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S.L. Arora

DHANPAT RAI & Co

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 Preface to the Ninth Edition
The author is highly grateful to the readers for the book continues to enjoy the popularity for the last several
years, In fact, this book is an outcome of continuous feedback and suggestions from the esteemed colleagues
and students. Many readers have als0 sent in compliments, suggestions and pointed out some printing errors
The author is highly thankful to allof them. Every effort has been made to incorporate their suggestions and to
remove these errors in the present edition. Anewsection of OT0s (Objective Type Ouestions) has been added
in each chapter. This section includes Multiple Choice Type,Completion Type, True/False Type and Matching
Type Questions. All chapters have been updated with questions from the latest examinations of Delhi
Government Schools and Central Schools, In the present edition of the book, a vast variety of questions from
the latest entrance examinations of JEE Advance, JEE Main, AlIMS and NEET have been added. It is hoped that
the present edition will fulfill the multiple needs of the readers as far as the school and competitive
examinations are concerned. Suggestions for the further improvement of the book shal be gratefuly received
and acknowledged.

May, 2021 AUTHOR

Preface to Third Edition

The author feels pleasure in presenting to you the thoroughly revised and enhanced edition of the book
Encouraged by the warm response to the previous edition of the book and on the persistent demand of the
readers, a 'Competition Section' has been added in each chapter. This section includes systematically
arranged all'Multiple Choice Questions' which have been asked in the previous competitive examinations of
iIT, AIEEE, DCE,G.G.S. Indraprastha University Engineering Entrance Exam, AllMS, CBSE PMT, DPMT, VMMC,
etc. Answers and detailed explanations of these questions have been provided in the book. Asincere attempt
has been made to corelate these problems with the concepts already learnt by the students in the concerned
chapter. It is sincerely believed that students will be able to learn this competitive section themselves alongwith
their CBSE syllabus in'a spontaneous manner without feeling any hardship which is otherwise generally
considered a tedious job. It is earnestly hoped that this feature of the book will highly enhance its utility.
The author is highly thankful to all those colleagues and students from different parts of the country who sent
their compliments and suggestions through the E-mails from time-to-time. Any suggestion towards the
further improvement of the book shall be gratefully received and acknowledged.
AUTHOR
 This book is an humble attempt at
Pretace
presenting to the students of class Xtheir complete syllabus

toCRSEmaken aphysics
and coordinated manner. The book, based
clear-cutlearning
on NCERT pattern, has been
carefulpreyscrdesiibedged
by
as easy and straight forward as possible. The present book is the outcOrne of the
with his students for more than twenty five years
author's consistent interaction in the classroom
that there is a wide gap between the syllabi of secondary and senior secondary classes, the author has Obsereng
developed the subject matter from the very basic principles of physics. At having
every stage, student's
'wys
hows have been anticipated and fully answered so that
even the students weak
background of and
and mathematics mayeasily learn the advanced concepts of
physics. piyscs
Some of the distinguishing features of the book are :
manner strictly in accordance with the cRsk
1 The subject matter has been arranged in a systematic
syllabus.
easily understandable.
2. The language used in the book is simple, lucid and
the entire chapter. These can be used for
3. 'Glimpses given in each chapter provide an insight into
quick revision also.
are neat, explicit, well-labelled
4. The book contains a very large number of illustrative diagrams. They
and can be easily resketched by the students.
topics have been given under
5. Avery large number of solved and unsolved numerical problems on all
hoped, doubtlessly, that after a
the appropriate articles for the guidance of the students. It is
will build up in him to
student goes through the solved examples of any topic, sufficient confidence
hints or complete
work out unsolved problems of that topic. To further help the students, useful
exercise.
solutions of difficult problems have been given at the end of each
information to the
6. 'For Your Knowledge boxes given in the book at many places provide additional
students which may prove useful for competitive examinations.
based
7. Another special feature of the book is that it contains a very large number of reasoning
Conceptugl
solved problems in the sections "Very Short Answer Conceptual Problems' and 'Short Answer
Problerns'.
vast collection
8. At the end of each chapter, there is a Text Based Exercise'. Each exercise includes a
of questions asked in previous examination papers of CBSE, ISCE and many other State Boards of
India. The exercise has been split into three sections : (a) Type A contains very short answer
questions, each carrying 1 mark; (b) Type Bcontains short answer questions, each carrying 2 or 3
marks and (c) Type Ccontains long answer questions, each carrying 5 marks. Answers of all these
questions have been provided at the end of each section.

Ishallfeel amply rewarded for the time and labour Ihave put in during the preparation of this volume, if the
students and their teachers find it adequate for their requirements. I need hardly add that suggestions and
constructive criticism to improve the book further will be gratefully accepted and incorporated in the next
edition of the book.

AUTHOR
 Acknowledgements
ist of all, Iwould like to express mv heartiest oratitude to my elder brother Mr. Ram Lal Arora, a renowned
mathematics teacher and author under whose utmost care Ihave grown up as astudent, ateacher and as an
author.
TexpresS my deep regards for Mr. Jagdish Kapur and Mr Gagan Kapur, Dhanpat Rai and Co., who always
encourage me and take keen interest in the every new proiect. Thanks to my friend Prof. R.S. Saini who
thoroughly read the final proofs of the book and gave many useful suggestions.
Sincere thanks to my nephew, Mr. Sandeep Arora. for his commitment and dedication in taking care of every
aspect of the production work.
Bhupesh who
Tpay artection for my wife Mrs. Kanta Arora who keeps me inspiring and children Kapila and
every year help me in collecting and sorting questions asked in previous competitive and board examinations.
Tam thankful to my son-in-lawEr. Puneet Arora whose off and on interaction makes me free from
woridly
tensions. Thanks also to my daughter-in-law Dr, Nidhi Arora for reading the changes done in the present
blissful hands are
edition of the book. Ihave deep regards for my brother-in-law Dr. Sushil Kumar, whose
always on my shoulders in the hour of any difficulty or health problem.

S.L. ARORA
[Link] @[Link]

To My Grandchildren Jivin and Nayraa

whose smiling faces always inspire me.
God bless them!
 Tine3 Hours THEORY SylMarabyske 70
Unit Marks
Physical World and Measurement

Kinematics 223

Laws of Motion

IV. Work, Energy and Power

V. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body 17

VL Gravitation
VIL. Properties of Bulk Matter
VIIL. Thermodynamics 20

DX. Behaviour of Perfect Gases & Kinetic Theory of Gases

X Oscillations and Waves 10

UNIT I PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT 10 Periods

Chapter 1 : Physical World. Physics-scope and excitement ; nature of physical laws ; Physics, technology and
society.
Chapter 2 :Units and Measurements. Need for Measurement ; Units of measurement ; Systems of units ; SI units,
Fundamental and derived units, Length, mass and time measurements ; Accuracy and precision of measuring
instruments, Errors in measurement ; Significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT II KINEMATICS 24 Periods

Chapter 3 : Motion in a Straight Line. Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line : Position-time graph, speed
and velocity.
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion,uniform and non-uniform motion,
average speed and instarntaneous velocity, Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time
graphs.
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Chapter 4: Motion in a Plane. Scalar and vector quantities : Position and displacement vectors, general vectors
and notation ; Equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by areal nurmber ; Addition and subtraction of vectors.
Relative velocity, Unit vector, Resolution of a vector in a plane, Rectangular components. Scalar and Vector products
of vectors.
Motion in a plane, Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration - Projectile motion. Uniform circular
motion.
Viii
 UNIT || LAWS OF MoTION 14Periods
Chapter 5tLaws of Motion.
Newton's second law of motion,Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton's first law of motion ; Momentum and
Law of conservation of linear Impulse : Newton's third law of
motion.
momentum
Equilibrium of concurrent forces : and its applications.
Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rollig friction, lubrication,
Dynamics of uniform circular motion : Centrinetal force. exAmnles of circular motion (vehicle on level
road, vehicle on banked road). crcular

UNIT IV WORK, ENERGY & PoWER 12 Periods

Chapter 6: Work, Energy and Power. Work
done by aconstant force and a variable force ; Kinetic energy.
Work-energy theorem, Power.
Notion of Potential energy, potential enerqyof a spring, conservative forces ; conservation of mechanical
energy
(Kimettc and potential energies), Non-conservative forces : Motion in a yertical circle ; Elastic and inelastic collisions
in one and two dimensions.

UNIT V MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES & RIGID 18 Periods

BODY
Chapter 7:System of Particles and Rotational Motion, Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum
conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body ; centre of mass of unirortt rou
Moment of a force, Torque, angular momentum, laws of conservation of anqular momentum and its applications
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparisorn of linear and
rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no
derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

UNIT VI GRAVITATION 12 Periods

Chapter 8: Gravitation. Keplar's laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation.
Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with the altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy : gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of satellite. Geosta
tionary satellites.

24 Periods
UNIT VII PROPERTIES OF BULK MATTER
Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Solids. Elastic behaviour, Stress-Strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's
modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio ;elastic energy.
Chapter 10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids. Pressure due to fluid column ; Pascal's law and its applications
(hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes' law, Terminal velocity, Streamline and turbulent flow, Critical velocity. Bernouli's theorem and
its applications.
applications of
Surface energy and surface tension, arngle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface,
surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Chapter 11 : ThermalProperties of Matter. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion ; Thermal expansion of solids,
liquids and gases, anomalous expansion of water ; specific heat capacity ; Cp, Cv - calorimetry ; change of state -
latent heat capacity.
Heat transfer - conduction, convection and radiation, thernal conductivity, qualitative ideas of Black body
radiation, Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law, Green house effect.
 No.
UNIT X UNIT
5 4 3 2 1 S. THERMODYNAMICS
UNIVI|T |
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4.26 4.25 4.20 4.19 4.15 4.15 4.14 3.71 3.66 3.54 3.44 3.42 3.39 3.37 3.34 3.34 3.33 3.25 3.24 275 2.69 2.62 254 253 250 248 248 242 240
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an 634
ChaptersAppendix Gravitational
Field
8.17 8.16 8.15 8.14 8.13 8.12 8.11 8.10 Theorenm
8.9 Shell8.8 8.7 8.6 8.5 Chapter &
Gravitational
Potential
8.20 8.19 8.18 8.4 8.3 82 8.1
Acceleration
Variations
Variation
Variation
(or Variation Evidences
ImportantVector
Principle Newton' Acceleration
and Gravityand
s Gravitation
Gravitational
Intensity Variation Variation Mass GravitationalForces
Rotation Weight
9 and Form
of of of
to Case : of of of of Density in Features in
Universal
15 'g' g g Due5uperposition of
Support
ofDue
Gravitational
Potential of g gAcceleration a
With With With The
due The With to
Body GRAVITATION
to
of
are Study
Earth)
toLatitudeShape Depth Altitude Gravity of Law Law Gravity
in the Gravitational of
Energy other of of
Vol. Field Due Earth of Law
Based of of GravitationGravitation
Factors The (Height) of
II to the Gravitation
Earth Gravity
Questions Earth Force

8.22 8.21 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.17 8.17 8.15 8.13 8.13 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.1 8.1

Weightlessnes5
8.33 8.32 5atellites
Polar
Geostationary
8.26 [Link]
25Orbital
8.27 5atellites 8.24 8.23 [Link]
2Escape
2 8.21
8.31 8.30 8.29 8.28
Exercises
Based Guidelines
Text(OTQs) Kepler'Theories
fromDerivation a
Total
s Satelliteof LaunchingNatural
Competition
Section Problems Short VeryInertial Deduction
Answer Short and
Kepler's Energy and
Objective Laws About
Answer
to onGravitational of of ofa
Artificial
Higher
NCERTConceptual Law s
Third Kepler' of and
Planetary
Planetary 5atellite
Type of Binding
Law Satellites
Exercises OrderConceptual Gravitation Laws
Questions Mas5 Motion Motion Energy
Problems
Thinking
Problems
A.A.317 - Skills 8.1-8.118

8.84 8.75 8.61 8.56 8.53 8.50 8.45 8.44 8.43 8.40 8.39 8.38 8.38 8.36 8.35 8.34 8.31 8.30 8.30 8.27
 CH A PT ER 0
Malhemalical
Tools

+6 =0.
Examplel. Solve the equation : 6x'-13x
0.1 ALGEBRA b= - 13, C=6
Solution. Here a =6,
Common ldentities
-bt /b-4ac +13 ± /169 4 x6x6
() (a+ by = a +2 ab+ b' =(a-b' +4ab X=
2a 2 x6
(ii) (a- b) =a' -2ab +b² =(a+ b)' -4ab
-

(in) a- b =(a + b) (a b) 13 ±/169 -144 13 ±5 18 8

12 12
(iv) (a+ b) =a' +3a'b +3ab' + b³ 12 12

=a +b +3ab(a +b) Or
3 2
b 2'3
() (a - b)³ =a-3ab + 3ab-
=a--3ab(a - b) Binomial Theorem
b²)
(vi) a'+ b' =(a + b)(a -ab + If n isany integer, positive or
negative, or a fraction
=(a+ bj' - 3ab(a + b) and x is any real number, then
(vi) a-b° =(a - b)(a' +ab
+b) n(7-1) (7 -2),34..
(1+ x)" =1+ nx +
- (a - b)' +3ab(a b) 2! 3!
+b?)
(vin) (a+ b) +(a - by²=2 (a where 2!=2 x 1, 3!=3x 2 x1
(ix) (a+bj' -(a-b) =4ab 2ab + 2bc +2aa In general, n!=n(n-1) (n-2)..3 x 2 x 1.
(x) (a+ b+ c' =a+ b² + c+ If |x|<<1 then (1+ x)' =1+ nx.
Quadratic Equation Example 2. The acceleration due to gravity at a
height h
of second degree is called a quadratic
An equation
the form
above the surface of the earth (radius = R) is given by
equation. It is of
ax + bx+c=0
equation are (R+ h?
The roots of a quadratic
-bt yb'- 4ac If h<< R, then show that :
X=
2a
(0.1)
 PHYSICSXI

If I is the length of an arc and is

Solution. ge the angle
subtended at the centre of the circle as shown in
Fig. 0.1, then
Arc
radian
Radius

Using Binomial theorem,

21

As he< R, h/ R is very small, so terms

higher powers of h/Rcan be neglected.
containing
Fig. 0.1
Angle subtended at the centre of the circle is
0.2 MENSURATION
Circumference 2 Tr
=2n radian
Important Formulae Radius
T radian= 180° =200 8
Circumference of a circle =2 r=D
1radian =
Area of a circle D² 57°91622" =63 63 64"
4
Trigonometrical Ratios
Surface area of asphere =4=D In right angled AOMP, of Fig.
4 and POM = 0. 0.2, ZOMP=90°
Volume of a sphere
Surface area of a cylinder
=2 rr + 2 rl =2 rr+ )
p
Volume of a cylinder
Curved surface area of a cone = Trl o8 90°dM
Volume of a cone
Volume of a cube
Surface area of a cube
1h
=(side)³ We can define the
Fig. 0.2

trigonometric ratios as follows:

=6x (side)'.
sine =Perpendicular PM
0.3 TRIGONOMETRY hypotenuse OP = Sin 0
Systems of Measurement of an Angle cosine 9 base OM
(i) Sexagesimal system. In this hypotenuse OP
system,
Iright angle =90° (degree)
tangent 0 = perpendicular PM = tan 0
1°=60 (minute) base OM
l=60" (second) COsecant 0 = hypotenuse OP
=COSec0
(ii) Centesimal system. In this perpendicular PM
system
1right angle =100 (grade) secant 9 ypotenuse Op
18 =100 (minute) = sec
base OM
I =100" (second) base OM
(ii) Circular system. In this system, the cotangent 0 = cot 0
is radian. unit of angle perpendicular PM
One radian is the angle subtended at the Fundamental Trigonometric Relations
by an arc whose length is equal centre of a circle 1. cosec =
1
sec 0 =
1 1
to the radius of the circle. sin 0 cOs 0
cot
tan 0
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 0.9
sin 0
2. tan 0 cot 0 =
COs 0
Some Important Trigonometrical Formulae
cos 0 sin 9
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B+ cos Asin B
3. sin 0+ cos0 =l, 1+ tan' 0 =sec0,
sin (A- B) = sin A cos B- cos A sin B
1+ cot0 = cOsec 0
cos (A + B) = cos Acos B- sin A sin B
T-ratios of Allied Angles cos(A - B) = cos A
cos B+ sin A sin B
sin (- 0) -sin 9 cosec (-0) =- cosec 0 tan A + tan B
cos (-0) = cos 0 tan (A + B) = 1- tan
sec (- 0) = sec 0 A tan B
tan (-0) =- tan 0 cot (-0) =- cot 0 tan A tan B
tan (A - B) = 1+ tan A tan B
sin (90° -) = cos 0 cosec (90° - 0) = sec 0
cos (90° -0) = sin 0 sec (90° - 0) = cosec 0 2 tan A
sin 2 A=2 sin Acos A=
tan (90° -0) = cot 0 cot (90° -0) = tan 0 1+ tanA

sin (90° + 0) = cos 0 cosec (90° + 0) = sec 0 cos 2 A= cos A- sinA=1-2 sin' A
cos (90°+0) =- sin 9 sec (90° + 0) =- cOsec 0
1- tan A
tan (90° + 0) =- cot 0 cot (90° + 0) =- tan 0 -2 cos A-1 =
1+ tanA
sin (180° -0) = sin 0 cosec (180°-0)= cosec 0 2 tan A
tan 2 A =
cos (180°-0) =- cos 0 sec (180°-0) =-sec 0 1- tanA
tan (180° - 0) = -tan cot (180°-0) =- cot 0
sin (A + B) + sin (A- B) =2 sin A cos B
sin (180° + 0) =-sin 0 cosec(180° + 0) =- cosec 0
sin (A + B)- sin (A- B) =2 cos A sin B
cos (180° + 0)=- cos 0 sec (180° + 0) =-sec 0
tan (180° + 0) = tan 9 cot (180° + 0) = cot 0 cos (A + B) + cos(A- B) =2 cos Acos B

sin (270° -0) =- cos 0 cosec (270° - 0) = - sec 0 cos (A + B) cos (A- B) = -2 sin A sin B
cos (270°- 0) =-sin 0 sec (270°-0) =-cosec 0 C+D C-D
sin C + sin D=2 sin COS
tan (270°- 0) = cot 0 cot (270° 0) = tan 0 2 2

cosec (270° + 0) =- sec 0 C+ D C- D

sin (270°+0) =-cos 0 sin C- sin D=2 cos Sin
2 2
cos (270 + 0) = sin 0 sec (270° + 0) = cosec 0
tan (270° + 0) =-cot 0 cot (270° + 0) =- tan 9 C+ D C- D
cOs C + cos D=2 cos COS
2
sin (360°- 0) =- sin cOsec(360° 0) =- COsec
C+D C- D
cos (360° - 0) = cos 0 sec (360° - 0)= sec cos C- cos D= -2 sin Sn
2
tan (360°- 0) =- tan 0 cot (360°-0) =-cot 0

Angles
Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Standard

60° 900 120° 135° 150° 180° 270° 360°

angle 0 0° 30° 45°

N3 1 1
1 1 V3 1 0 -1
sin 0 0
2 2 2 N2 2

1 1 1
V3 0 1 1
1 V2 2 2 2
2
8 1
1
0 1 V3 -V3 -1 0
tan 0 V3
 PHYSICS-XI
04 LOGARITHMS
(ii)
dx
(o)=e y
Definition of Logarithm dx
d
The logarithm of any number to a given base is the (ii)
power to which base must be raised to obtain that number
For example, 81 =3', we can say that the logarithm (iv) Let ytv, where Hand vare
of 81to the base 3 is equal to 4. dy du do functions of x
Symbolically, log,81 u4
Then dx dx dx
In general, if N=a, then log, N=x. (v) Product Rule.
The common logarithm of a number is the power to Let y0.
which 10must be raised to obtain that number. Then dy d
d
As
As
1000 = 10
a=1
1000 =3
log0 dx
F.F.

do
-(S.E)+ [Link])
dx
du
log, 1=0 + U
As a'=a dx dx
log, a =1
(vi) Quotient rule.
Logarithmic Formulae Let y=
Product formula :
log, mn= log, m+ log, 11 d d
Den
Quotient formula : Then dy dx (Num) -(Num) dx (Den)
dx
- (Den)
loga log, m- log, n du d
Power formula : dx dx
log, m" =n log, m
(vi) Chain rule. Let y be a function of u and ube a
Base change formula : function of x.
log, m=log, mx log, b Then dy dy du
dx du dx
0.5 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Let y=".
Differential Coefficient Then (u")= m-1 du
dx dx
Let y be a function of x ie., y =f (r)
Suppose the value of x increases by a smallamount (vii)
da
(log, x) =
Ax. Then the value of y also increases by a small
amount, say Ay. (ix)(log8,
dx x) =X-log, 4
The ratio Ay is called the average rate of change ofy
Ax ()
dx
(e') =e
with respect to x. d
(xi) -(a' )=a' log, 4
When Ar approaches zero, the limiting value of Ay dx
Ax d
(rii) (sin x)= COS X
is called diferential coeficient or derivative of y w.r.t. x dx
and is denoted by dy
dx (xii)
dx
-(cosx) =- sin x
Hence dy lim Ay
dx Ar’ 0 Ax (xiv) (tan x) =sec x
dx
Physically, the derivative dy gives the instantaneous (cot x) =- cosec x
dx (xv)
dx
rate of change of function ywith respect to variable x.
(rvi) (sec x) = secx tan x
Some Important Results on Differentiation dx
d d
() Let c be a constant. Then(c) (rvin) -(cosec x) =- cosec x cot x
=0 dx
dx
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 0.5

Example 3. Find
dy
for the following functions : (in) y- y4x-7 =(4r? -7)/2
da
1
Using chain rule,
0 y=+r+10 (i) y=x++
dx 2
(ii) y= 5r+3r24+ 6x. 4x

Solution.
-4r'-7sr-0)= J4x'-7
() y=+r+10 Example [Link] the diferential coeficient of the following
dy d d functions :
dx dx dx (i) cos(ax + b) (i) tan'x
S1n X
(ii) 1+ COS X
=5x +3x' +0 =5x+3x.
1
(i) y=x+ vrt=x'+r/2 +r-1/2 Solution. () Let y =cOs (ax + b)

dy -L +
Then dysin (ax' +b) ddx (ax' +b)
dx
dx =- sin (ax + b).2ax
=1+
1 1 =-2ax sin (ax + b).
2Vx 2xx
(i) Let y= tan'x =(tan x)
dy =3 (tan x)'d
(ii) y = 5x +3x2 +6x Then -(tan x)
dx dx
dy d
dx
5
= ) + 3 ( )+6)
dx
=3tan 2 X. sec? X.
Sin x
3 (iii) Let y=
=5x 4 x +3xx /2 +6x 1 1+ coS X

Then
= 20x°+ 9x+
2
6. (1+ cos x) (sin x) - sin x dx (1+ cos x)
Example 4. Differentiate the following functions : dy dx
dx (1+ cos x)
x+1
() (3x* +7)(6x +3) (i)
X-2
(1+ cos x) cos x - sin x(0 - sin x)
(1+ cos x
(i) 4x-7. COS x+ cOsx + sinr
Solution. (i) Let y =(3x +7) (6x +3) (1+ cos x)
COS X + 1 1
Using product rule, we get
(1+ cos x 1+ cos X
dy =(3r² +7)(6x +3) +(6x +3)-(3r +7)
dx dx dx Example 6. A particle is moving with a uniform
= (3r +7) (6 + 0)+(6x + 3)(6x +0) acceleration. Its displacement at any instant t is given by
s=10t + 49 . What is (i) initial velocity (ii) velocity at
= 18x + 42 + 36x + 18x = 54x + 18 x+ 42. t=3 second and (iii) the uniform acceleration ?
x+1 Solution. Displacement, s =10t + 4.91
(ii) y=
X-2 ds
Velocity, D= =10 +2 x 4.9
Using quotient rule, we get
d () Initial velocity
dy
(x-2) d (r+1)-(* +1)"dx (r-2) (i.e., velocity t =0) =10 +0 =10 ms.
dx (r-2) (ii) Velocity at t=3 second is
(xr2) (2x +0) -(r+1)(1 -0) v=10 + 2x 4.9 x3=39.4 ms.
(x -2)° (iii) Acceleration,
2x-4x-x-1 x-4x-1 du d
(10+9.8 t) =0 +9.8 =9.8 ms -2
(x-2)' (x-2) dt dt
 PHYSICS-XI

Fyomple 7. Aparticle starts rotating from rest according y=a sin (ot +0); where a, oand bare constants. Find the
velocity and acceleration of the particle at any instant t.
to the formula, 3/3 Solution. Displacement, y =a sin (ot + )
20 3
Velocity,
dy
where 0 is in radian and tin second. d
la sin (aot +)]
Find the angular velocity o and angular acceleration a at dt dt
the end of 5 seconds. d
343 2 =a cos (ot + ) dt (ot +)
Solution. Given 0=
20 3 = 0acOs (ot + )
Angular velocity, Acceleration,
du
)=
de d 3 2 9t 2t a=
dt i Loa cos (ot + o)]
dt dt 20 20 3
d
=- 0a sin(ot + ) dt
(ot + )
At t=5 s,
9x 25 2x5 475 =7.92 rad s1 =-oa sin (ot +).
()=
20 3 60

Angular acceleration, 0.6 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

do d 9t 2t 18, 2 Integration
dt dt 20 3 20 Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is
the process of finding a function whose derivative is
At t=5 s, given. If derivative of function f (x) w.r.t. x is f'(x),
18 x 5 2 =3.83 rad s2 then integration of f'(x) w.r.t. x is f (x). Symbolically,
20 3 we can say

Example 8. Show that power is the product of force and if dx

f]= f), then f(x)dàx =f(x)
velocity.
Solution. Work = Force x distance Some Standard Elementary Integrals
or
W= Fs Some standard elementary integrals alongwith
Power = Rate of doing work their results on differentiation are as follows :

(Fs) = F, ds F.v.
dW d Differentiation Integration
dt dt dt d
n+1
1
-(r")=nx n-1
Example 9. Aballoon is being filled by air so that its dx (n+ 1)
volume Vis gradually increasing. Find the ate of increase of provided n-1
volume with radius r when r=2 units. Here c is constant of
Solution. The volume of spherical balloon is integration.
4 d dx =x+ C
V= 2
dx
-(x) =1
3
d 1 d
The rate of increase of volume Vw.r.t. the radius r is 3 (log, x) = =log, X+ C
dy
dV
cos [Link] =sin x +c
dr dr3 |4.
d
(sin x) = cos x
dV 4 d 4 sin x. dx =-cos x + C
Or
dr
)=;.3 -4r? 5 dr
(Cos x) =- sin x

(tan x) =sec x
sec [Link] = tan x +C
When r=2 6. d
dV cosec x. dr = -cot x + c
d
=4n (2) =16. 7 (cot x)= - COsec x
d
C
xsec x . tan x dx =secI+
Example 10. For a particle executing simple harmonic 8. (sec x) = secx. tan
dx
motion, the displacementfrom the mean position is given by
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 0.7
Differentiation Integration GMm dx =GMm xdx
Solution.
da
(cosec x) Cosec [Link] x dx R R
cOsec xtc -1]"
COsec . cotr

10.
dx
(ax + b)" |(ax +b)" dt R

(ar + b) n*1
= na (ax + by"-1 +C 1 1
dx
a(n + 1) --GMn R
11.
da
log, (ax + b) 17
(ax + b) GMm
= R R
(ax + b) log, (ax + b) +c
e dr =e+c Example 14. Find the value of Fdx; where F=kr.
12 (e') =e
da

13.(a)
dx =a log, a adx =log, a
a
Solution.
0 0
=[Link], etc
14. y= utotw;
dy du , do + dw
dx dx dx dx

Definite integral
When an integral is defined between two definite 1
limits aand b, it is said to be a definite integral. It is Example 15. Find the value ofdV.
given by
Solution. V av -[ log, V;
where (x) is the integral of f (x) Here a and b are the
lower and upper limits of integration.
-[log, V, -log, V, ]
1 V
Example 11. Integrate: -cosx+ l0Be V
Solution. +1/2
M
Example 16. Evaluate .xdx; where Mand l are
-I/2
Constants.

Solution.
sin x + log x + C.
3
I/6 I2 M M
+l/2

Example 12. Evaluate sec xdx. -i/2 -1/2

0
n/6
M37+/2
n/6
Solution. see-xdx =[tan x],8 /2

1 1
= tan tan 0
6

Example 13. Find the value of ; where G, M

R
MPP M 21 MI²
and m are constants.
318 8 31 8 12
 PHYSICS-XI

roblems For Practice 6. Integrate the following:

() 6x + 5r-2x+ 1
1. Find dy for the following functions :
dx
() y=x-3r?+ 3r 2 Ans. 3r+,_l,_1
5 (Ans.3x-6x+3)
(ii) ax + bx +c by?
(I-1)( -2) Ans. CX +c
(i) y= 3 3 3 2
Ans. x
2 2 Vr 3/2|

Ans 1 Ans.
1 3
2 +3 log x 2121 +c
(io) y= ax + bx + c (Ans.2ax + b) (iv) 3 cosec x -5x + sin x
2. Differentiate the following functions : Ans. -3 cot x - -cos x+c
(0 (r-4 + 5) (x-2)
(Ans. 5x-16x + 15x - 4x+ 8) (v) 3 cosec x + 2 sin 3x
2x +3 2x + 6x + 10 Ans. -3 cot x
Ans.
(1) 1-5 (x-5)
-2
7. Evaluate the following integrals:
Sin x + COS
Ans.
(ii) Sin x - COS X (sin x cos x)

(iv) (4x 5r+ 1) 4

JAns. 8(4r -5x + 1 (6x-5x)]
the
3. If the motion of a particle is governed by 0

equation, s =2°- 3 + 2 + 2, find the position, L/2

time (i) (Ans. 2)

velocity and acceleration of the particle at -/2
t =2s. (Ans. 10, 14, 18)
according to the n/4
4. A particle starts rotating from rest (iv)sec xtan x d (Ans. V2 - 1)
formula, 0

60 4
second. Find the
|Ans log
where 0 is in radian and t in 2
angular velocity o and angular acceleration a at
time t = 10s. (Ans. 66.5 rad s,20 rad s)
5. Show that force can be expressed as the product of
mass and acceleration.

Hint. F =
dp d (mo) = m do = ma
dt dt
 CH APTE R 1
Physical
World

Scientific attitude. The tremendous growth of

WHAT IS SCIENCE ? scientific
11 science has taken place only due to the use of
scientific attitude
1. What is science ? attitude and scientific method. The
requires aflexible, open-minded approach towards solving
Science. It is asystematised and organised knowledge problems in which other important points of vieware not
about the various natural phenomena which is obtained by
neglected without any reason. First a solution is
careful experimentation, keen observation and accurate rea- suggested for a problem. This solution is tried. If it
soning. The Sanskrit word Shastra and Arabic word Im
works satisfactorily, it is adopted and otherwise it is
also have a similar meaning i.e, organised knowledge. replaced by a better solution to the same problem.
2. What are physical and biological sciences ?
sciences. The knowledge of science 4. What is scientific method ? Mention the various
Two types of steps involved in it.
can be divided into two broad categories :
which deal with Scientific method. The step by step ayproach used by a
1. Biological sciences. The sciences establishing
sciences. scientist in studying natural phenomena and scientific
the behaviour of living things are called biological
Ornithology, laws which govern these phenomnena is called
These sciences include Botarny,Zoology, method.
Anthropology, Entomology, Forensic Science, etc. Generally, it involves the following steps :
main physical
2. Physical sciences. The two
Chemistry is the
sciences are physics and chemistry. composition and 1. Taking alarge number of systematic observations
by doing controlled experiments.
study of every substance, its structure, its the
changes in which it takes part. Physics is
the study of 2. Studying these observations and making quali
of space, time, tative and quantitative reasoning.
natural uworld which deals with the concepts
etc. Other physical
motion, matter, energy, radiation, 3. Suggesting mathematical models to account for
Astronomy,
sciences include Geology, Geography, the observed behaviour.
Astrology, Oceanology, etc. 4. Predicting new phenomena on the basis of
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE AND suggested model.
1.2 5. Modifying the theory, if necessary, in the light
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
of the fresh evidences.
3. What is scientific attitude ?
(1.1)
 2 PHYSICS-XI

13 scIENTIFIC THEORY 2. Sometimes atheoretical advancement predict

5. What is scientific heory ? new experiment. For example, the concept of
Scientific theory. Theory is the name given to a set of
antiparticle was introduced theoretically hu
PaulDirac in 1930 and was confirmed two year
limited number of lauws in terms of which the behaviour ofa later by the experimental discovery of positron
physical system can be explained. A good theory should (anti-electron) by Carl Anderson.
not only explain the already existing phenomenon but
it should be able to predict and explain the new 1.4 WHAT IS PHYSICS?
phenomenon. 8. What is physics ? What is the origin of the word
6. When does a scientifictheory need modification or physics ? What is its Sanskritequivalent ?
replacement bhy a new theory ?Briefly explain giving Physics. The word physics originates from a Greek
suitable examples. word which means nature. This word was introduced
Need for modification of a scientific theory. In by ancient scientist Aristotle in the year 350 B.C. The
science, no theory is final. A theory must be able to Sanskrit equivalent of physics is bhautiki which refers
explain what may be observed from time to time. to the physical world.
Following two types of problems may arise : Physics is the branch of science that deals with the study
1. When any new observation showS Some devia- of basic laws of nature and their manifestation in various
tion from the existing theory, the theory has to be duly natural phenomena. It is concerned with the interaction
modified. For example, when Johann Kepler examined of matter with matter or energy. It deals with the
the extensive data on planetary motion collected by various features of the natural world such as space.
Tycho Brahe, the planetary circular orbits in helio- time, matter, motion, energy, radiation, etc. Physics is
centric theory (sun at the centre of the solar system) the most fundamental of all sciences as it is concerned
imagined by Nicholas Coperanicus had to be replaced with the study of various natural phenomena.
by elliptical orbits to fit the data better. 1.5 TWO BASIC QUESTS IN PHYSICS
2. When even the modification of a theory fails to
account for the new observations, the theory has to be 9. What are the tw0 principal thrusts in physics ?
replaced by a new theory. For example, it was realised Give suitable examples for each.
in the beginning of twentieth century that Newtonian Two basic quests in physics. Two principal thrusts
mechanics could not explain some basicfeatures of in physics are unification and reductionism.
atomic phenomena. Also, the wave theory of light 1. Unification. In physics, attempt is made to
failed to explain photoelectric effect. This resulted in explain various physical phenomena ín terms of just
the development of an entirely new theory, called Quan- few concepts and laws. We try to see the physical
tum Mechanics, to deal with microscopic phenomena. world as manifestation of some urniversal laws. For
7. Theory and experiments go hand in hand in physics example, the same (Newton's) law of gravitation can
and help each other's progress. Give two suitable be used to describe the motion of a body falling
examples in support of your answer. towards the earth, motion of the moon around the
earth and motion of planets around the sun. Attempts
Or
are being made to unify fundamental forces of nature
With the help of suitable examples, briefly explain the in the persuit of unification.
interplay between theoretical models and experiments. 2. Reductionism. Another attempt made in physics
Interplay between theoretical models and is to explain a macroscopic system in terms of its
experiments. The interplay of theory and experiment microscopic constituents. This persuit is called red
(or observation) is important for the progress of uctionism. For example, thermodynamics was developed
science.
to explain the macroscopic properties such tempe
This is obvious from the following examples: rature, internal energy, entropy,etc, of the bulk systems.
1. Sometimes a new experiment suggests an alter Later on, these properties were explained in terms of
native theoretical model. For example, alpha molecules in kinetic theory and statistical mechanics.
particle scattering experiments in 1911 by Ernest
Rutherford established the nuclear model of the 16 SCOPE OF PHYSICS
atom, which then became the basis of quantum Introduction. The scope of physics is very wide.
theory of hydrogen atom given by Niels Bohr Every event, which occurs around us in our daily lite,
in 1913.
is governed by one or the other principle of physics.
 1.3
PHYSICAL WORLD

One way of getting the idea of the scope of physics is to covers wide ranges of mass, length, time, energy, et
look at its various sub-disciplines. Another wav is look The mass of an object can vary from 10 kg (mass o
at the vast range of magnitude of the physical an electron) to 10 kg (mass of the universe). ofThea
quantities it deals with. length of an object can vary from 10 "m
(size
the universe). Time interval
10. briejiy erpiain the main disciplines and suh- nucleus) to 10m (size of
disciplines in physics. can vary from 10 (time taken by light to Cross a
10s (life of the sun). The
Branches of physics. Physics has two main domains nuclear distance) to
everyday phenomena lie in the middle ranges.
of study-macroscopic and microscopic. Classical
nhysics deals with macroscopic phenomena which may be
at the laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical scales. For Your Knowledge
It includes branches like mechanics, optics, thermo
º The scope of physics (or science in general) is very
dynamics and electrodynamics. Quantum mechanics wide. It has been quite aptly described by some
deals with microscopic phenomena at the minute scales of scientists as follows :
atoms, molecules and nuclei.
Science is a method for describing, creating and
Main sub-disciplines in physics: understanding human experience.
1 Mechanics. It deals with the equilibrium or motion of R. Bruce Lindsay
material bodies at low speeds. It is based on laws of ScienCe is the ever unfinished quest to discover all
gravitation. The propulsion of rocket, equilibrium of facts, the relationship between things and the laws by
Gerold Holton
rod bent under a load, propagation of water waves or which the world runs.
sound waves in air, etc., are studied in mechanics. The tuwo processes that of Science and Art are not very
2. Optics. It deals with the nature and propagation of different. Both Science and Art, formed in the course of
light. It deals with the formation of images by mirrors centuries a human language by which we can speak about
and lenses, colours in thin films, etc. the more real part of reality.
Heisenberg
3. Thermodynamics. It deals with a macroscopic The task of science is both to extend the range of our
systemm in equilibrium and is concerned with the changes experienCe and to reduce it to order.
in internal energy, temperature, entropy, etc., of the Niels Bohr
system through external work and heat. Here we study
the efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators. The most incomprehensible thing about the world is
that it is comprehensible. Albert Einstein
4. Electrodynamics. It deals with electric and magnetic Nature is pleased with simplicity and efects, not the
phenomena associated with charged and magnetic bodies. It Isaac Newton
pump of superfluous causes.
is based on laws given by Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere
and Faraday, which were later on unified by Maxwell. We know very little and yet it is astonishing that we
know so nuch and still more astonishing that so little
It deals with problems like motion of current-carrying knowledge can give us so much power.
conductor in a magnetic field, propagation of radiowaves Bertrand Russel
through the atmosphere, etc.
[Link] mechanics. It deals with the mechanical EXCITEMENT OF PHYSICS
behaviour of sub-microscopic particles like atoms and 1.7
nuclei and their interaction with projectiles like 12. Physics is a science of excitement. How ?
electrons, photons and other elementary particles. Excitemernt of physics. The study of physics is not
6. Relativity. It is theory of invariance in nature. It ways as follows:
the motion of the particles having speeds Oniy educatve but also exciting in many
deals with 1. Inspite of the wide range and complexity of the
comparable to the speed of light. physical phenomena, it is quite exciting that these
phenomena can be analysed and understood in
For Your Knowledge
terms of few universal laws and principles.
An exciting field of research these days is a new domain, 2. Some other people get excitement in carrying
called mesoscopic physics, which is intermediate out new challenging experiments to unfold the
between the microscopic and macroscopic domains and mysteries of nature and in verifying or falsi
deals with a few tens or hundreds of atoms. fying the existing theories.
11. The scope ofphysics is truly vast. Elaborate. 3. Applied physicists get great satisfaction when
they develop technologies for the welfare of the
The scope of physics is truly vast. We can see in human beings just by using basic laws of physics.
another way that the scope of physics is truly vast. It
 1.4 PHYSICS-XI

13. What are the reasons belhind the large scale planeis and other heavenly bodies in the sky.
progress of physics in the last few centuries ? (i) Radiotelescopes have helped to discover quasers,
Reasons behind the phenomenal growth of physics pulsars, etc, and can be used to see upto the farthest
in the last few centuries : limits of the universe. (ii) Dopler's effect predicted the
1. Precise and accurate measurements are central big-bang theory of the universe.
to the growth of physics because most of laws 5. Physics in relation to geology. Diffraction
of nature can be expressed in mathematical techniques help to study the crystal structure of various
forms. rocks. Radioactivity is used to estimate the age of rocks
2. The basic laws of physics are universal. The and fossils.
same laws can be applied in widely different 6. Physics in relation to seismology. The move
domains and conditions.
ment of the earth crust and types of waves so
3. Because of ability of the scientists to separate generated help a lot in the study of earthquake and its
the important and essential features from the effect.
less important ones, it is easier to understand
even a highly complex phenomenon. 7. Physics in relation to meteorology. By studying
variation of pressure with temperature, we can forecast
PHYSICS IN RELATION TO OTHER weather.
18
SCIENCES
PHYSICS IN RELATION TO SOCIETY
14. How is the study of physics useful to the study of L.
other sciences ?
15. The fate of a society is linked to the developments
Physics in relation to other sciences. Physics is the in physics. Explain.
most fundamental discipline of all sciences. It has
Physics in relation to society. The fate of a society is
nlaved akey role in the development or al ouier dlosely linked to physics. Whatever is discovered in
sciences.
mathematics. Physics is a
physics, it immediately affects the society.
1. Physics in relation to
For example :
quantitative science. Mathematics provides the necessary
signs and tools which the physicists use. It has played 1. The developments of telephone, telegraph, telex
an important role in the development of theoretical enable us to quickly exchange messages between
far off places.
physics. Had Newton not invented calculus, he would
of
not have been able to discover the universal law 2. The discoveries of radio and television have
gravitation. made possible the instantaneous commu
nication with other parts of the world.
2. Physics in relation to chemistry. In physics, we
study the structure of atom, radioactivity, X-ray 3. The launching of satellites into space has
diffraction, etc. Such studies have enabled chemists to revolutionised the concept of communication.
basis of
arrange elements in the periodic table on the 4. The development of alternative sources of
their atomic numbers. This has further helped to know energy is of great importance to the mankind.
the nature of valency and chemical bonding and to 5. Microelectronics, lasers, computers, super
understand the complex chemical structures. conductivity and nuclear energy have entirely
3. Physics in relation to biological sciences. The changed the thinking and the living style of the
developments in life sciences owe a great deal to human beings.
physics. () Optical microscopes are extensively used in The modern science in general and physics in
the study of biology. (i) With the help of an electron paricular has the potentiality to eradicate poverty and
microscope, one can study the structure of cell. (111) The hunger from the surface of the earth and to usher in an
X-rays and neutron diffraction techniques have helped ace of prosperity. On the other hand, a wrong use of
in understanding the structure of nucleicacids, which discoveries of physics may bring about a disaster. The
helped to control vitallife processes. (io) Radioisotopes creation
knowledgeof ofheaven
physicsoncanthebeearth
appiedor aike
to theo total
are used in radiation therapy for the cure of deadly
diseases like cancer. annihilation. Our wiseness lies in applying physics to
faces and not
Astron0- solve the pressing problems the society
4. Physics in relation to Astronomy. () to annihilate it.
mical telescopes are used to study the motion of
 PHYSICAL WORLD
1.5

Toble1.1 Some greot physicists and their discoveries

Name of S Name of Discovery
No.
Scientist Country Discovery No. Scientist
Country
Abdus Salam America Unification of 25. Einstein, Albert Germany Theory of relati
1. vity, mas6-energy
(Pakistan weak and
born) equivalence,
electromagnetic photoelectric
interactions effect
Alfred Noble Sweden Dynamite
2. Electric bulb,
Anderson CD. America 26. Edison, A., America
3 Positron telegraphy
4 Antony Hewert England Pulsars
England Laws of electro
Appleton, E. 27. Faraday,
5 England Exploration of Michael magnetic
ionosphere induction, laws of
Ampere France Magnetism is due electrolysis,
to electric current designed electric
motor
7. Archimedes Greece Principle of Controlled
buoyancy, 28. Fernmi, Enrico Italy nuclear fission
Principle of the
lever
29. Gabor, D. America Holography
8 Bardeen, John America Transistor, Law of inertia
30. Galileo, Galilei Italy
superconductivity
31. Grahm Bel America Telephone
9 Bequerrel, France Discovery of Electromagnetic
Henry A. spontaneous 32 Hertz, Heinrich Germany
waves
radioactivity Rudolf
10. Bhabha, Homi India Cosmic ray 33 Hess, V.F. Austria Cosmic rays
Jehangir showers Holland Wave theory of
34. Huygens,
11. Bose J.C. India Ultrashort Christian light
radiowaves 35. Hubble, Edwin America Expanding
Bose-Einstein universe
12. Bose, S.N. India
statistics
36. Heisenberg, Germany Uncertainty
13. Bohr, Niels Denmark Quantum model Wernes principle, Quantum
mechanics
of hydrogen atom
Dutch Low temperature
14. Bragg, W.H. England Crystal structure 37. Kamerling and liquid helium
by X-rays Onnes
Crystal structure 38. Kelvin(William England Second law of
15. Bragg, W.L. England thermodynamics,
by X-rays Thomson)
thermodynamic
16. Barkla, England Number of scale of
Charles G. electrons in an temperature
atom
39. Landau, Lev Russia Theory of cond
17. Cavendish England Experimental deter Davidovich ensed matter,
mination of 'G" Liquid helium
18. Cerenkov, P.A. Russia Cerenkov
40 Lawrence, E.O. America Cyclotron
radiations
41. Lippman, G. France Colour
Neutron photography
19, Chadwick, England
James 42. Maxwell, James England Electromagnetic
20. Compton, A.H. America Compton effect Cleric theory, Light as an
21. Coulomb, France Coulomb's law electromagnetic
wave
Charles A. de
Studies on natural 43 Michelson, A.A. America Precision optical
22 Curie, Marie Poland instruments
Sklodowaska radioactivity,
Discovery of 44. Marconi Italy Wireless
radium and telegraphy
polonium 45 Millikan, R.A. America Measurement of
Wave nature of charge on an
23 de-Broglie, France electron
Louis Victor matter
Relativistic theory 46. Newton, Isaac England Law of gravitation,
24. Dirac, Paul England Laws of motion,
of electron,
Quantum statics Reflecting telescope
L6 PHYSICS-XI

S Name of 1. Electromagnetic waves are used in radio

No. Scientist Country Discovery television, radar and wireless communication
47. Oersted France Magnetic effect of
Current
2. Newton's concept of gravitation is used in
48. Planck, Max Germany
geostationary satellites which help us in fore
Quantum theory casting weather and in geophysical survey.
of radiation
49 Pauli, W. America Exclusion 3. X-rays are used in radiotherapy, in detecting
principle for fractures or dislocations in bones, in studying
filling electrons in crystal systems, in engineering and industry.
orbitals
50. Raman, C.V. India Inelastic scattering 4. The study of thermodynamics has helped to
of light (Raman design heat engines which have revolutionised
effect) the industry.
51 Ramachandran, India Triple helical
G.N. structure of 5. The study of electricity has led to the develop
proteins ment of electric appliances like electric motors
molecules and generators which are the backbones of
52 Robert Boyle England Boyle's law industry.
53 Robert Hooke England Elasticity of 6. Nuclear power stations based on nuclear fission
solids, balance constitute one of the major sources of energy.
wheel of a watch
Rutherford, Nuclear model of
7. The concepts of modern electronics find exten
54 England
Ernest atom sive use in telephone exchanges, robots, etc.
55. Roentgen, W.K. Germany X-rays 8. The discovery of silicon chips has brought a
56. S. America Structure and revolution in computer industry.
Chandershekhar (India evolution of stars, 9. Geothermal energy, i.e., the heat in the depth of
born) Chandrashekhar the earth is being used these days. The tidal
limit
57. Schrödinger, E. Germany Wave mechanics
energy in the oceans and solar energy too carn be
converted into other forms of energy and used.
58 Saha, M.N. India Thermal ionisation
10. Radioactive isotopes are now being widely used
59 Thomson, JJ. England Electron in medicine, agriculture and industry.
60. Thomson, G.P. England Diffraction of
electrons by These technologies have made our lives comfor
crystals table and materially prosperous.
61. Townes, C.H. America Maser, Laser
Sometimes physics generates new technology. At
62 Van der Walls, Dutch Expansion of other times technology gives rise to new physics. Both
J.D. gases and liquids
Diffraction of
have a direct impact on society.
63 Von Laue, Max Germany
X-rays in crystals lable 1.2 Some important technologies and
64 Volta Italy Discovered first
battery their links with physics
65. Wein, W. Germany Laws of radiation
Technology Scientific Principle(s)
of heat
66. Watt, James England Steam Engine Steam engine Laws of thermodynamics
67 Yukawa, Japan Meson theory of Nuclear reactor Controlled nuclear fission
Hedeki nuclear forces Radio and Generation, propagation and detec
Television tion of electromagnetic waves
1.10 PHYSICS IN RELATION TO TECHNOLOGY Wireless telegraphy Propagation of electromagnetic
waves
16. Technological advancements owe a great deal to
Computers Digital logic of electronic circuits
the developments in physics. Briefly explain.
Lasers Light amplification by stimulated
Physics in relation to technology. The applications emission of radiation (population
of physics have played a key role in the development inversion)
of technology. Today we see the applications of Production of ultra Superconductivity
physics in every walk of life. Some of the major high magnetic
technologies based on the applications of physics are fields
as follows : Rocket propulsion Newton's laws of motion
 PHYSICAL WORLD 1.7
Technology Scientific Principle(s) law of gravitation, the gravitational attraction between
Electric generator Faraday's laws of electromagnetic two bodies of masses n, and m, and separated by
induction distance r is given by
Hydroelectric Conversion of gravitational
power
potential energy into electrical F=G
energy
Aeroplane Bernoulli's principle in fluid where Gis the universal gravitational constant.
dynamics Important properties of gravitational force :
Particle accelerator / Motion of charged
Cyclotron particles in 1. It is a universal attractive force.
electromagnetic fields 2. It is directly proportional to the product of the
Sonar Reflection of ultrasonic waves masses of the two bodies.
Optical fibres Total internal reflection of light 3. It obeys inverse square law.
Non-reflecting Thin film optical interference 4. It is a long range force and does not need any
coatings
intervening medium for its operation.
Electron microscope Wave nature of electrons
5. Gravitational force between two bodies does
Photocell Photoelectric effect not depernd upon the presence of other bodies.
Fusion test reactor Magnetic confinement of plasma 6. It is the weakest force known in nature.
(Tokamak)
Giant Metrewave
7. It is a central force (i.e., it acts along the line
Detection of cosmic radio waves joining the centres of the two bodies).
Radio Telescope
(GMRT) 8. It is a conservative force (ie., work done in
Bose-Einstein Trapping and cooling of atoms by moving a body against the gravitational force is
condensate laser beams and magnetic fields path independent).
9. Gravitational force between two bodies is
1.11 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE thought to be caused by an exchange of a
17. Name the four basic forces in nature. Arrange particle called graviton.
them in the order of their increasing strengths. Examples of gravitational force:
Fundamental forces in nature. In the macroscopic 1. Allbodies fall because of the gravitational force
world, we observe several kinds of forces : muscular of attraction exerted on them by the earth.
force, contact forces of support and friction, forces 2. Gravitational force governs the motion of the
exerted by springs and strings, viscous forces, electric moon and the artificial satellites around the earth;
forces, magnetic forces, etc. AIl these forces between and the motion of the planets áround the sun.
macroscopic objects arise from too fundamental forces: 3. Gravitation plays a key role in the formation and
1. Gravitational force 2. Electromagnetic force evolution of stars, galaxies and galactic clusters.
In the microscopic world, in addition to the above
. I5 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
two forces, two more basic forces are required to account
for the various atomic and nuclear processes. These are 19. What is electromagnetic force ? Mention its
1. Strong nuclear force 2. Weak nuclear force important properties. Give some examples of the electro
The ratio of the strength of the four fundamental magnetic force.
forces in nature is Electromagnetic force. The force acting between two
:10%:10 3s electric charges at rest is called electrostatic force. According
fo:Fy :Fp:F =1:10 to Coulomb's law, the magnitude of the electrostatic
force Fbetween two point charges 4, and 4, separated
1.12 THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE by distance r in vacuum is given by
18. What is gravitational force ?Mention its inmportant 1
F=
properties. Give some examples of gravitational force. 4 E
Gravitational force. It is the force of mutual attraction where , is the permittivity of vacuum. The force acting
between tuo bodies by virtue of their masses. It is a between tuo magnetic poles is called magnetic force. In fact,
universal force. Every body attracts every other body electrostatic and magnetic forces are closely inter
of the universe with this force. According to Newton's related. For example, a moving charge produces a
 between the atoms placemolecules force forceproperties
Contact. reactions, force ELECTROMAGNETIC
structureelectrons force etc.,are life 1.14 Examples Importantinseparable
general magnitude
charge. charge. moving
magnetic a 1.8
() 20. Introduction.
macroscopic such The 2. 3. 2. 1.
in
between between only. nuclei
1. [Link]. 6. 5. 4. Electromagnetic
It It unlike
[Link] ke
tw o Discuss molecules. two
molecules
forces The repulsion
electrostatic net
attraction or When a between It It intervening It It force Thus
come Contact a MMACROSCOPIC
from asFORCES SOME force obeys field.
Large and
spring [Link] of and derived of is is isa isa is a properties of and and
bodies atoms
All tension, Van of electromagnetic caused conservative 10°° central lo ng charges known the
between
charged close force (o) two the the these matter der
of a two inverse ardirection
e Also,
electromagnetic protons. of
the between spring
elasticity times range electrostatic
force (iv)bodies medium
force. considered
to in electromagnetic mechanical, and friction, a [Link] as This a
between Van particlesconsists gasWalls' ischarged by stronger square attract
charges
repel
contact in electrostatic the th e force electromagnetic electromagnetic
forceforce: magnetic
constituents each molecules, fundamental The iscompressed/elongated,
attractionthe is its the force. force
of
ader (ii) electrons between the
taut force contact net force neighbouring due
particles.
forceexchange for and law. each and
other with
two Walls' strongis of sum than may velocity
as depends field
thermal charged NATUREOF between to its does
forces string/rope. of responsible th e : operation. other. magneticthe
each frictionnature rate
force,forces and of the the
bodies. force
electromagnetic the not each be force. two exerts
theseof the at
electrons net of of
begin other, between of and ofparticies spring of electrostatic
nuclei two sum
theof
atoms. gravitational require attractive both
repulsion photons other facetsforces the
surface When (iii) (i) chemical our it force a
contact electrical f or of neutral electric on
atoms. to elastic force,daily exerts
their gas th e lik e t he and This () any and ofare the PHYSICS-XI
on
act of we / or a
earth electromagnetic block.
of support. and The tiedthe to electrostatic
nuClei forcemental between electrOstatic atoms. e net elongated
theseof thbetween which difficult
doesnot it provides example,
of hence component only componernt
Witn magnetic example, while contact
wveaker stronger
scales. large
scale constituernts
contact. ofnormal bookdueexerts
the avitatonal tothe illustrate it. the bodies electrostatic (ii) Generally,
the ( o) (iv) attraction th e (ii)
22. net Electromagnetic gravitational 21. protons a
How ? than Electromagnetic attached block. The Force obtained of force Van arises Elastic to tree frictionsmall theiT Force the
Althoughelectromagnetic
thanthe force force the tw o the sufficient when contact
Clearly, resultant lower der
(or provideclimbwhich Smooth acting
is
table book a and these
motion the
exertedmass. hugeits force. Generally, forces string of intwoforces neutral but neighbouring compressed),
(or due force parallel called of are
Walls' forces up between pushes
electromagnetic our large
very a force. to
force end
molecules. a by a repulsion) we force lying forces
the helps of
botgravitational
gravitational force. hand When its of on is taut between derived to enough frictional
in smooth
a climb surfaces parallel friction.
helectromagnetic
by force is in of summing molecules between the component friction. pushing
Give force two of these a thlower
e a force. between
on our string string/rope. a
string net a us them the on act
and pulling electrons
ends. state spring. to
terrestrial force
This is we an is forces the force. atomsis itparallelmetallic cling force up in Sometimes,
the book table anormal
[Link] The the attraction exerts When
the gravitational force holdmuch enormously
example under
end of
suspended from of the a is or
between electrons
tension. The various up parallelon negligibly
tree, contact,
of
th ey surface two [Link] repelling
force,force book It Van
a electrons
(unbalanced)
stronger a
than
naturebalarnces and of the isgas
of Whena lamp to bodies bodies surtace ofto
book tension the Consider residualtnethe der th e forcefrictional its contact
and yet is force at balanced latterthe by from protons is (or th e of it the
electrons
fundamental spring. to the
incomparably it charged
the the in stronger on string notWalls'
force and of a posttrunk. through contact.
are may downward nature.
astronomical governs our daily the repulsion) elasticity
e small. force
surface
is exerts
th e a spring force.
because surface provide
force is theon weight of a a funda nuclei sum trunk placed haveelectrO
much hand. life than exert
rigidblock
and Thi s It For and This For
the the the tw o an the of is is
of to a
 Important than all andovercome the
strongly
torcebetweenelectrostatic motion
force.
repulsive, over
115 electromagnetic
called bindsimportant gravitational attractive.
neutralnegative. only is
may negative Mass
Examples the Strong 23. Gravitational
1. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. neutrons).
the order all be
of nucleons
It =10m). It the It It must together
strong
ultimatelyneutrons
forNuclearI-mesons. Itandforces Itdistance. It repulsive gravitational [Link] fundamental
is electromagnetic What THE in pairs
is
objects, both masses.
is has is varies is this two repel
of nuclear
properties. add
stability neutron-neutron
ofcaused a size properties
the the Consequently, But
non-central
charge basically short a be 10m. force
STRONG of of
nuclear between of strongest is electrostatic
This
acting protons each nuclear the is universe up attractive the electric one
of forcesin inversely about particles
forces So force
all ofthe by
becomes when e
thrange because protonsforce. strong to
gravitational
strong type
matternuclei force: tindependent
he an
nucleus of forces, Give zero. the governs
nuclei. bind proton-proton, between being
Alsoother force.
charges
and with attractive
less the force interaction 10° strong force.
repulsion. at and The nuclear
NUCLEAR is being of andgravitational i.e.,
and exchange are nuclear the
positively some controlled That the
that together about such This strong the
repulsive. there
hence So non-conservative
almost some distancethan (=10-1>m). that times nuclear gravitational
much equally electromagnetic the
the neutronsexamples
is two force may
exists they character force small attractive force why are large
of higher 0.5 force, operates stronger known
100nucleons So force FORCE objects
in ofare the particles, equally weaker,a charged by be
force no
proton-neutron fermi force: times is new separations of in the
attractive goes
Between
the the protons between but
strongest a of ?
Mention the positive positive scale
responsible
[Link] i.e, power only cannot force this large while on is
strong. nuclear force. becomes
(1 than in stronger (protons attractiveattraction protons nucleus weakest always motion. PHYSICAL
WORLD
called fermi nature, cannot which force. adding forces
and and (> over the
scale and the two and and
2) the of be is its
byand weak that force,
Important electromagnetic nuclearneutrino.
other emits between such an 1.16 force. NoTE
weak and arpions, and positron electron NeutrinoIt and 4. 3. 2. 1. strong a B-decaythegs exanple.
Weak 24. Radioactivity
3. 2.
Leptons through mesons,
e Elementary nuclear the
neutrino)
the weak
(10m). gravitational
The It
interaction. the Weak tion these trino Any but through an What nuclear
obtaining The
neutrons.
protonsand of
theirtogether their charge.
wil zero operates decay force THE
force be massive properties nucdear The elementary
electron insufficient
kaons, and is much
nuclear Give
dostrong
higher leptons.
higher is messenger
force nuclear particles process force is
is Electrons concept
(antielectron) and moreKnowledge
anYourFor electron weak WEAK fission
dominant
isnot
an notgoverned is forces. of much the important
called etc., particles elementary
correct only or of force. nuclear
experience mass nuclearcounterparts antineutrino vector
between the involving
much (e.g., an weaker and particles nuclear
Nucleons
are force canelectromagnetic of elementary stronger weak and nucleus. a NUCLEAR
do and of occurs
counterparts hadrons particles through strong by weak slower the Thi s an It not nuclear
between mesons. and to bosons experience properties force nuclear
energy
fusion.
force. are say particle is weak decay than nuclearneutrino
uncharged involved is experience
the a elementary 10 is In the in
(protons a nuclear nuclear
neutrino ? heavier
aregrouped
[Link] that than obvious than a
strong
them. ElectrOns,which Baryons (W, range times nuclear of strong ß-decay, force Explain FORCE via force force
called B with that only the particle interact in of
are B theforce, the
and decay Z). of interaction. force:[Link] pion a athat weak the between
force,called as decay zero stronger weak force and from particle nuclear wi t h
canbaryons.
and particles
transmit nuclear gravitational
nuclear strong processes is nuclei
neutrons) rest caused
to The with the appears nucl e ar
onlyneutrinos
leptons. interact
mesons baryons, ejectsejects antineu
because a the the useful
mass interac causedmuon nucieusprocess
nuciear because
The than weak eachcalled force. hel p their
the an are the size only 19
a byfact and of of in
 1.10 PHYSICS-X|

117 BASIC MECHANISM OF THE able 1.3 Some of the important aspects of
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES fundamental forces in nature
25. Briefly explain the mechanism that gives rise to
Funda Particles
the various fundamental forces between elementary mental
Relative
Range on which Messenger
particles. Give the names of the exchange particles for force strength force acts particle
each of these forces. Gravi Infinite All Gravitons
tational
Fundamental forces arise due to exchange of force
particles
particles. Each fundamental force between two elementary
particles arises fromn the exchange of its characteristic Weak 1025 Very short, Elemen Vector
nuclear within tary bosons
particles called the quanta of that force or the messenger force nuclear size particles
particles. To understand this mechanism, consider ( 10m)
interaction between two persons A and B. Suppose A Electro 1036 Infinite Charged Photons
throws a ball and Bcatches it. By momentum conser magnetic particles
vation, A suffers a recoil when he throws the ball. force

Similarly, Bsuffers a recoil when he catches the ball. Also Strong 1038 Very short, Nucleons Mesons
the recoil force changes the momentum of each person. nuclear within
force nuclear size
The exchange particles for various fundamental |( 10 15 m)
forces are as follows:
1. Electromagnetic force between two charged For Your Knowledge
particles (like electrons) arises from the exchange of The strong nuclear force is not a true fundamental
photons () between them, as shown in Fig. 1.1(a). force. The nucleons themselves are built of subunits
These photons are emitted by one electron and called quarks. The quark-quark force, which binds the
absorbed by the other within a very short time. As nucleons together is now regarded as fundamental
these photons cannot be detected, so they are called force. It is caused by the exchange of massless
virtual photons. particles called gluons.
2. Weak nuclear force during the
-decay of a 118 UNIFICATION
OF FORCES
nucleus arises from the exchange of massive particles,
called vector bosons (W,Z) between the elementary 26. What is the basic quest of modern physicists ?
particles. As shown in Fig. 1.1(0),the charge of vector Mention the various significant attempts made tozwards
boson (W )is exchanged in the ß-decay of aneutron. the unification of forces in a chronical order.
3. Strong nuclear force between two nucleons Basic quest of modern physicists is the unification
arises from the exchange of mesons between them. For of forces. The great advancements in physics are the
example, negatively charged pion (r )is exchanged in result of unification of differernt theories and domains.
the nuclear force involved in np’ pn scattering, as Different attempts made by the distinguished
shown in Fig. 1.1(0). physicists from time to time in pursuing the goal of
unification of forces are listed in Table 1.4.

able 1.4 Some of the milestones towards the

unification of forces

(a) Electromagnetic Physicist(s) Year Achievement in

(b) Weak nuclear unification
Issac Newton 1687 Unified celestial and terres
trial domains by explaining
--. both types of phenomena by
applying the same laws of
motion and law of gravitation.
(c) Strong nuclear
Hans Cristian 1820 Showed experimentally that
Fig. 1.1 Origin of fundamental forces due to exchange of particles. Oersted electric and magnetic
Michael 1830 phenomena are inseparable
4. Gravitational force is believed to be caused by Farady aspects of a unified domain
the called electromagnetism.
exchange of yet to be detected particles called gravitons.
 PHYSICAL WORLD

Achievement in extreme position. The energy changes from potential

Physicist(s) Year either extreme
unification to kinetic as the bob moves from
of its
James Clerk 1873 Unified electromagnetism and position to the mean position. At all points
constant.
Maxwell
optics by discovering that light motion, total energy of the bob remains
is an electromagnetic wave.
Albert 1905 Asserted the equivalence of For Your Knowledge
Einstein its
1916 mass and energy and unified When a body moves under aconservative force,
the notions of space, time and total mechanical energy is conserved. In the presence
gravitation in his theories of friction or air
of a non-conservative forces such as
relativity.
resistance, mechanical energy is not conserved. It
Sheldon 1979 Showed that the weak changes into heat, sound, etc.
Glashow, nuclear force and the
Abdus Salam, electromagnetic force are Mechanical energy is conserved whether acceleration
Steven different aspects of a unified isconstant or variable.
Weinberg electro-weak force
Inspite of all kinds of violent phenomena occurring in
Carlo Rubia, 1984 Experimentally verified the the universe all the time, the total energy of the
Simon theory of electro-weak universe remains constant. In fact, universe is
an
Vander Meer force.
example of the most ideal isolated system possible.
According to Albert Einstein, mass and energy are
1.19 cONSERVATION LAWS interconvertible. In 1905, he established the mass
mass
27. What are conserved quantities and conservation energy equivalence. The energy associated with
laws ? mis given by
Conservation laws. In any physical process involving E= mc
the different forces, some physical quantities remain un where c is the speed of light in vacuum.
changed with time. Such quantities are called conserved As mass can be converted into energy, so in law of
quantities. The laws which govern the conseroation of these conservation of energy, we include mass also.
quantities are called conservation laws.
In classical physics, we usually deal with the 30. State the law of conservation of linear momentum.
following four conservation laws: Give some examples in which this law is obeyed.
law
1. Law of conservation of energy. Law of conservation of linear momentum. This
2. Law of conservation of linear momentum. states if noexternal force acts on a system, then its linear
momentum remains constant.
3. Law of conservation of angular momentum.
4. Law of conservation of charge. Examples:) A rifle gives backward kick on firing
a bullet. Before firing, both the bullet and the rifle are at
28. What is an isolated system ? rest and initial nomentum of the system is zero. As
Isolated system. Any system (assembly isolated of particles or with alarge
force acts is calledan sustem. So0n as bullet is fired, it moves forward
bodies)on which noexternal velocity. In order to conserve momentum, the rifle
moves backward with such a velocity that the final
1.20 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY momentum of the system is zero.
29. State the law of conservation ofenergy. Give some (n) Suppose a radioactive nucleus, initially at rest,
examples in which this law is obeyed. decays spontaneously into fragments. To conserve
Law of conservation of energy. This law states that momentum, the heavier and lighter fragments will iy
can be in opposite directions, with the former having a
energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it
changed from one form to another. Equivalentiy, we can say proportionately smaller speed than the latter.
that the total energy ofan isolated system remains constant.
Examples : (i) When a body falls freely, under L21 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
gravity, its potential energy gradually changes into ANGULAR MOMENTUM
(kinetic
kineticenergy. But its total mechanical energy 31. State the law of conservation of angular momen
energy + potential energy) remains constant at any tum. Give some examples in which this lauw is obeyed.
point of its motion.
Law of conservation of angular momentum. A
() During the oscillation of a simple pendulum, rotational inertia,
kinetic to Dody rotating about an axis has a associated with a
the energy of the bob changes gradually fromeither Called moment of inertia. Also, it is
potential as it moves from mean position to
 lopment physics. with a
rubbing positivecloth, another.
silksame nor
body toimphes the examples angularcentre, angularinertiawhenmomentumm
I.22increases. constant.
remains later
thaton
that momentum, 112
Solution.
Problem Solution. Problem Total (n) cloth. Examples total Law 32. (i)
whichthe VERY destroyed, Examples: if The Angular
Unucleus
Electric magnitude both a no
of charge
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physical
i.e, Socharge in moment a planet external
It 1. develop conservation
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is Why SHORT
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momentum called
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played of call ANSWER fission conserved negative law th e as acts
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science second as naustrial Europe fact Samurai.
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1.8. 4. 3. 2. Ans. 1.7 . that Ans. (b) (a) 1. 6. Ans. 1.5.
1.
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or has
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 116 PHYSICS-XI

diet and the environment around it. The gender factor has Bohr, Heisenberg, Chandrasekhar and Feynman. You are a
no role in thedevelopment of human mind. When given to make special efforts to get access to the general booksurged
equal opportunities, mental development of females will writings by these and other great masters of physics, Thei
be as rapid as that of males. Madam Marie Curie won the writings are truly inspiring.
Noble prize twice in science which is a rare gesture. Ans. There is no doubt that the great laws of
Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mrs. Margret Thatcher flourished are at once simple and physics
excellently well in politics.
beautiful. The Einstein's mass
energy equivalence relation : E= m has tremendous
1.14. "It is more important to have beauty in the equations impact on various physical
of physics than to have them agree with experiments". The great lives yet it is so phenomena and on human
simple. Bohr's
British physicist P.A.M. Dirac held this view. Criticize this L= nh/ 2r and Planck's quantum quantum condition:
condition : E= hy are
statement. Look out for some equations and results in this book quite simple, yet quite important laws of physics.
which strike you as beautiful. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle : Ar- Ap >h/ 2r is a
Ans. Dirac was his genious best when he pronounced simple law but changed the thinking of physicists
this statement. Aphysical equation must be simple and drastically. These are just few examples of the beauty of
hence beautiful. It will automatically agree with the physics laws which inspired the physicists and opened up
experimental results. For example, consider Einstein new vistas in physics.
mass-energy relationship : E= mc 1.16. Textbooks on science may give you a wrong
This simple equation not only governs energy mpression that studying science is dry and all too serious and
generation in the sun and the other stars but it is alsO that scientists are absent-minded introverts who never laugh or
mainly responsible for energy generation on the earth &rin. 1his mage of science and scientists is patently false.
from the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Scientists, like any other group of humans, have their share of
humorists, and many have led their lives with a great sense of
However, it is not always true. Although some equa- fun and adventure, even as they seriously pursued their
tions of Quantum Mechanics and Theory of Relativity are scientific work. Two great physicists of this genre are Gamow
highly cumbersome and difficult to understand, yet they and Feynman. You will enjoy reading their books.
agree with the experiments. Ans. True, the scientists like any other group of
1.15. Though the statement quoted above may be disputed, humans have their share of humorists, and many have led
most physicists do have afeling that the great laws of physics their lives with a great sense of fun and adventure inspite
are at once simple and beautiful. Some of the notable physicists, of pursuing their scientific work seriously. Two such great
besides Dirac, who have articulated this feeling, are : Einstein, physicists were Gamow and Feynman.

OTOs: 0bjective Type Questions

TYPE A : MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. "The task of science is both to extend the range of (b) Albert Einstein
our experience and to reduce it to order." This (c) Abdus Salam
statement was made by the scientist
(d) Issac Newton
(a) Albert Einstein (b) Isaac Newton
5. Which of the following is not regarded as a true
(c) Bertrand Russel (d) Niels Bohr fundamental force ?
2. Electrons were discovered by (a) Gravitational force
(a) E. Rutherford (b) J.J. Thomson (b) Weak nuclear force
(c) G.P. Thomson (d) W.H. Bragg (c) Electromagnetic force
3. The man responsible for the discovery of nucleus
(d) Strong nuclear force
in an atom was

(a) Faraday (b) Rutherford 6. The electromagnetic force between two charged
particles arises due to exchange of particles called
(c) Chadwick (d) Bohr
(a) Gravitons (b) Vector bosons
4. The physicist who unified electromagnetism and
optics was (c) Photons (d) Mesons
(a) James Clerk Maxwell
 PHYSICAL WORLD 117
7 Which one is the weakest
known force in nature ? 9. The law of conservation of angular momentum is
(a) Gravitational force a consequence of
(b) Weak nuclear force (a) Homogeneity of time
(o) Electromagnetic force (b) Homogeneity of space
(d) Strong nuclear force (c) Isotropy of space (d) None of these
8. A force that appears 10. Choose the incorrect statement :
between elementary
particles in a nuclear process is (a) Newton proposed corpuscular theory of light
(a) Gravitational force (b) Huygens replaced Newton's theory by wave
(b) Weak nuclear force theory of light
(o) Electromagnetic force (c) Einstein put forward quantum theory of light
(d) Strong nuclear force (d) de Broglie gave the concept of dual nature of
matter

Answers

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)

ITYPE B: COMPLETION TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The sciences which deal with the properties and 7. The force that appears only between elementary
behaviour of non-living things are called particles involved in a nuclear process is called
force.
2. The step by step approach used by a scientist in
8. When a body moves under a force, its
studying natural phenomena and establishing
the laws which govern these phenomena is total mechanical energy is conserved.
called 9. The electromagnetic force between two charged
and particles (like electrons) arises from the exchange
3. Twoprincipal thrusts in physics are
of between them.
4. mechanics deals with the mechanical 10. Magnetic confinement of plasma is the basis of
behaviour of atoms, molecules and nuclei.
leads to the law of
5. The force of mutual attraction between two 11. Homogeneity of
bodies by virtue of their masses is called conservation of energy.
force. 12. Isotropy of space leads to the law of conservation
6 force is the strongest attractive of

interaction which binds together the protons and

neutrons in a nucleus.

Answers
2. scientific method 3. unification, reductionism
1. physical sciences
4. Quantum 5. gravitational 6. Strong nuclear
7. weak nuclear 8. conservative 9. photons
10. fusion test reactor 11. time 12. angular momentum
 I18 PHYSICS

TYPE C: TRUE/FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The physicists think at a level far higher than a 6. Conservation laws are closely related to the
normal individual.
symmetries of the nature.
2. A scientific discovery which has nothing but 7. The ratio of the strength of four
dangerous consequences for mankind should forces in nature is
fundamenta|
not be made public.
3. Science is not
fo:Fiy :Fp :F =10$:10%;105;1
on
speaking terms with 8. Some
humanities. conservation laws may hold for one
4. A conservation law is a hypothesis based on fundamental force but not for the other.
observations and experiments. It cannot be proved. 9. Mechanical energy is conserved whether
acceleration is constant or variable.
5. In the absence of any external force, the total
angular momentum of a system remains 10. Einstein explained photoelectric emission on the
constant. basis of Planck's quantum theory.

Answers
1. True. In order to predict events much in
6. True. The symmetries of space and time have led
advance, the physicists have to think far higher to the discoveries of conservation laws
than normal individuals.
Concerning energy, linear momentum and
2. False. A discovery which appears dangerous angular momentum.
today may prove useful to mankind later on. But 7. False. Fo:Fy:Ep:F =1:10":1010s,
a strong public opinion should be built up 8. True. Parity is conserved by the strong and
against the misuse of such a discovery. electromagnetic forces but not by the weak force.
3. False. Science helps in the growth of humanities 9. True. When a body moves under aconservative
by preserving manuscripts of historical force, its mechanical energy is conserved
importance, enriching music, etc. whether the acceleration is constant or variable.
4. True. A conservation law can only be verified, or 10. True. On the basis of Planck's quantum theory,
disproved by experiments. Einstein explained all the experimentally
5. False. In the absence of any external torque, the observed phenomena related to photoelectric
total angular momentum of the system remains effect.
Constant.

ITYPE D: MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS

1. 3.

(a) Weakest interaction (p) Electromagnetic force Scientist Country of origin

(b) Strongest interaction (g) Weak nuclear force (a) Isaac Newton (p) England
(r) Strong nuclear force (b) Marie Curie (9) Denmark
(c) Niels Bohr (r) Poland
2

Fundamental force Messenger particle

(a) Weak nuclear (p) Mesons Scientist Discovery
(b) Strong nuclear (q) Photons (a) RA. Millikan (p) Transistor
() Electromagnetic (r) Vector bosons (b) HJ. Bhabha (9) Charge an electron
(c) John Bardeen (r) Cosmic ray showers
 PHYSICAL WORLD 1.19
5
6.

Technology Scientific principle Symmetry of Nature Conservation law

(a) Production of ultra
(p) Bernoull's principle (a) Homogeneity of time (p) Law of conservation
high magnetic fields of linear momentum
(b) Cyclotron (9) (a) Law of conservation
Superconductivity (b) Homogeneity of
space w.r.t. of energy
(o) Aeroplane () Motion of charged translation
particles in
electromagnetic fields (c) Homogeneity of (r) Law of conservation
space w.r.t. rotation of angular
momentum

Answers
1. (a) - (q), (b) - (r) 2. (a) - (r), (b) - (P), (c) - (9) 3. (a) - (P), (b) (), () - (9)
4. (a) - (9), (b) - (), (c) - (p) 5. () - (q), (6) (), () - (p) 6. (a) - (9), (b) - (p), ()- ()

Text Based Exercises

ITYPE A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

1. What is science ? 16. Name the scientist who replaced circular orbits by
2. What is the origin of the word science ? elliptical orbits in the heliocentric theory of the sun.
3. What is meant by the sanskrit word Shastra and 17. Name the scientist who discovered X-rays.
Arabic word Im ? [Delhi18]
4. What is the basic aim of science ? 18. Who discovered electrons ?
5. What is the difference between physical and 19. Name the scientist who first proposed the wave
biological sciences ? theory of light.
6. What is scientific attitude ? 20. Name the famous scientist who discovered the law

7. What is a theory? of gravitation.

8. What is physics ? 21. Name the physicist who first proposed the nuclear
model of the atom.
9. What is the origin of the word physics ?
10. What are the two basic quests in physics ? 22. Who gave the quantum model of hydrogen atom ?
11. Name the domain of physics that deals with 23. Name the scientists responsible for the develop
phenomena intermediate between macroscopic and ment of Quantumn Mechanics.
microscopic domains. 24. Name the physicist who firstproposed the concept
of antiparticle.
12. Physics has a very limited scope and is only the
pastime of a few blessed ones. Is it true ? 25. Which physicist first confirmed the existence of
positrons experimentally
13. State one law that holds good in all natural
processes. 26. Name the physicist who first measured the charge
14. Some exciting and educative physical phenomena on an electron experimentally.
and experience lead to the development of a theory. 27. Name the physicist associated with wave-particle
Give two such examples. duality.
15. Name two Indian born physicists who have been 28. Who first discovered neutrons ?
awarded Noble Prize in physics. [Chandigarh 02]
1.20 PHYSICS

29. Namne the scientist who received Nobel Prize twice 51. Give the ratio of the strengths of the four
mental forces in nature.
funda.
inphysics.
30. Name the physicist who first gave the exchange 52. What is the nature of the
Walls' forces ?
intermolecular Van der
theory of nuclear forces.
31. Name the scientist who was first awarded two 53. How many times is the strong nuclear force stronger
Nobel prizes. than the electromagrnetic force ?
32. What were the important contributions of Madame 54. Is strong nuclear force a true fundamental force 2
Marie Curie ? 55. Which force mainly governs the structure of atoms
33. Who first discovered radioactivity ? and molecules ?
34. Who first gave theory of expanding universe ? 56. Which fundamental force governs the large scale
motion in the universe ?
35. Mention some important contributions of Albert
Einstein to physics. 57. What is meant by charge independent character of
36. Name the Indian physicist, who was first awarded strong nuclear force ?
the Nobel prize. 58. Which class of elementary particles experiences
37. What was the important discovery of C.V. Raman ? the weak nuclear force and not the strong nuclear
force ?
38. What was the major contribution of Indian
physicist S.N. Bose ? 59. Among which type of elementary particles does the
39. With which field work was the famous Indian electromagnetic force act ?
60. Name the class of elementary particles on which
physicist HJ. Bhabha associated ?
40. Name the Indian physicist associated with the strong nuclear force acts.
61. Which particle initiates the electromagnetic force
triple helical structure of proteins.
between two electrons ?
41. Mention the major areas of modern scientific
research in chemical and biological sciences that are 62. What are the exchange particles for the operation of
bound to affect the human society of the () strong nuclear force and
twenty-first century. (i) weak nuclear force ?
42. On which scientific principle does an aeroplane 63. How much is the range of gravitational force ?
work ? What are the messenger particles for this force ?
43. On which scientific principle calculators and 64. Name the physicists who first unified the electric
computers are based ? and magnetic phenomena.
44. Which technology of physics has triggered the 65. Name the unified domain of weak nuclear force
computer revolution in the last three decades of the and electromagnetic force.
twentieth century ? 66. Name the physicists who first predicted the
45. What does the word LASER stand for ? On what existence of electro-weak force.
basic principle does it work ? 67. What are the conserved quantities in nature ? Give
46. Name the phenomenon used in the production of two examples of such quantities.
ultra high magnetic fields. 68. State the law of conservation of momentum. From
47. Name the philosopher who said about science "We which symmetry principle is this law obtained ?
know very little yet it is astonishing that we know 69. Which symmetry laws lead to
so much and still astonishing that so little knowledge (i) law of conservation of energy and
(of science) can give us so much power". (ii) law of conservation of angular momentum?
48. Name the strongest fundamental force in nature. 70. Some conservation laws are true for one funda
[Delhi 18] mental force but not for other. Give two such
49. Name the force responsible for the stability of examples.
nucleiand having range of 10m. 71. Name the weakest fundamental force in nature.
[Central Schools 13] [Delhi 19)
50. Arrange the weak-nuclear force, electromagnetic
force and gravitational force in the decreasing order
of the strengths.
 PHYSICAL WORLD 1.21

Answers
1. Science is a
systematised
various natural phenomenaknowledge about the 23. Heisenberg and Schrödinger.
gained by the man 24. Paul Dirac in 1930.
through his careful experimentation, keen obser
vation and accurate reasoning. 25. Carl Anderson in 1932.
The word science originated from the 26. R.A. Millikan.
scientia which means to know. Latin verb
27. de Broglie.
4 Both of these words stand for 28. James Chadwick in 1932.
A The basic aim of science is to
organised knowledge.
search for truth. It 29. John Bardeen.
tends to analyse the natural
around us. phenomena occurring 30. HidekiYukava of Japan.
5 Physical sciences deal with the properties and 31. Madame Marie Skladowak Curie, for physics in
1903 and for chemistry in 1911.
behaviour of non-living matter while biological 32. (i) Discoveries of radium and polonium.
sciences deal with living things.
6. Scientific attitude requires a flexible ) Studies on natural radioactivity.
open-minded 33. A.H. Becquerrel in 1896.
approach towards solving problems in which other
important points of view are not neglected. 34. Ed in Hubble of U.S.A.
7. Theory is the name given to a minium number of 35. () SS-energy equivalence
laws in terms of which the behaviour of a physical (i) Photoectric effect and
system can be explained. (i) Theory of relativity.
8. Physics is the study of the basic laws of nature and 36. C.V. Raman.
their manifestations in various natural phenomena.
37. Inelastic scattery of light by molecules.
9. The word physics originates from a Greek word 38. Quantum statistics (Bose-Einstein statistics).
meaning nature.
39. Cascade process in cosmic radiation.
10. () Unification and (i) Reductionism. 40. G.N. Ramchandran.
11. Meso-scopic physics which deals with a few tens or 41. Genetic engineering, biotechnology, new chemical
hundreds of atoms.
materials, etc.
12. No, physics has a very wide scope. We find
application of physics in every walk of life.
42. Bernoulli's principle in fluid dynamics.
13. One such law is the Newton's law of gravitation. It 43. Digital logic of electronic circuits.
states that every body in the universe attracts every 44. Technology of silicon chip.
other body with a force which is directly propor 45. The word LASER stands for light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation. It works on the
tional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between principle of population inversion.
them. 46. Superconductivity.
14. () The fall of an apple from a tree and motion of 47. Bertrand Russel.
the moon led Newton to his famous law of 48. Strong nuclear force.
gravitation. 49. Strong nuclear force.
(1) The spherical shape of the liquid drops led to 50. Electromagnetic force > Weak nuclear force >
the concept of surface tension. Gravitational force.
15. () CV. Raman and 51. Fç: Fy :Fp:Fy =1: 1025:106 1038
(i) Subramanium Chandrasekhar. 52. Intermolecular Van der Walls' forces are electro
16. Johann Kepler. magnetic in nature.
17. W.K. Roentgen. 53. 100 times.
18. J.J. Thomson. 54. No, strong nuclear force is now thought to be a
19. Christian Huygens. force derived from quark-quark force.
20. Isaac Newton. 55. Electromagnetic force.
21. Earnest Rutherford. 56. Gravitational force.
22. Neils Bohr in 1913.
 I22 PHYSICS-XI

57. Nuclear forces between a proton and proton, a 67. The physical quantities that remain unchanged in a
neutron and a neutron, anda proton and a neutron process are called conserved quantities. For example
are nearly equally strong. This indicates that the energy, linear momentum, etc.
strong nuclear force does not depend on the charge 68. Law of conservation of linear momentum statos
of the nucleons.
that if no exterrnal force acts on a system then, its
58. Leptons. total linear momentum remains constant. This law
59. Electromagnetic force acts on all electrically follows from the homogeneity of space.
charged particles. 69. () Homogeneity of time leads to the law of
60. Hadrons. conservation of energy.
61. Photon (). (i) Isotropy of space leads to the law of conser
62. () Mesons (ii) Vector bosons. vation of angular momentum.
63. The range of gravitational force is infinite. 70. (1) Parity is conserved by the strong and electro
Gravitons are thought to be the exchange particles for magnetic forces but not by the weak force.
this force.
(ii) Strangeness is conserved by the strong force
64. Oersted and Faraday. but not by the weak force.
65. Electro-weak force. 71. Gravitational force.
66. Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
in 1979.

TYPE B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

1. Mathematics is an important tool in the develop 11. Taking a suitable example from daily life, show that
ment of physics. Comment on this statement. electromagnetic force is enormously stronger than
2. Mention four important discoveries of physics the gravitational force.
which have revolutionised modern chemistry. 12. Although gravitational force is the weakest of the
four fundamental forces, yet it governs the large
3. Name some advancements in physics which have scale motion in the universe. Explain how.
played an important role in the development of 13. Name the four fundamental forces in nature. Out of
medical sciences.
the four which one is (a) strongest,and (b) weakest?
4. Name fwo advancements made in technology on [Delhi 03)
the basis of physics. [Himachal 06C]
14. How do we classify elementary particles as baryons,
5. Theory and experiments go harnd in hand in physics mesons and leptons ?Amongst which of these parti
and help each other's progress. Give two suitable cles is the strong nuclear force dominant and
examples in support of this view. amongst which is the weak nuclear force dominant ?
6. Discuss the relation of physics with mathematics 15. State the law of conservation of energy. Give a
and chemistry. [Himachal 03] suitable example for it.
7. Explain the electromagnetic nature of the contact 16. State the law of conservation of linear momentum.
forces between two bodies. Give an example for it.
8. Briefly discuss the nature of the force of friction. 17. State the law of conservation of angular momen
9. Explain how does the elastic force in a spring arise. tum. Give an example for it.
10. Briefly explain the origin of Van der Walls' force 18. Explain the law of conservation of charge with the
between two neutral molecules. help of a suitable example.

Answers
1. Refer answer to Q. 14 on page 1.4. 3. () Electron microscope in studying structure of a
cell.
2. () X-ray diffraction techniques (i1) Study of radio
activity (ii) Discovery of isotopes by mass spectro (ii) X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques in
graphs (io) Nuclear magnetic resonance. studying the structure of nucleic acids.
 PHYSICAL WORLD 1.23
(ii) Radioisotopes in radiation therapy for curing 8. Refer answer to Q. 20(ü) on page 1.8.
skin cancer.
(iv) Ultrasonics in diagnosing the human body. 9. Refer answer to Q. 20() on page 1.8.
4 Refer answer to Q. 16 on page 1.6. 10. Refer answer to Q. 20(iv) on page 1.8.
11. Refer answer to Q. 21 on page 1.8.
5. () The alpha scattering experiments of
ford gave the nuclear model of the atom. Ruther 12. Refer answer to Q. 22 on page 1.8.
(i) Dirac's theoretical work 13. Refer answer to Q. 17 on page 1.7.
introduced the concept Refer to For your knowledge' box on page 1.9.
of antiparticle, which was later 14.
confirmed
experimentally by Anderson's discovery of 15. Refer answer to Q. 29 on page 1.11.
positron.
16. Refer answer to Q. 30on page 1.11.
6. Refer answer to Q. 14 on page 1.4.
17. Refer answer to Q. 31 on page 1.12.
7. Refer answer to Q. 20(1) on
page 1.8. 18. Refer answer to Q. 32 on page 1.12.

TYPE C : LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS-I (3 mark each)

1. What is a scientific method ? Mention the various
steps involved in a scientific method. A. Scientist B. Discovery
2. The scope of physics is truly vast. Comment. Salam 7. Law of electromagnetic
3. Physics is a science of excitement. How ? induction
4. Give reasons for the tremendous progress in 8. Einstein 8. Expansion of the Universe
9. Raman 9. Neutron
physics in the last few centuries.
5. Discuss the relation of physics with other sciences. 10. Hubble 10. Nuclear model of the atom
[Himachal 02, 04]
6. What is physics ? Discuss the relation of physics
13. Match the technology in column A to its related
with technology. scientific principle(s) in column B:
[Himachal 03, 04, 05]
A. Technology B. Scientific principle(s)
7. Discuss the scope and excitement of physics. 1. Steam engine
[Himachal 04) 1. Propagation of
electromagnetic
8. What is a strong nuclear force ? Give its important waves

properties. Give an example of nuclear force. 2. Nuclear reactor 2. Newton's laws of

motion
9. What is a weak nuclear force ? Give its important
properties. Give an example of a weak nuclear force. 3. Radio and T.V. 3. Superconductivity
10. Write the names of the four fundamental forces in 4. Computers 4. Role of DNA in
nature. Give any two main characteristics of each heredity
(Delhi 03C] 5. Lasers 5. Thermodynamics
type.
11. How are the conservation laws related with the 6. Production of 6. Faraday's law of
ultra high induction
symmetries of nature ? magnetic fields
12. Match the scientist's name against discovery 7. Rocket propulsion 7. Conversion of
gravitational
A. Scientist B. Discovery
potential energy into
1. Faraday 1. Law of gravitation electrical energy
2. Rutherford 2. Quantum model of 8. Genetic 8. Motion of charged
hydrogen atom engineering particles in
3. Chadwick 3. Unification of light and electromagnetic fields
electromagnetism 9. Electric generator 9. Fission of uranium
4. Bohr
by slow neutrons
4. Theory of Relativity 10. Hydroelectric 10. Amplification by
5. Newton 5. Inelastic scattering of light power population inversion
by molecules 1. Aeroplane 11. Digital logic of
6. Maxwell 6. Unification of weak and electronic circuits
strong electromagnetic 12. Particle 12. Bernouli's priniple
interaction accelerators in fluid dynamics
 PHYSICS-XI
24
14. Match the scientist in column A against the country of origin in columnB
A. Scientist B. Country of origin
1. Michelson 1. Denmark
2. Newton 2. US.A.
3. Landau 3. Italy
4. Bhabha 4. France
5. Bohr 5. India
6. Archimedes
6. Germany
7. Galileo 7. U.S.S.R.
8. Curie 8. Britain
9. Heisenberg 9. Japarn
10. Yukawa 10. Greece

Answers
1. Refer answer to Q. 4 on page 1.1. 10. Refer answer to Q. 18 and Q. 19 on page 1.7 and
2. Refer answer to Q. 11 on page 1.3. Q. 23 and Q. 24 on page 1.9.
3. Refer answer to Q. 12 on page 1.3. 11. Refer answer to Q. 33 on page 1.12.
4. Refer answer to Q. 13 on page 1.4. 12. (1-7) :(2- 10) ; (3-9) : (4- 2) ; (5-1) ;(6-3) ;
5. Refer answer to Q. 14 on page 1.4. (7-6); (8-4); (9-5); (10 - 8).
6. Refer answer to Q. 16 on page 1.6. 13. (1-5) : (2-9) : (3-1); (4-11) ; (5-10) : (6- 3) ;
7. Refer answer to Q. 11 and Q. 12 on page 1.3. (7-2); (8 -4); (9 - 6):(10 7):(11- 12): (12 8)
8. Refer answer to Q. 23 on page 1.9. 14. (1-2) ; (2- 8) ;(3-7) ;(4- 5) ;(5- 1) ; (6- 10) ;
9. Refer answer to Q. 24 on page 1.9.
(7-3):(8-4):(9 - 6);: (10 9),
 COMPETITION SECTION

Physical World
GLIMPSES

1. Science. Science is the 7. Physics is an exact science. It is because of high

systematised and
organised knowledge about the various natural precision and accuracy obtainable in the
phenomena which is obtained by careful measurement of physical quantities.
experimentation, keen observation, and 8. Physics is a basic science. Because of its
accurate reasoning. It has two main branches, important role played in the development of life
(a) physical sciences, (b) biological sciences. science, medicine, technology and industry,
() Physical sciences. These sciences deal with physics is considered as the most basic of all
the properties and behaviour of non-living sciences.
things. 9. Physics and mathematics. Mathematics has
(i) Biological sciences. These sciences deal proved to be the most important tool in the
with the behaviour of living things.
2. Physics. The word physics comes from a Greek
development of physics.
10. Mechanics. It deals with the slow motion or
word which means nature. Physics is the study equilibrium of material bodies.
of the natural laws and their manifestation in
the natural phenomena. It deals with the 11. Optics. It deals with the nature and propagation
concepts of space, time, motion, matter, energy, of light.
radiation, etc. 12. Thermodynamics. It deals with the change in
internal energy, temperature, entropy etc., of
3. Chemistry. Chemistry is the study of every the macrOSCopic systems through extermal work
substance, its structure, its composition and and heat.
changes in which it takes part. 13. Electrodynamics. It deals with electric and
4. Scientific attitude. Scientific attitude requires a magnetic phenomerna associated with charged
flexible, open-minded approach towards and magnetic bodies.
solving problems in which other important
14. Quantum mechanics. It deals with the mechanical
points of view are not neglected.
behaviour of atoms, molecules and nuclei.
5. Scientific method. The step by step approach
used by a scientist in studying natural pheno 15. Relativity. It deals with the particles having
mena and establishing laws which govern these speeds comparable to the speed of light. It is the
phenomena, is called scientific method. It theory of invariance in nature.
involves the steps like () experimentation and 16. Physics, technology and society. Sometimes
observation, (i) formation of hypothesis, (ii) physics generates new technology. At other
verification of hypothesis and (i) theoretical times technology gives rise to new physics. Both
predictions. have a direct impact on society.
6. Scientific theory. Theory is the name given to a 17. Scope of physics. The scope of physics is truly
set of a limited number of laws in terms of which vast. It covers a wide range of magnitudes of
the behaviour of a physical system can be physical quantities such as mass, length, time,
explained. energy, etc.
(1.25)
 26 PHYSICS-X

18, Basic quests in physics. The tuo basicquests in 23, Weak nuclear force, It is the force that
modern physics are 0 unification and
() reductionism. These haveresulted in great
only between elementary particles involved iappears
nuclear process such as the f-decay of a nuce
advances in physics. Itis caused by exchange of vector bosons,
19. Fundamental forces in nature. There are four 24. Isolated system. Any system on which
external force acts is called isolated
fundamental forces which govern both macro
scopic and microscopic phenomena. These are: Universe is the most ideal isolated system
syster
(0 gravitational force, (i) electromagnetic force, possible.
(i) strong nuclear force and (io) weak nuclear 25. Law of conservation of energy. It states that she
force. total energy of an isolated system remains
The relative strengths of these forces are constant. It follows from the nature's symmetry
FoiFiy:F:E =1:10 25,10 %
; 10 38 called homogeneity of time.
20. Gravitational force. It is the force of mutual 26. Law of conservation of linear momentum.
attraction between two bodies by virtue of their states that if no external force acts on a system
then its total linear momentum remains
masses. It obeys Newton's law of gravitation. It
is caused by the exchange particles called constant. It follows from nature's symmetry
gravitons. called homogeneity of space.
21. Electromagnetic force. It is the force due to 27. Law of conservation of angular momentum. It
interaction between two moving charges. It is states that if no external torque acts ona systerm,
caused by exchange of photons (Y) between two then its angular momentum remains constant. It
charged particles. follows from nature's symmetry called isotropy
22. Strong nucear force. It is the strongest of space.
attractive interaction which binds together the 28. Law of conservation of charge. It states that the
protons and neutrons in a nucleus. Electrons do total charge of an isolated system remains
not experience this force. Constant.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A supposition that is put forward as a probable 4. The book titled Principia' was written by
solution to a natural phenomenon is called a (a) Maxwell (b) Einstein
(a) hypothesis (b) theory (c) Newton (d)Galileo. [AFMC 01]
(c) law (d) relief. 5."It is more important to have beauty in the
2. A thought experiment in physics is one equations of physics than to have them agree with
experiments". The scientist who made this statement is
(a) which is theoretically possible but experi (a) Dirac (b) Maxwell
mentally not feasible.
(c) Faraday (d) Raman.
(b) which is neither theoretically nor experi
mentally feasible. 6."The most incomprehensible thing about the
() which is performed by non-physicist. world is that it is comprehensible." This statement was
(d) none of the above.
made by the scientist
(a) Aristotle (b) Newton
3."Nature is pleased with simplicityand effects not (c) Galileo (d) Einstein.
the pump of superfluous causes". It has been said by
the great scientist 7. The country which awards the prestigeous Nobel
prize is
(a) Einstein (b) Dirac
(a) U.S.A. (b) U.K.
(c) Russel (4) Newton.
(c)Sweden (d) France.
 PHYSICAL WORLD (0ompetition Section) L27
AAn Indian scientist who won Nobel prize for () CGeophysies
physiesis (h) Astronomy
) Sir JC Bose (0) HJ. Bhaba () Superconductivity
(e) M.N. Saha () SirC.V. Raman. (d) Laser Technology.
|AFMC O) 18. Radioactivity was discovered by
The man who has won Nobel rize twice in (a) Chadwick (b) Rutherford
physiesis () Becquerel (d) Roentgen.
(a) Einstein (b) Bardeen 19, Abdus Salam, an America based Pakistarni
) Heisenberg () Faraday. (AFMC 0) physicist won Nobel Prize in the field of
1a Madam Marie Curie won Nobel Prize twice (a) Inelastic scattering of lightby molecules
which were in the field of (b) Unification of weak and electromagnetic forces
(a) Physies and chemistry (c) Superconductivity
() Chemistry only (d) Laser technology.
() Physics only 20. Neutrons were discovered by
() Biology only. (a) Fermi (b) Yukawa
11. Prot. Albert Einstein got noble prize in physics (c) Dirac (d) Chadwick.
for his work on 21, Louis de-Broglie is credited for his work on
(a) special theory of relativity () Theory of relativity
(b) general theory of relativity (6) Electromagnetic theory
() photoelectric effect (c) Matter waves
(d) theory of specific heats. CBSE 91) (d) Law of distribution of velocities.
12. The value of universal gravitational constant 'G 22. The country to which de-Broglie belongs is
was first experimentally determined by (a) Germany (6) England
(a) Newton (b) Galileo (c) France (d) America.
() Kelvin (d) Cavendish. 23, Lightning was discovered by [AFMC 96|
13, Charge on an electron was first determined by: (a) Faraday (b) Franklin
(a) Millikan (b) Bohr () Ohm (d) Edison.
() Thomson (d) Rutherford. 24. The discoverer of loudness and intensity of
14. J. [Link] der Walls discovered equation of gases sound is
and liquids. He was a (0) Newton (b) Bell
(d) Edison.
(a) English scientist (b) French scientist () Leplace
(c) Dutch scientist (d) German scientist. 25. The man who is known as the Father of
Experimental Physics is
15, X-rays were discovered by (a) Newton (b) Albert Einstein
(a) Coolidge (b) Roentgen
(c) Galileo (d) Rutherford.
(c) Maxwell (d) Fermi. (VMMC 131
26. The total number of discoveries made by
16. The working of an aeroplane is based on Michael Faraday is
(a) Newton's third law of motion
(a) 16 (b) 41
(b) Bernoulli's principle (d) 16401.
() 5
() Newton's law of gravitation
27. The person who has been awarded the title of
(d) Law of conservation of momentum. the Father of Physics of 20th century is
17. Chandershekher, an America based Indian (a) Madame Curie (b) Sir C.V. Raman
scientist was awarded Nobel Prize in physics on the
(c) Neils Bohar (d) Albert Einstein.
subject concerning
 PHYSICS-XI

28, It has been postulated that there may be some (b) reflection of light
particles moving with speed greater than the speed of (c) deflection of light
light. () scattering of light.
Such particles are known as 32. The idea of calculus was given by |AFMC O
() Electrons (0) Neutrons (a) Newton
(e) Nucleons () Tachyons. JAFMC 01| (b) Einstein
29, The book "Pisces of Physics" has been written (c) Marconi
by
() Planck.
() Einstein JAFMC 03
[Link] of the following principles is being used
(0) Newton in Sonar Technology?
() Archimedes (a) Reflection of ultrasonic waves
() Galile. |AFMC O1] (b) Newton's laws of motion
30, Which of the following is wrongly matched ? (c) Reflection of electromagnetic waves
(a) Baronmeter-Pressure (d) Laws of thermodynamics (DPMT 20i1)
(b) Lactometer- Milk 34. Following process is known as
(e) Coulomb's law-charges hv’e+et
() Humidity-Calorimeter AFMC 011 (a) Pair production (b) Photoelectric effect
31. CV, Raman got Nobel prize for his experiment (c) Compton effect (a) Zeeman effect
on
[VMMC 09, 14)
(2) dispersion of light

Answers
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. () 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d)
7. (0) 8. () 9. () 10. (a) 11. (0) 12. (d)
13. (2) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (0)
19. (b) 20. () 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. () 24. (b)
25. (0) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. () 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a)