Properties of

Normal
Probability
Distribution
Task #6
frequency

13
11
7
5
3
1

12 14 16 18 20 22
Score (X)
Page 6
Regions
under
Normal
Curve
Lesson Objectives
• illustrates a normal random
variable and its
characteristics,
• constructs a normal curve,
and
• identifies regions under the
normal curve corresponding to
different standard normal
values.
What is a Probability
Distribution?

A probability distribution
is a statistical equation or
mathematical illustration
that depicts all the
possible values and outcomes
for a random variable in
each set.
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Property #1

The distribution
curve is bell-
shaped.
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Property #2

The curve is
symmetrical
about its center
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Property #3
The mean, median
and mode
coincide at the
center
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Property #4
The width of the
curve is determined
by the standard
deviation of the
distribution.
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Property #5.
The tails of the curve
flatten out indefinitely
along the horizontal
axis, always approaching
the axis but never
touching it. That is,
the curve is asymptotic
to the base line
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Property #6. The area under the curve
is 1. Thus, it represents
the probability or
proportion, or the
percentage associated
with specific sets of
measurement values.
The Area under the
Normal Curve
The Z-Table
Probability notations under normal
curve
CASE 1. The required area depicted by
the shaded regions under the
curve is “greater than z”, “at
least z”, “more than z”, “to the
right of z” or “above z”
STEP 1. Draw the normal curve
STEP 2. Locate the z-value
STEP 3. Draw a vertical broken line through the
z-value
STEP 4. Shade the required region
STEP 5. Consult the z-table and find the area
that corresponds to the z-value.
STEP 5. Consult the z-table and find the area
that corresponds to the z-value.
STEP 6. Assess the normal curve and write an
equation in probability notation that shows the
correct operation to get the required region.
STEP 7. State a conclusion indicating the
required area.
STEP 1. Draw the normal curve
STEP 2. Locate the z-value
STEP 3. Draw a vertical broken line through the
z-value
STEP 4. Shade the required region
STEP 5. Consult the z-table and find the area
that corresponds to the z-value.
STEP 5. Consult the z-table and find the area
that corresponds to the z-value.
STEP 6. Assess the normal curve and write an
equation in probability notation that shows the
correct operation to get the required region.
STEP 7. State a conclusion indicating the
required area.
Probability notations under normal
curve
The required area is:
CASE 2. “less than z”, “at most
z”, “no more than z”,
“not greater than z” or
“to the left of z”
Example 2. Find the proportion left of z = -1.56
of the area of the following

a. left of z = -1.56
b. below z=1.32
Example 2. Find the proportion left of z = -1.56
of the area of the following

a. left of z = -1.56
b. below z=1.32
Example 2. Find the proportion left of z = -1.56
of the area of the following

a. left of z = -1.56
b. below z=1.32
Example 2. Find the proportion below z=1.32
of the area of the following

a. left of z = -1.56
b. below z=1.32
Example 2. Find the proportion below z=1.32
of the area of the following

a. left of z = -1.56
b. below z=1.32
Example 2. Find the proportion below z=1.32
of the area of the following

a. left of z = -1.56
b. below z=1.32
Probability notations under normal
curve
CASE 3.
Example 3. Find the proportion between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5
of the area of the following

a. between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5

b. between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
Example 3. Find the proportion between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5
of the area of the following

a. between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5

b. between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
Example 3. Find the proportion between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5
of the area of the following

a. between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5

b. between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
Example 3. Find the proportion between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
of the area of the following

a. between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5

b. between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
Example 3. Find the proportion between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
of the area of the following

a. between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5

b. between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
Example 3. Find the proportion between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
of the area of the following

a. between z = -2.21 and z = -1.5

b. between z = 0.87 and z = 2.48
Probability notations under normal
curve
CASE 4. The area is
between -z and z
Find the z-score when the area to the right of +z
is 0.1003
Standard score (Z-score)
Standard score is a linearly transformed data value having a mean
of zero and a standard deviation of one.
The formula for z-score is:
𝑋 − 𝑥̄
𝑧=
𝑠

where:
Z= standard score
x = mean
sd = standard deviation
x = given value of a variable
EXAMPLE 1:
The gestation period x in humans has a distribution that is
approximately normal with a mean of 266 days and a
standard deviation of 16 days. What percent of all births are
at least 300 daysafter conception!
EXAMPLE 2:
The length of life of an instrument produced by a machine has a
normal distribution with mean of 16 months and standard deviation of
3 months.
Find the probability that an instrument produced by this machine will
last.
a. less than 7 months.
b. between 14 and 18 months.
 Determine each of the following areas and show these
Task #7 graphically. Use probability notation in your final answer.
 Determine each of the following areas and show these
Task #7 graphically. Use probability notation in your final answer.
Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

How do students travel to

school?

Statistical Question
Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

How tall are you?

Not a Statistical Question

Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

What is the average number of words on

a page in your science textbook?
Statistical Question
Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

What is your favorite

subject?

Not a Statistical Question

Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

Do you like watching

movies?

Not a Statistical Question

Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

What are the heights of the players of

your favorite soccer team?
Statistical Question
Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

How many text messages do students in

your class send in one day?

Statistical Question
Determine whether the following is a statistical question.

What is the weight of your

cat?

Not a Statistical Question

4 PICS 1 WORD

H I OHS
AYHSG
T BP HE
H Y PO T H E S I S
 Basic
Concepts in
Hypothesis
Testing
Learning Objectives:
• illustrates null
hypothesis, alternative
hypothesis, level of
significance, rejection
region, and types of
errors in hypothesis
testing
 HYPOTHESIS
s s Conje
G u e cture

Research Problem or
Experiment
What is a Hypothesis?
• a claim or a prediction concerning a
relation or a variable
• a speculative explanation for
specific behaviors, phenomena, or
events that have happened or may
happen in the future
• Clear, understandable, testable,
and quantifiable
• independent and dependent
variables (intervening variables)
 Statistical Hypothesis - a
judgment or prediction made by
the researcher about the potential
outcome of the study

Hypothesis Testing - a process,

executed by researchers, of
inferring or generalizing population
parameters based on the findings
obtained from the sample
TWO FORMS OF HYPOTHESES

NULL ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
• Stated as H0 • Stated as HA or H1
• ‘Nothing happened’ Both refer • ‘Something happened’
to the
• ‘No effect’ population • ‘There was an effect’
• ‘No difference’ • ‘There was a difference’
 MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
OF HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis Mathematical Symbols

Alternative Hypothesis > < ≠

Null Hypothesis ≤ ≥ =
Two types of Alternative
Hypothesis

Directional > 𝒂𝒏𝒅 <

Non-directional ≠
Statistical Test of Hypothesis

Directional One-Tailed Test

< Left-Tailed Test

> Right-Tailed Test

Non-Directional Two-Tailed Test
Statistical Test of Hypothesis
Rejection of Null Hypothesis
A critical value divides the
rejection and nonrejection
regions.
A critical or rejection
region consists of values
that support the
alternative hypothesis and
leads to the rejection of
null hypothesis.
A non-rejection region
consists of values that
support the null
hypothesis and leads to its
non-rejection.
 Test Statistic in Hypothesis Testing
• a random variable derived from data samples
• compares actual data to what the null hypothesis predicts
• degree of agreement between a sample of data and the null
hypothesis is measured
• relevant in formulating a decision whether to reject the null hypothesis.
 Test Statistic in
Hypothesis Testing
• a random variable derived from
data samples
• compares actual data to what the
null hypothesis predicts
• degree of agreement between a
sample of data and the null
hypothesis is measured
• relevant in formulating a decision
whether to reject the null
hypothesis.
p-value in Hypothesis Testing
• calculated using the test statistic
• If the null hypothesis is true, the p-value is
the likelihood of getting findings at least as
strong as the observed outcomes of a
statistical hypothesis test.
• used to determine the least level of
significance at which the null hypothesis is
rejected
• the smaller p-value means stronger
evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis
 Consequences of Hypothesis
Testing
Truth Value of 𝑯𝟎 Correct Decision Type Probability
𝑯𝟎 is true Do not Reject 𝐻0 I 𝛼
𝑯𝟎 is false Reject 𝐻0 II 𝛽
Consequences of Hypothesis
Testing
• Type I error is committed when the null hypothesis is rejected
when it is true.
• The level of significance, that was set for the hypothesis test, is
defined as the probability of committing a type I error. It is also
known as alpha (𝜶).
• Type II error is committed when the null hypothesis is not
rejected when it is false.
• The probability of committing a type II error is one less than the
power of the test, commonly known as beta (𝜷). By increasing
the sample size, the power of the test can be enhanced,
lowering the chance of committing a type II error.
 Example 1. A man goes to trial where he
is being tried for the murder of his wife.
Stating the null hypothesis, we may write
𝑯𝟎 : The man is not guilty. He did not
murder his wife.
• Type I error: Indeed, the man is not guilty, but
he received his punishment and is sentenced
to life in prison.
• Type II error: The man is guilty of the murder
of his wife, but he was not found guilty and
was not punished.
Example 2. Suppose the null hypothesis, 𝑯𝟎 : The victim of an
automobile accident is alive when he arrives at the emergency
room of a hospital.

Type I error: The victim of the

accident is alive, but the doctor
declares that the victim is dead
on arrival.
Type II error: The victim of the
accident is dead, but the doctor
believes the victim is alive.
 The following are potential research questions. Identify the
independent and dependent variables in each scenario.

Independent Dependent
Question
Variable Variable
How does the distance between an eye Distance between Number of
chart and a line influence the number of an eye chart and letters
letters recognized? a line recognized
What effect does the amount of light have
Amount of Light Plant’s growth
on a plant's growth?
What impact does the amount of oxygen
Amount of Population of
in the water has on the population of
Oxygen Oysters
oysters?
 Null and
Alternative
Hypotheses
 identifies the parameter to
be tested given a real-life
problem

Learning
Objectives: formulates the appropriate
null and alternative
hypotheses on a population
mean, population proportion,
and population variance.
 Measure Statistic Parameter
mean 𝑥̄ 𝜇
variance 𝑠2 𝜎2
standard deviation 𝑠 𝜎
proportion p̂ 𝑝

“a parameter is any numerical value that describes a

population or part of its characteristics”
 Mathematical Symbols Hypothesis Mathematical Symbols

for Null and Alternative Alternative Hypothesis > < ≠

Hypotheses Null Hypothesis ≤ ≥ =
Illustrative Example 1. Formulate the appropriate null and
alternative hypotheses for each research problem. Determine the
type of alternative hypothesis formulated and the classification
of a statistical test of hypothesis.
A drug manufacturer claims that the percentage of patients cured
by this antibiotic is 90%.
𝐻0 : “The percentage of patients
cured by this antibiotic is 90%” Non-directional
𝑝 = 90%
𝐻𝑎 : “The percentage of patients Two-tailed test
cured by this antibiotic is not 90%”
𝑝 ≠ 90%
Illustrative Example 2. Formulate the appropriate null and
alternative hypotheses for each research problem. Determine the
type of alternative hypothesis formulated and the classification
of a statistical test of hypothesis.
A car dealership announces that the average time for an oil change
is less than 15 minutes.
𝐻𝑎 : “The average time for an oil
change is less than 15 minutes” Directional
𝜇 < 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝐻0 : “The average time for an oil Left-tailed test
change is at least 15 minutes”
𝜇 ≥ 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Illustrative Example 3. Formulate the appropriate null and
alternative hypotheses for each research problem. Determine the
type of alternative hypothesis formulated and the classification
of a statistical test of hypothesis.
A supervisor wants to know if the machine needs adjustment, that is
if the variance of the amounts dispensed is greater than 0.01 oz.
𝐻𝑎 : “The machine needs adjustment. The
variance of the amounts dispensed is greater Directional
than 0.01 oz”
𝜎 2 > 0.01 𝑜𝑧
𝐻0 :“The machine needs no adjustment. The Right-tailed test
variance of the amounts dispensed is at most
0.01 oz”
𝜎 2 ≤ 0.01 𝑜𝑧