Browser
It is also known as Web browser. A client software
o The worldwide collection of networks, program that runs against a Web server or other
gateways, servers, and computers using a Internet server and enables a user to navigate the
common set of telecommunications protocols World Wide Web (WWW) to access and display data.
to link them together.
o It is the largest network in the world that Search Engines
connects hundreds of thousands of individual
networks all over the world. It is a software program that helps people find the
information they are looking for online using keywords
Internet is an Information Highway or phrases.
o Rather than moving through geographical IP Address
space, it moves your ideas and information
through cyberspace - the space of electronic Each computer on the internet does have a unique
movement of ideas and information. identification number, called an IP (Internet Protocol)
address.
The IP addressing system currently in use on the
Internet uses a four-part number.
Uniform Resource Locators
The IP address and the domain name each identify a
particular computer on the Internet. However, they do
not indicate where a Web page's HTML document
How Internet Works resides on that computer.
o Clients To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers
- Computers setup to access services rely on Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
through the Internet.
- Used to view web pages, videos, or read
emails.
o Routers
- Devices which help information get to
where it needs to be across the internet.
- To help routers send information to the
correct location, all devices on the internet
have an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
o Servers Domain Name
- Computers setup to provide internet
Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate
services, such as world wide web, email, or
websites and individual pages. They use domain name
online games.
addressing.
o Domain name servers(dns)
- Are type of servers which provide the IP A domain name is a unique name associated with a
address of the web server holding the specific IP address by a program that runs on an
website. Internet host computer.
- For example, a DNS could provide the IP
address [Link] for the server
holding [Link] webpage.
Internet Terms
WWW
o The World Wide Web (WWW), or web,
consists of a worldwide collection of
electronic documents (webpages).
o W3 is the most popular and promising
method of organizing and accessing
information on the Internet.
o World Wide Web uses HTTP Servers.
o Receive HTTP type request and send
requested file in packets
Online System
An online system is a state of connectivity to the Type of information with risk
cyberspace through a medium of internet or computer
network. o Name of mother and father
o Siblings' name
o Address
o Phone number
o Birthday
o Email Address
o Your name
o Mobile number
Tips to stay safe online
o Be mindful on what you shared online
o Do not just accept terms and conditions, read
it.
o Do not share your password to anyone.
o Do not talk to strangers and accept to your
social media accounts.
o Avoid visiting not trusted websites. If you have
WIFI at home, make it private by adding
password
o Install and update an antivirus software on
your computer.
o Avoid downloading anything from not trusted
websites.
o Do not reply or click links from suspicious
links.
What is computer ethics?
Computer ethics refers to a collection of widely
accepted principles that dictate how computers should
be utilized. Similar to ethics in a broader sense,
computer ethics serves as a set of philosophical
principles or moral guidelines that seek to shape
behavior and prevent harm.
Concerns and considerations
Numerous ethical issues have emerged in computing
and IT, notably due to the internet, social media, and
advanced Al and machine learning algorithms.
Computer crime
Cybercrime adapts swiftly with technology, involving
hacking, malware, phishing, and identity theft,
enabling financial fraud and data theft.
Privacy and security
People value digital security, anonymity, information
ethics, and online privacy. But threats like covert
online tracking by companies and cyberbullying by
individuals pose significant concerns.
Intellectual property
Digital content theft and unauthorized sharing,
spanning art, media, software, and innovation, persist
as online issues.
The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics o Security is recognized as essential to protect
vital processes and the systems that provide
1. those processes
2. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other o Security is not something you buy; it is
people. something you do
3. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's
computer work. Information Security
4. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's
computer files. o The architecture where an integrated
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. combination of appliances, systems and
6. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false solutions, software, alarms, and vulnerability
witness. scans working together
7. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary o Monitored 24/7
software for which you have not paid (without o Having People, Processes, Technology, policies,
permission). procedures
8. Thou shalt not use other people's computer o Security is for PPT and not only for appliances
resources without authorization or proper or devices
compensation.
Information Security
9. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's
intellectual output. o Computers and digital devices are becoming
10. Thou shalt think about the social integral to conducting business
consequences of the program you are writing o Which also makes them a target of attack
or the system you are designing. o Devices needs to be secured
11. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways o Networks that computers and devices use
that ensure consideration and respect for should also be secured
other humans.
CIAA
Information
What is information?
It is an asset which, like other important business
assets, has value to an organization and consequently
needs to be suitably protected.
Information Life Cycle
Confidentiality - restrict access to authorized
Information can be: individuals
o Created Integrity data has not been altered in an unauthorized
o Stored manner
o Destroyed
Availability - information can be accessed and modified
o Processed
by authorized individuals in an appropriate timeframe
o Transmitted
o Used - (For proper & improper purposes) Tools for Information Security
o Corrupted
o Lost o Authentication
o Stolen o Access Control
o Encryption
Information Types o Passwords
o Backup
o Printed or written on paper
o Firewalls
o Stored electronically
o Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
o Transmitted by post or using electronics
o Physical Security
means
o Security Policies
o Shown on corporate videos
o Displayed/published on web Authentication
o Verbal - spoken in conversations
Persons accessing the information is who they say they
Information Security are
What is information security? Factors of identification:
o The quality or state of being secure to be free o Something you know - user ID and password
from danger o User ID identifies you while the password
o Security is achieved using several strategies authenticates you Easy to compromise if weak
o Security is achieved using several strategies password
simultaneously or used in combination with o Something you have - key or card
one another o Can be lost or stolen
o Something you are - physical characteristics A good backup plan requires:
(i.e., biometrics)
o Much harder to compromise o Understanding of the organizational
o A combination of at least 2 factors is information resources
recommended o Regular backups of all data
o Offsite storage of backups
Access Control o Test of the data restoration
o Once authenticated - only provide access to Complementary practices:
information necessary to perform their job
duties to read, modify, add, and/or delete o UPS systems
information by: o Backup processing sites
o Access control list (ACL) created for each
Firewalls
resource (information)
➢ List of users that can read, write, o Can be a piece of hardware and/or software
delete or add information o Inspects and stops packets of information that
➢ Difficult to maintain all the lists don't apply to a strict set of rules
o Role-based access control (RBAC) o Inbound and outbound
➢ Rather than individual lists o Hardware firewalls are connected to the
➢ Users are assigned to roles network
➢ Roles define what they can access o Software firewalls run on the operating system
➢ Simplifies administration and intercepts packets as they arrive to a
computer
Encryption
o Can implement multiple firewalls to allow
An algorithm (program) encodes or scrambles segments of the network to be partially
information during transmission or storage secured to conduct business
o Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) watch for
Decoded/unscrambled by only authorized individuals specific types of activities to alert security
to read it personnel of potential network attack
Encryption Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
How is this done? o Some systems can be made private using an
internal network to limit access to them
Both parties agree on the encryption method (there are o Can't be accessed remotely and are more
many) using keys secure
o Requires specific connections such as being
o Symmetric key - sender and receiver have the
onsite
key which can be risky
o VPN allows users to remotely access these
o Public Key - use a public and private key
systems over a public network like the Internet
where the public key is used to send an
o Bypasses the firewall
encrypted message and a private key that the
o Encrypts the communication or the data
receiver uses to decode the message
exchanged
Passwords
Personal Information Security
Single-factor authentication (user ID/password) is the
Simple steps that individuals can take to be more
easiest to break
secure:
Password policies ensure that this risk is minimized by
o Keep your software up to date
requiring:
o Install antivirus software
o A certain length to make it harder to guess o Use public networks carefully
o Contain certain characters - such as upper o Backup your data
and lower case, one number, and a special o Secure your accounts with two-factor
character authentication
o Changing passwords regularly and do not a o Make your passwords long, unique, and strong
password to be reused o Be suspicious of strange links and
o Employees do not share their password attachments
o Notifying the security department if they feel
their password has been compromised.
o Yearly confirmation from employees that they
understand their responsibilities
Backup
o Important information should be backed up
and store in a separate location
o Very useful in the event that the primary
computer systems become unavailable