls not the corrcd explanation - 10 8