1

MODULE
“Examine the evolution of Filipino Values System
through research-based knowledge on the realities of
political events confronting Philippine society and
culture”

PREPARED BY: JAMES S. REFORSADO

 MODULE 1:
MODULE GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
A. Political Events LESSONS To fully immerse yourself in this
1. Colonization AND module, the following sign
COVERAGE: posts will guide you and for you
2. Martial Law to have a joyful and productive
learning experience:
3. EDSA Revolution
Begin and end with a prayer
4. Current events in politics
Empower yoursellf in every activity
 Pre-Colonial
Read and Understand
 Political Changes
 Religious influence
Take Note/Remember important
MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS concepts & adopt
QUESTION(S):
Exercise your thinking skills
A Filipino is a mixture of different
cultures. His contact with different
Asian and western countries had
Check/Assess your Prior
contributed much to what he is
Knowledge/Learning
now. Physically he may be blending
of Asian and western features or LESSON SUBTOPICS LEARNING ESTIMATED
characteristics but his ideas are OUTCOMES: TIME
more in its outlook. Presently, the SUBTOPIC 1 A. THEORIES To know more 30 minutes
ON THE about early human
Filipinos is still searching for his EARLY existence in the
identity. PEOPLE Philippines

SUBTOPIC 2 B. Theories Of To know more the 40minutes

conditions under
Migration
which a migrant
enters a receiver
population can have
broad implications
for all parties
involved.
SUBTOPIC 3 C. Contact Of To understand the 50 minuts
Asian Importance of
Countries
Foreign relations to
the Philippines and
vice-versa.
SUBTOPIC 4 D. Early History To determine 30-40 minutes
And Culture Filpino identity was
Of The created primarily as
Philippines a result of pre-
colonial cultures.

SUBTOPIC 5 E. Hispanization To identify the 45 minutes

Of The Hispanic
Philippines influenced in the
Filipino Culture.
SUBTOPIC 6 F. American To identify its 30 minutes
Colonization contribution in the
G. Japanese domain of socio-
Occupation political,
H. Postwar economical, and
Administration history of
Philippines
PRETEST: (NOT TO BE SUBMITTED AND RECORDED)
Let’s find out how much you already know about this module on Filipino Values System.
Please answer all items. After taking this short test, you will submit your answer to me for
evaluation (not to be graded). Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly
answer and look for the right answer as you go through this module.

Write YES if you agree with the statement and NO if you disagree on the blank before each
number.
_________1. Government was centralized. For 250 years, the country was administered through the Council of Indies
that transmitted to the Governor-General in the Philippines the royal decrees that served as guide in the
administration of the colony.

__________2. Ramos was known for his “Philippines 2000” which is meant to make the Philippines an economically
developed country and make it globally competitive.

__________3. President Corazon Aquino was the first woman president in the Philippines. Restored democracy:

__________4. Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983 which generated protest and demonstration that culminated in
the EDSA Revolution where People’s Power was manifested. This put to an end the 20-year rule of Marcos. Corazon
Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino assumed the presidency in February 25, 1986.

___________5. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii. This marked the start
of World War II in the Pacific. As early as September 1, 1939, war started in Europe when Germany invaded Poland.

___________6. The promise of independence was contained in Jones Law of [Link] the passage of the Hare-Hawes
Cutting Law, a ten-year transition period was provided. This independence law was later amended by the Tydings-
McDuffie Law.

___________7. U.S. President William McKinley proclaimed the policy “Benevolent Assimilation”. He emphasized that the
Filipinos would be trained for self- government.

___________8. General Wesley Merit established the military government and exercised the power of government until
July 4, 1901 when the President of the Philippine Commission became civil governor in area already pacified by American
military.

__________9. It was in the 19th century when national consciousness developed the sporadic uprisings started as early
as 1574 by Lakandula and Sulayman followed by Magalat (1506).

__________10. Christian religion was introduced replacing the paganistic anito worship. Friar responsible for
spreading the Christian religion: Augustinians (1565); Franciscans (1577): Jesuits (1581): Dominicans (1587); and
the Recollects (1606).
MOTIVATION

Activity 1: In this module, you were tasked to ask your parent’s opinion regarding EDSA
People Power I and II. Using the knowledge you got from them, write a short essay about People
Power 1 and II with your own title. Share your insights through a short essay that you’re going to
write? (maximum of five paragraph).

Parents EDSA EDSA

1 2
1. First name:
Mother and Father
2. Last name:
Mother and Father
3. Middle name:
Mother and Father
Lesson Proper:
I. Pre-Colonial
A. THEORIES ON THE EARLY PEOPLE
Jocano Theorizes that the proof of early human existence in the Philippines dated as early
as 21, 000 to 22,000 years with the discovery in Tabon cave in 1962 of a skull cap and
portion of jaw, presumed to be those of human being. The discovery shows conclusively that
human came earlier to the Philippines that the migrant people of the Malay Peninsula.

B. THEORIES OF MIGRATION
 Pygmies
Came from Borneo and other parts of South Asia and walked through land bridges.
They have vertical body length that reaches only up to 1.5 meters, hence they are
referred to as pygmies. They appear to be dark-skinned, kinky haired, have thick
lips, have wide noses and have short limbs. They used tools made from sharp rocks
and pieces of wood in hunting, fishing, and finding plants and crops sustainable for
consumption.
 Indonesians
They used boats for travelling the sea in order to reach the Philippines. They knew
how to plant crops, to hunt and to fish. Their tools were made up of rocks and metals
that enabled them to build houses and to create tools that make their everyday
activities less strenuous.
 Malays
They are brown-skinned, have average height, flat nose and straight, black hair.
They have had the most sophisticated and highly developed civilization among the
varieties of people that came to the Philippines. They are divided into three groups.
The first group of Malay had travelled to the North of Luzon and became known for
their practice of beheading people. The second group started to use alphabets and
archeologist believed that they are ancestors to the Muslims in Mindanao.
Generally, the Malays started to put up government systems and created laws to
promote harmony in their respective communities. The knowledge of the arts, music
and literature also has become an indelible trademark of their way of life. This group
of people is best known in their manufacture of pottery and cloting products.

C. CONTACT OF ASIAN COUNTRIES AND ITS IMPACT

 Arabs
It is widely believed that the Arabs had first set foot on the country in the 1 st century
A.D. The relationship was purely about trade and they bought products such as
metals and cloths in exchange of pearls, gold, and shells from the natives of the
Visayas and Mindanao. The Arabs are believed to be the ones who bring the
products of their country and other nearby countries in Europe and China, India and
some Southeast Asian Countries. The Philippines have had a purely trading
relationships with the Arabs until when they started to preach the theories and
principles of Islam in the 12th century A.D.
 India
 The people that we know today are shrewd and very business-minded. Today, the
most common business relationship the Filipinos have with them is borrowing money
known as 5-6. Our contact with them started way back in 700 A.D., the time when
the Madjapahit Empire was at its peak. India, during that time, was under a powerful
and sturdy domain. This made them capable of conquering countries nearby, the
Southeast Asian region inclusive. They had first landed in Sulu and used it as their
gateway to a rich and favorable Filipino trade. They brought tin products, gold and
exquisite Hindu cloths, so famous for their high quality, grandeur and awe-striking
features. The Philippines was not colonized by the Madjapahit Empire although this
rich commercial relationship flourished and continued for centuries and has
influenced Filipino lifestyle in many ways.
 The early relationship between China and the Philippines started before the 10th
century A.D. between the Tang Chao or Tang Dynasty (618-906 A.D.) as evidenced
by artifacts and Chinese porcelains found in some parts of Luzon and Mindanao.
Based on the Sung Shi, the book of the history of Sung, the people of Canton
(Guang Dong) came to the Philippines regularly to trade their merchandise. This
information was supported by an article written by Chau Ju Kua in his book Chu Fan
Chi. He revealed that the Chinese, and the early Filipinos have had fruithful and
prolific trading ties, both parties trusting each other.
 Japan
Prior to the Japanese occupation in the twentieth century, the Filipinos and the
Japanese have had a good beneficial relationship that continued on for centuries.
This relationship started in the 13th century A.D. According to the ancient Japanese
newspaper Nihongi, Filipinos had set foot on Kyushu to trade with the Japanese.
They became interested in trading with the early Filipinos after having seen the
gigantic pearls, cloths, tropical plant products and never before-seen jewelry and
accessories. This fostered a peaceful, amiable and a friendly relationship not only to
the two involved parties but also had an affirmative implication to the whole of
Southeast Asia.
D. EARLY HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES
 The Barangay, which was derived from the Malayan word balangay meaning a boat,
was the ancient unit of government of the Philippines. Barangays are small states
that have definite territories, population, government, and sovereignty. The barangay
was the unit of government and consisted of forty to one hundred families. These
barangays lived independently and was self-supporting under the leadership of a
Datu.
 A Datu is the Chief executive, legislative, and judicial administrator of each tribe of
barangay. He executes the law with the help of his own dependents and a number of
people from the freemen class. He does his judicial and legislative duties with the
help of the members of the Council of the Elders. As suggested by the term itself, the
council is made up of the oldest and the most affluent members of the community.
 The position of being a datu is passed on from the Father to his eldest son. In the
absence of an eldest son, the eldest daughter assumed the post. If a Datu bears no
child, a person is chosen from the tribe based on a certain criteria. The criteria
include intelligence, wealth, strength and bravery. These are very important traits
that a datu must possess in order to carry out the duties of a tribal chief successfully.
 The social hierarchy is divided into three:
 Nobles of the elite- consisting of the chiefs and their families
 Freemen or the Maharlika
 Slaves or the dependents- acquired their low status in society by inheritance.
 Judicial process had trials which were held publicly and decisions were rendered
promptly thereby avoiding what is known as justice delayed. “Trial by ordeal was
adopted to determine the innocence or guilt of party.” Among the ancient Filipinos
the legitimate children automatically inherited the property of their parents even
without a written will. In matter of succession, the first son of the barangay chieftain
succeeded his father.
 Economic life
The main industry and the main source of income of the early Filipinos is agriculture.
The early Filipinos have started to practice kaingin in order to make a land suitable
for farming out of bushy and grassy land area. Kaingin is the early practice of setting
a fire to burn unwarranted grass and plants that grow over a piece of land ideal for
farming.
  Religious Beliefs and Education
The ancient Filipino people were mostly pagans and believed in their supreme
creator, Bathala. Pagan is someone who does not believed in Christianity, Islam, or
Hinduism. The early Filipinos believed not only in Bathala but also several other
gods. These gods are of lesser degree since Bathala is considered the god of all
gods.

Parents normally educate their children at home. The father is responsible for
teaching his son. He starts his child’s education at about 8 years old. The father
teaches his son manly activities such as hunting, fishing, gathering and chopping of
woods, farming, etc. the son learns together with other children in the tribe who are
of his same age.
The mothers, on the other hand, do the same thing with their daughters the proper
way of cooking, weaving, feeding domesticated animals, and cleaning the house. At
night, before sleeping, the mothers talk with their adolescent daughters about the
sensitive topics that deal with latter’s sexuality. By educating her daughter with the
aforementioned skills, the mother slowly prepares her daughter for marriage and
motherhood.

E. HISPANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Magellan held an expedition for Spain to Moluccas by sailing west. Such expedition brought
him to a group of islands, which they called Archipelago of St. Lazarus (later renamed
Philippines after King Philip II of Spain). They anchored on Homonhon and later sailed to an
islet south of Leyte where they celebrated the first mass on March 31, 1521. While Magellan
was killed in a battle with the Mactan chief Lapu-Lapu, nevertheless his expedition paved
way for the eventual colonization of the Philippines by Spain.
In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to establish a permanent settlement in the
Philippine Islands. He concluded a blood compact with Sikatuna, a chieftain of Bohol, then
signed a treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupas of Cebu where the first Spanish settlement
San Miguel was established. It was later named Santissimo Nombre de Jesus. Further
colonization was made in the Visayas and up north. De Goite fortified Manila, which was
under Rajah Sulayman, a Muslim chieftain. In 1571, Legazpi established Manila as capital of
the Philippines.
1. Economic Policies
They mostly characterized by monopoly that favored/benefited the Spaniards.
a. Taxation: started as a tribute of 8 reales (about one peso). This was abolished in
1884 and a personal cedula (graduated poll tax based on income) was instituted for
residents 18 years of age and above. Taxes were excessive and most of which went
into the pockets of officials.
b. Forced Labor: males from 16 to 60 were required to render services to the
government for 40 day supposedly with daily allowance and meager food ration.
Falla is paid by Filipinos to be exempted from forced labor.
c. Encomienda: became the source of corruption of officials particularly in the sharing
of produce between encomienda workers and landowners.
d. Galleon Trade or Manila Acapulco Trade: doctrine of mercantilism or (monopoly of
goods from colonies) was imposed by Spain. The Philippines traded only with China
and Mexico in the 16th century and goods were shipped by the Spanish galleons, for
two centuries the chief source of official and individual income in the Philippines.
e. Tobacco Monopoly for 100 years the government designated Nueva Ecija, Cagayan
Valley, and Marinduque as tobacco planting districts. Later northern Luzon provinces
were included.
2. Political Changes
a. Government was centralized. For 250 years, the country was administered through
the Council of Indies that transmitted to the Governor-General in the Philippines the
royal decrees that served as guide in the administration of the colony. The
governors’ overwhelming authority is indicated by his unrestricted use of the
cumplase power to suspend the implementation of any royal order if in his opinion,
the condition in the colony did not warrant its implementation.
b. Provincial governments started with encomiendas, which were rewards given to
Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the country. Encomienderos were
empowered to collect taxes, protect and convert native to Catholicism. Due to
abuses perpetrated by encomienderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced
by the system of provincial governments: alcadia for pacified areas and
 corregimientos for unspecified areas. Baranggays were retained and assimilated into
the bigger unit of government. later pueblos (towns) were established.

3. Religious influence
Christian relgion was introduced replacing the paganistic anito worship. Friar responsible
for spreading the Christian religion: Augustinians (1565); Franciscans (1577): Jesuits
(1581): Dominicans (1587); and the Recollects (1606). Early Missionaries learned the
dialects of the people and introduced a highly church oriented literature. Pagan
superstitions were utilized to hold natives to practice the new religion such that folk
Catholicism resulted.
Education was controlled by friars. Religious orders founded the first schools and
colleges. University of Sto. Tomas was the founded in 1611. The chief feature of the
curriculum was religion. Education was secularized by the civil government at about
1860.

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
a. Manner of dressing altered considerably in order to accumulate Spanish customs as well as the
morality resulting from conversion to Catholicism.
b. The Filipinos accepted the practice of burial in public cemeteries and embraced the idea of
marriages performed in the Catholic Churches.
c. 1849 Governor Narciso Claveria issued a decree which contained thousands of Spanish family
names from which the natives could choose their own surnames.
d. Adoption of fiesta is a socio-religious event celebrating the feast day of the patron saint of a
Catholic town.

GROWTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

It was in the 19th century when national consciousness developed the sporadic uprisings started as early
as 1574 by Lakandula and Sulayman followed by Magalat (1506). Tamblot, Bangkaw, Palaris, Dagohoy,
Diego Silang and many others. It grew in intensity about 200 years later. Nationalism (devotion to or
advocacy of national unity and independence) developed due to the following factors:
a. Opening of the Philippines to the World Trade.
b. Rise of middle class
c. Racial prejudice
d. Secularization controversy
e. European liberalism of Carlos Marie dela Torre
f. Cavite mutiny
g. Execution of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (GOMBURZA)

Campaigns of reforms started with the formation by the middle class of a Propaganda Movement calling for
the assimilation of the Philippines to Spain, and making the Filipino fellow Spaniards. As Spanish Citizens
the Filipinos would be represented in the Spanish Cortes and thereby their representative in that body
could propose and participate in the approval of laws beneficial to the country. Foremost among them were
Lopez Jaena, M.H. Del Pilar and Rizal. The movement failed to attain the reforms they demanded.
However, their writings inspired and opened the minds of Filipinos. Andres Bonifacio founded the
Katipunan (Kataastaasan,Kagalanggalangan na Katipunan ng Bayan) in July 7, 1892 on a radical platform
to secure Independence and Freedom of the Philippines by force. Katipunan’s Objectives were:
a. Political - separation of the Philippines from Spain.
b. Moral - revolved around the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals, religious fanaticism
and weakness of character.
c. Civic- principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed.

The society remained secret until Patinio exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil on August 19, [Link]
August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin, the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting, “Long Live the
Philippines”.

Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from Hongkong with a plan to form a Filipino government to show the
capacity of the Filipinos for self-government. Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government in May and
a month later, the revolutionary government upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini, the brain of the
revolution. In June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at Kawit, Cavite.

F. AMERICAN COLONIZATION
The Spanish American War erupted in Cuba, another Spanish colony. This event led to the coming of the
Americans to the Philippines. The defeat of the Spaniards led to the negotiation, which was concluded by
the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. As provided for in the Treaty, the Philippine was ceded by
Spain to the United State. Aguinaldo, the leader of the Philippine Revolution who was in exile in Hongkong
learned about the American coming to the Philippines. He thought that the US came to liberate us, so on
June 12, 1899, he declared the Philippine Independence and changed our form of government from
dictatorial to revolutionary. After the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution in January 21, 1899
Aguinaldo inaugurated the Philippine Republic in January 23, 1899.

Due to the cession of the Philippines to US and the continued presence of Americans, hostilities erupted
between the Filipinos and Americans. The unfortunate incident at Sab Juan Bridge where Filipinos were
fired on February 4, 1899 led to the Filipinos-American War. It was only after the capture of Aguinaldo on
March 23, 1901 that the hostilities ended, although pocket resistance continued in some areas.

AMERICAN COLONIAL POLICY

General Wesley Merit established the military government and exercised the power of government until
July 4, 1901 when the President of the Philippine Commission became civil governor in area already
pacified by American military.

Philippine Bill of 1902 the first organized act of the Philippines and it provided for the administration of civil
government in the Philippines.

William Howard Taft chairman of second the Philippine Commission recognized the independence of the
Philippines.

Jacob Schurman became chairman of the First Philippine Commission.

U.S. President William McKinley proclaimed the policy “Benevolent Assimilation”. He emphasized that the
Filipinos would be trained for self- government.

The Filipinization policy expressed American intention of training Filipinos for self-government. As early as
1900, Filipinos were allowed to take over positions in municipal, provincial, and national government. By
1901, Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Partial free trade was
established when the United States Congress approved in August 1909, the Payne-Aldrich Act. By this law,
the American goods of all kinds and in unlimited quantities could enter the Philippines free of duty.

The promise of independence was contained in Jones Law of [Link] the passage of the Hare-Hawes
Cutting Law, a ten-year transition period was provided. This independence law was later amended by the
Tydings-McDuffie Law.

Positive results of the American occupation:

a. Universal education was stressed.
b. Public health and welfare was carried to the remote barrio.
c. Commerce, industry and trade were requested.
d. Basic individual freedom were respected.
e. Transportation and communication were greatly improved.
f. Political consciousness was developed through introduction of American political institution and
practices.

Negative results:
a. The general economic dependence on the United States
b. Partial loss of the racial heritage
c. The continuance of the colonial mentality
d. Distorted sense of values
The inauguration of the Commonwealth government on November 15, 1935 marked the beginning of the
ten-year transition period. Manuel L. Quezon as a President launched the Social Justice to the common
tao.

G. JAPANESE OCCUPATION

On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii. This marked the start of
World War II in the Pacific. As early as September 1, 1939, war started in Europe when Germany invaded
Poland.

Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after the fall of Bataan April 9 and fall of Corregidor May 6
from 1942 to [Link] Filipino experienced the extreme brutality of the Japanese. Liberation of the
Filipinos came with the return of Gen. Douglas McArthur. Japan finally surrendered after Hiroshima (August
6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) were destroyed by atomic bombs.

The return of the Commonwealth government was established with President Sergio Osmena who died in
New York in 1944. In 1946, election for republican government was held and Manuel Roxas won as
president.

Given these historical experiences of contact with the Asian neighbors and the western colonizers, the
present Filipino has imbibed both cultures of the east and the west. Her oriental characteristics are very
much manifested in her strong link to family and the respect accorded to them.

Despite her being liberal-minded because of American democratic influence, yet her Christian orientation
instilled in her by the Spaniard and the influence of other religion enables her to confront the present,
social, political, and economic problems that comes her way. The Filipino emerges strong in times of crises
for religion has taught her to have hope and to have concern for others who are in need.

H. POSTWAR ADMINISTRATION

1. Pres. Manuel Roxas –July 4, 1946 - April 15, 1948

Roxas declared amnesty for those arrested for collaborating with the Japanese during World War II.
When the Philippines gained independence from the United States on July 4, 1946, he became
first president of the New Republic. He worked for the reconstruction and rehabilitation on the war
damaged country. His problem was compounded by the subversive activities of the Huk (formerly a
guerrilla government “HUKBALAHAP”). He died without finishing his term.

2. Pres. Elpidio Quirino – April 18, 1948 – December 30, 1953

Minimized the Huk problems with the help of Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay. Established
Law Settlement and Development Corporation (LASEDECO) for landless farmers and Huk
surrenderees.

3. Pres. Ramon Magsaysay – December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957

“Man of the Masses”. He promised to give the common tao justice. Established the NARRA
(NATIONAL REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATIONS) to continue the
resettlement program of previous administrations.

4. Pres. Carlos Garcia – December 30,1957 – December 30,1961

Famous for his “Filipino First” policy and Austerity program. This policy favored Filipino businessmen
over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the
Chinese businessmen in the country. He also made a program focused on thriftiness.

5. Pres. Diosdado Macapagal – December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965

The most radical Agrarian Reform Law, Agricultural Land, Reform Code, was signed by him. This
provided the abolition of tenancy, changed the date of celebration of Philippine Independence from
July 4 to June 12. His administration was also known for Harry Stonehill Scandal.

6. Pres. Ferdinand Marcos – December 30, 1965 – December 30, 1986

Promised to make his country “great again”. Ruled for about 20 years during this time:

a. Worked for the changing of the 1934 Constitution and the result was the Constitution of 1973
providing for a parliamentary government.
b. Declared Martial Law 1972 because of deteriorating peace and order situation in our country.
c. Abolished Congress upon declaration of Martial Law. The later part of his regime was popularly
known as dictatorial regime.
d. Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983 which generated protest and demonstration that
culminated in the EDSA Revolution where People’s Power was manifested. This put to an end
the 20 year rule of Marcos. Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino assumed the presidency
in February 25, 1986.
7. Pres. Corazon Aquino - February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992
First woman president in the Philippines. Restored democracy:

a. Holding election for Congress and Local government.

b. Framed and ratified the Constitution of 1987.
c. Restored freedom of press and speech.
d. Released political prisoners.
e. Worked for economic recovery.

8. Pres. Fidel V. Ramos – June 30, 1992 – June 30,1998

Known for his “Philippines 2000”which is meant to make the Philippines an economically developed
country and make it globally competitive.

FIVE POINT PROGRESS:

a. Peace and stability
b. Economic growth and sustainable development
c. Energy and power generation
d. Environmental protection
e. Streamedlined Bureaucracy

9. Pres. Joseph Estrada – June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001

Known for his “Erap para sa Mahirap” program, which focuses on alleviating the socio-economic
conditions of the poor. His flagship is “Jeep ni Erap”. He was impeached on November but in
January People Power II took place when to the senators voted not to open an envelope containing
the evidences against him.

10. Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – January 20, 2001

She was former Vice-President and concurrent Secretary of Social Welfare and Development. She
assumed presidency by virtue of People Power II Revolution or EDSA II. Her vision for the country
as “building a strong republic throughout her tenure”. Her agenda consists of building up a strong
bureaucracy, lowering crime rates, increasing tax collection, improving economic growth and
intensifying counter terrorism efforts. Her tenure is marked by charges of corruption scandals.

11. Pres. Benigno Simeon Aquino III

Son of the two Filipino icons of democracy. Vowed to fight corruption and establish transparency in
governance. Won in the first ever automated election.
SUMMARY:

About the Philippines

Bodies of Water
The Philippines boast of many different kinds of natural water forms, such as bays, rivers, lakes falls,
gulfs, straits, and swamps. Because it is made up of islands, the country's coastline, if laid end-to-end,
would measure around 17.5 thousand kilometers. The Philippines is blessed with excellent natural
harbors for ports like Manila Bay. Other excellent harbors with port potentials are found in Ilocos,
Pangasinan, Visayas, and Mindanao. The three largest rivers in the country are the Cagayan River in
Northern Luzon, the Rio Grande de Mindanao, and the Agusan River, also in Mindanao. Also
noteworthy in terms of size are the Agno, Pasig, Angat Pampanga, and Bicol rivers in Luzon. Most
popular among tourist is the famous underground river in Palawan. Aside from rivers, the country also
abounds with lakes. Easily the most famous is the heart-shaped Laguna de Bay. Other famous lakes
are Taal in Batangas, Sampaloc in Laguna, Buhi and Bulusan in Bicol, Naujan in Mindoro oriental, and
Lanao and Mainit in Mindanao. Generating power for the Nation’s growth are the magnificent waterfalls
that serve as tourist attractions, as well. The biggest is waterfalls is the Maria Cristina falls, it can be
found in the North Western part of Lanao province in Mindanao, while the most popular is Pagsanjan
falls in Laguna, where tourist came in droves.

Natural Resources
The Philippines is rich in natural resources. It has fertile, arable lands,
diverse flora and fauna, extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits.
About 30% of the land area of the country was determined be
geologically prospective by the Philippine Mines and Geo-Sciences
Bureau. But Only 1.5% of country's land area is covered with mining
permits. Despite the rich natural resources of the Philippines, the
government is restricting its exploitation. A logging ban is imposed on
many areas of the country and only in select areas are "sustainable
logging" allowed. However illegal logging and small-scale illegal mining
continues is many areas. In July 2012, President Benigno Aquino III
ordered a stop to all mining activities in all (78 areas) protected and eco-
tourism sites. A positive step in the right direction to protect the natural
resources of the Philippines.

Our Land
The Philippines’ primary source of livelihood is its fertile land. Rich, wide plains suitable for farming are
found in the Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, South western Bicol, Panay, Negros, Davao, Cotabato,
Agusan and Bukidnon. The country ‘s six major crops
are rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abaca and tobacco. Except for rice and corn, all these products are
exported, along with bananas and pineapples.

Our Forests
The Philippines also boasts of wide tracts of lush, green forests. In fact, almost half of the country’s
total land area is forested. Sixty percent of these forests are found in Mindanao.

Mineral resources
Except for petroleum and a number of metals, mineral resources abound in Philippine soil. The
country’s mineral deposits can be classified into metals and non-metals. Our metal deposits are
estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal deposits are projected at 19.3 billion metric
tons. Nickel ranks first in terms of deposits and size, it is found in Surigao del Norte, Davao, Palawan,
Romblon and Samar. Iron is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato.
While copper in Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros. Among non-metal deposits, the
most abundant are cement, lime, and marble. Other non-metals include asbestos, clay, guano,
asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble.

Fishery Resources
With its territorial waters measuring as much as 1.67 million square kilometers and located in the
worlds fishing center, the Philippines is definitely rich in marine resources. Of the 2,400 fish species
found in the country. 65 have good commercial value. Other marine products include corals, pearls,
crabs and seaweeds. Some of the countries best salt water fishing area’s are found in Sintangki Island
in Sulu Estancia in Bohol, Malampaya in Palawan, Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan, San Miguel lake in
Camarines Norte, Bantayan Channel in Cebu, and the seas of Quezon and Sorsogon.

On the other hand, among our biggest fisher water fishing areas are Laguna de Bay, Bombon Lake in
Batangas, Bato Lake in Canmarines Sur, Naujan Lake in Mindoro and Mainit lake in Agusan del
Norte. Continue to Early Filipino.
PLEASE EVALUATE THIS MODULE!
In the scale of 1 to 3 where 1 is lowest and 3 is highest, how much have
you learned in this module? 1 – I did not learn anything in this module 2 – I
learned a little in this module 3 – I learned a lot in this module.
CRITERIA EXCELLENT VERY GOOD NEED PRACTICE
5PTS. 3PTS. 1PT.
Skills All skills from the topic Some skills from the Few or no skill from the
are properly applied. topic are properly topic is applied.
applied.
Content The output The output and effort The output and effort
and effort are complete. are incomplete.
exceeds the
expectations.
Correctness The module is free The module contains The module is full of
from error. minimal error. error.

SELF ASSESSMENT OF ONE’S READINESS

TO DO AN ASSESSMENT TASK

Well, more examples OMG, I still need help

Easy, I get it please
.

Skills

Content

Correctness
 I – MULTIPLE CHOICE. Analyze the following statements and
infer the correct answer. From the given options, encircle the letter
that corresponds to the right answer.
.

ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

A. If both sentences are wrong

1. [Link] pre-colonial
religious periodoccurred
schism which the socio-political unit during
in our country was thethe
barangay, from the resulted
1896-Revolution Malay term balangay,
in the meaning
formation in a a
boat. During
religious colonial known
sect popularly period,today
several
as:forms of government were established in the Philippines. Which among the
following was
A. Iglesia ni Cristonot a form of government during colonial Church
C. Anglican period?
A.B. Puppet
Philippine Independent Church C.
[Link]
Evangelist Church
B. Democratic Republic D. Centralized colonial government

2. The reformist who formed the Propaganda Movement used the pen to expose the abuses of the Spaniards. The
following are reformists except?
A. Dr. Jose Rizal C. Emilio Aguinaldo
B. Marcelo H. Del Pilar D. Graciano Lopez Jaena

3. Which of the following is a negative result of American colonization?

A. Progress in Education C. Improvement of Public Health and Welfare
B. Continuance of Colonial Mentality D. Development of Transpo & Community

4. What is the major program of President Carlos P. Garcia which is similar to present administration program?
A. Land to the landless C. Reconstruction & Reconciliation
B. Filipino first policy D. Philippines 2000

5. The emergence of Filipino nationalism came as a response to a long period of Spanish misrule that hampered
political and economic development. Which of the following is not contributing factor to the development of Filipino
nationalism?
A. Personal Grievances C. Racial Prejudice
B. Secularization Controversy D. Rise of the Middle Class

6. The ancient custom of arranging marriages of children by the parents came from the influence of?
A. Japanese C. Chinese
B. Borneans D. Indians

7. Different methods were used by the Filipinos to fight against the Japanese. One of these is the use of art to
express their feelings against the Japanese government. The arts evolved while it is being used against the
Japanese?
A. The arts is part of culture that is developed by events in its environment
B. The Filipinos love the arts
C. The Filipinos fought for their freedom
D. The Filipinos are free to express their feelings

8. Examine/Evaluate the two sentences of every number

A. If the first sentence is wrong and the second sentence is wrong
B. If the first sentence is wrong and the second is right
C. If both sentences are correct
D. If both sentences are wrong

9. The religious schism which occurred in our country during the 1896-Revolution resulted in the formation in a
religious sect popularly known today as:
A. Iglesia ni Cristo C. Anglican Church
B. Philippine Independent Church D. Evangelist Church
10. The president who ordered the immediate deportation of Harry Stonehill, an American arrested by National
Bureau of Investigation.
A. Carlos P. Garcia C. Elpidio Quirino
B. Diosdado Macapagal D. Manuel Roxas

11. The American promise of granting independence to the Filipinos after a transition period was contained in the
following legislation except
A. Jones Law C. Philippine Bill of 1902
B. Hare-Hawes Cutting Law D. Tydings McDuffie Law

12. A law passed on May 1939 which punished Filipinos who allowed themselves to be used as fronts by alien
businessmen and investors.
A. Immigration law C. Indigenous Protection Law
B. Economic Protection law D. Anti-Dummy Law

13. Which law prohibited the display of all flags, banners, symbol and other paraphernalia used by the resistance
against the US?
A. Jones Law C. Maura Law
B. Flag Law D. Tydings McDuffie Law

14. The law providing greater protection for tenants by granting them freedom to choose the system of tenancy under
which they would want to work.
A. Land Tenancy Act C. Agricultural Tenancy Act
B. Land Grant Act D. Tenants Freedom Act

15. Agreement between the US and the Philippines wherein the former would withdraw and surrender all rights and
possessions, supervision, jurisdictions, control or sovereignty over the Philippines
A. Treaty of General Relations C. Treaty of Withdrawal of Authority
B. Treaty of Sovereignty D. Treaty of Surrender

16. American governor-Geberal in whose administration saw the resignation of all Filipino cabinet members, thus
precipitating the “cabinet crisis”
A. Cameron Forbes C. Elwell Otis
B. Benjamin Harrison D. Leonard Wood

17. The Propaganda Movement was example of the Filipino’s expression of Nationalism. However, most people of
today doubt that the nationalistic intention of the propaganda due to its non-advocacy of
A. Assimilation C. Generation of the Phil. From Spain
B. Reform in the Administration D. Annexation of the Philippines
C.
18. Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in history during Japanese occupation of the Philippines?
A. Battle for Leyte Gulf C. Battle of Samar
B. Battle of Surigao Gulf D. Battle of Cape Engano

19. This law provided that American good of all kinds and in unlimited quantities could enter the Philippines free duty
A. Payne-Aldrich Act C. Hare Hawes Cutting Act
B. Tydings McDuffie Law D. Jones Law

20. The conflict among the most powerful countries gave way to the start of Japanese period which caused damages
to the Philippines. In your own opinion, how can you prevent the conflicts with other people?
A. Respect individual differences
B. Believe that you are superior than others
C. Impose your principles in life to others
D. Avoid sensitive topics
21. Veneration of spirits was common among ancient Filipinos. Memories of their dead relatives were kept alive
through carved idols. This practice is called
A. Cult of the dead C. Nature of Worship
B. Mass of the dead D. Divination

22. He promised to “make this country great again” and ruled for about 20 years.
A. Diosdado Macapagal C. Ramon Magsaysay
B. Ferdinand Marcos D. Carlos Garcia

23. In the “Death March” prisoners were forced to march from Bataan to this place.
A. [Link], Bulacan C. Lipa, Batangas
B. Imus, Cavite D. San Fernando, Pampanga

24. Who among the following became the chairman of the first Philippine Commission?
A. William H. Taft C. Jacob Schurman
B. Dean Worcester D. Luke Wright

25. After the Filipino-American War, the Americans imposed restriction on Filipinos. The ten-year period was referred
to as period of suppressed nationalism and one policy during this time was reconcentration. Which of the
following refers to reconcentration?
A. Formulation of Federal Party
B. Capture of rebel leaders
C. Restriction in membership in armed band
D. Settlement of Filipinos on one area
ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

1. The public announcer of the barangay who announces the promulgation of the new rules and regulations.
A. Trial by Ordeal C. Umalohokan
B. Judicial D. Succession

2. The practice of having surnames was started during Spanish regime through the order of
A. Governor Gen. Claveria C. Governor Gen. Dela Torre
B. Governor Gen. Polavieja D. Governor Gen. Juadrones

3. Which of the following sporadic uprising is considered as the longest revolt?

A. Bankaw C. Tamblot
B. Dagohoy D. Magalat

4. The form of government established by Aguinaldo was changes from dictatorial to

A. Democratic C. Republic
B. Socialist D. Revolutionary

5. The first Filipino who effectively repelled Spanish aggressor was

A. Humabon C. Lapu-Lapu
B. Sulayman D. Lakandula
6. Which of the following does not belong to the social transformation that took place as a result of Spanish Colonization?
A. Adoption of fiesta to honor patron saints
B. Giving Spanish surname to Filipinos
C. Introduction of Gregorian Calendar
D. Introduction of crops and fruit trees- that came from Mexico

7. The Filipino is a product of a mixture of races and blending of Eastern and Western culture but he is basically a
A. Mestizo C. Indonesian
B. Chinese D. Malay

8. The oldest University in the Philippines founded by Dominicans in 1611 is

A. Ateneo de Manila C. San Ignacio
B. San Juan de Letran D. Santo Tomas

9. In 1565 Legaspi concluded a blood compact with the chief of Bohol named
A. Raja Tupas C. Sikatuna
B. Rajah Sulayman D. Lakandula

10. Sporadic uprisings started as early 1574 by Lakandula and Sulayman were followed by Magalat, Tamblot, Bankaw,
Dagohoy and Diego Silang. These revolts were merely failure. In your own opinion, how can you prevent sporadic
revolts to become failure?
A. Initiative C. Respect for others
B. National Unity D. Hospitality

11. If a freemen married a dependent, their only child would become

A. A freemen C. Noble
B. Dependent D. Half free and half dependent

12. He is known for his “Philippine 2000” which is meant to make the Philippines as an economically developed country.
A. Ferdinand Marcos C. Diosdado Macapagal
B. Fidel Ramos D. Joseph Estrada
13. Which of the following example shows the heroism of the Filipinos during Japanese period in the Philippines?
A. Support for KALIBAPI C. Defending Bataan
B. Being a Makapili D. Cooperation with the kempetai

14. “The Man of the Masses”, he promised to give the common tao justice
A. Manuel Roxas C. Ramon Magsaysay
B. Elpidio Quirino D. Cooperation with the kenpetais

15. For two centuries the chief source of official and individual income in the Philippines was the
A. Obias Pias C. Royal Company of the Philippines
B. Tobacco monopoly D. Galleon trade

16. First woman President who restored democracy in the Philippines as an economically developed country.
A. Melchora Aquino C. Imelda Marcos
B. Corazon Aquino D. Gregoria de Jesus

17. The Spanish official who was empowered to remove, suspend or impose penalties upon erring officials
A. Visitador general C. Gobernadorcillo
B. Governor-general D. Corregidor

18. In order to show that God always took the side of the innocent the early Filipinos resorted to trial
A. By number of witness C. By verbal ability
B. By ordeal D. By jury

19. Who was instructed to prepare the groundwork for the gradual Filipinization of the government?
A. Hare-Hawes C. Taft
B. Schurman D. Tydings McDuffie Law

20. The cabinet member of the Quezon administration who was told by the President to stay and meet the Japanese while
the latter would flee to Corregidor
A. Benigno Aquino Sr. C. Jose P. Laurel
B. Jose Abad Santos D. Jorge Vargas

21. The meaning of “Kempetai”

A. Military Police C. Japanese soldiers
B. Military Agent D. Guerillas

22. The American introduction of the democratic ideas made Filipinos aware of their rights as citizen of the Philippines.
Which of the following rights shows abused of freedom?
A. Right to vote during elections
B. Right to be elected to office
C. Right to express grievances through demonstrations even if traffic is disrupted
D. Right to own properties anywhere in the Philippines.

23. What have been the negative effects of the Christian orientation of the Filipinos by the Spaniards in terms of their
attitude towards life?
A. The Filipinos tend to be resigned to fate that befall them.
B. The Filipinos became spiritual.
C. The Filipinos became charitable.
D. The Filipinos became conscious of their moral responsibilities.

24. Barangay was the unit of government during pre-colonial period. Which of the following does not describe to the form
of government in the colonial period?
A. Centralized government
B. Civil government
C. Puppet government
D. Democratic Republic government

25. The president famous for the “Filipino First Policy” and Austerity Program is
A. Ramon Magsaysay
B. Diosdado Macapagal
C. Carlos Garcia
D. Manuel Roxas
CLOSING PRAYER:

CLOSING PRAYER:

CLOSING PRAYER: ”

REFERERENCCES
REFERENCES: General Education,
A reviewer for the Licensure Examination for
Teachers
Copyright 2014
By Philippine Normal University