Human Reproduction that may be removed through

circumcision.
Scrotum - pair of pouch-like sacs that
Male Reproductive System - it is
contains the testes. Also protects and
specifically responsible for producing
controls the testes’ temperature
sperm cells and hormones
because they may be slightly cooler
than the body to produce sperm.
Sperm cell - needed to fertilized an egg
Bulbourethral Gland - also known as
cell
the cowper’s gland, is one of the
Hormones - responsible for the
pea-sized organs found beneath the
development of adult male
prostate gland. Responsible For
characteristics
releasing fluid that flushed out foreign
matter and neutralizes the acidic urine in
Sperm - a male can produce numerous
the urethra.
sperm cells. An average man can have
approximately 5,000,000 in a single
drop of his semen.

Male Reproductive System

Parts and Function
Testes - primary male reproductive
organs. Produce the sperm cells and
male sex hormone called testosterone.
Epididymis - long and narrow coiled
tubes that store sperm cells until they
mature.
Vas Deferens - long, muscular tube that Female Reproductive System -
serves as the passageway of the sperm responsible for producing egg cells and
cells released from the testes. Also supporting a developing baby inside a
connects the testes to the seminal mother’s womb.
vesicles and the urethra.
Seminal Vesicles - saclike pouches Female Reproductive System
attached to the vas deferens. It Parts and Functions
contributes to the semen production, a Uterus - also called the womb, is a
sugar-rich fluid which provides energy hollow muscular organ that is shaped
for the sperm cells motility allowing them like an inverted pear. It is the part of the
to move freely. female reproductive system in which a
Prostate Gland - located between the baby grows, it is above the vagiina.
bladder and the penis. It produces fluid Fallopian Tube - also known as uterine
nourishes and protects the sperm. tubes are tubes that stretch from the
Urethra - in males is the passageway of uterus to the ovaries. It leads the egg
both urine from the urinary bladder and from the ovary to the uterus. Also the
semen from the glands. usual site of fertilization of the egg cell
Penis - external male organ with a tip and sperm cell. Female have 2 fallopian
called glans. It's covered with foreskin tubes.
Ovary - produces egg cells as well as Animal Reproduction
the female sex hormones estrogen and
progesterone. Females have 2 ovaries, Process of Reproduction
about 70,000 potential egg cells are Re - Again
already present in the ovaries of a Production - Making
female when she is born. However, only Reproduction - is the ability of an
about 500 of the eggs will mature. organism to make new individuals.
Cervix - narrow opening between the
uterus and the vagina. Also called the Methods of Asexual Reproduction
neck of the uterus. During childbirth, it - Binary Fission
expands to allow the passage of the - Budding
baby. - Regeneration
Vagina - is a hollow, muscular tube that - Fragmentation
extends from the cervix to the vaginal - Parthenogenesis
opening called vulva. It expands to let
the baby pass during normal delivery. Binary Fission - it occurs where a
Also called the birth canal. parent animal divides itself into two and
Fimbriae - a fingerlike structure at the each half grows into a new organism. It
end of the fallopian tube which helps the is also called splitting.
egg cell in going to the uterus.

Budding - itt happens when an

outgrowth of the parent organism
develops into a new organism. A bulge
appears at the parent’s body then grows
Reproduction into a bud and eventually becomes a
miniature copy of the parent.
Sperm - the male body makes and
stores in the testicles.
Egg - the female body makes and
stores eggs in the ovaries, which are
joined to the uterus by the fallopian
tubes.
Fetus - when the baby is growing inside
the female’s body, it is called
Fragmentation - this happens when an Asexual - a mode of reproduction
organism is spit into fragments and each where a single organism or cell makes a
fragment develops into a new organism. copy of itself and the genes of the
original and its copy will be the same.

Sexual Reproduction - takes place

when a sex cells from male and female
animals unite to form a new animal.
Gonads - the gametes or sex cells of
animals develop in specialized organs
called…
Testes - the male gonads are called…
Parthenogenesis - it is a form of Sperm cells - the testes produce male
reproduction in which an egg can gametes called…
develop into an embryo without being Ovaries - the female gonads are
fertilized by a sperm. called…
Regeneration - on the other hand, is Egg cells or ova - the ovaries produce
the partial process or complete regrowth female gametes called…
of tissue in an organism where there Fertilization - takes place when a
has been some damage. sperm unites with the egg cell
Zygote - the fertilized egg is called…
which develops into an embryo

Two kinds of fertilization in Animal

- Internal Fertilization
- External Fertilization

Internal Fertilization - happens when

the male animal releases sperm cells
Gamete - specialized sex cells (sperm into the body of the female animal to
and egg) produced by each parent fertilize the egg cell. - the embryo can
reproduction either develop inside the female body or
Fertilization - the process by which develop inside an egg laid by the
male and female gametes are fused female.
together, initiating the development of a Viviparous - viviparous animals develop
new organism from an embryo inside the body of the
Zygote - fertilized egg cell that results female, receiving nourishment from the
from the union of female gamete with a mother’s blood through a placement and
male gamete. are born alive.
Sexual - a mode of reproduction where
two different individuals contribute their
chromosomes to create a new
individual, which will be similar to both
parents but will never be genetically
identical to either one.
Oviparous - Oviparous animals lay Reasons why animals need feed
eggs that later hatch to form young - Maintenance
ones. They eventually produce eggs at - Growth
a particular time of the year depending - Reproduction
on the availability of food as they - Lactation
provide nutrients to the egg though the - Working
yolk sac. - the eggs of oviparous - Working
animals are covered with hard or soft - Other products and uses
shells, depending on the animal. After
laying the eggs, some animals sit on the Ways animals use nutrients to
eggs to keep them warm while others maintain themselves
bury the eggs in the sand. - Used to keep the body warm
- Replace old cells
External Fertilization - occurs outside - Run the internal organs and for
the bodies of the parents, The female body movement
releases eggs into the water or attaches
them to a plan or rock. The male then Six Essential Nutrients
releases sperm cells over the eggs to 1. Water
fertilize them. - it is the type of 2. Carbohydrates
fertilization that takes place outside the 3. Fats
female body and usually occurs in an 4. Protein
aquatic environment where both eggs 5. Minerals
and sperm are released into the water. 6. Vitamins

Animal Nutrients Water (H2O)

- Controls body temperature.
Nutrients - refers to any substances - Enables living plants and animals
required for the growth and to hold their shape.
maintenance of an organism. - Involves the transport of nutrients
at the cellular level through
2 types of organism based on the osmosis and diffusion.
mode of nutrition - Helps digest feeds.
Autotrophs - organism that obtain - Carries waste-products resulting
energy from sunlight and chemicals to from body functions.
produce their own food. - Major part of all body fluids.
Heterotrophs - they cannot make their
own food and obtain their energy from Carbohydrates (C6H12O6)
other organisms. - Furnishes energy for:
A. body functions
B. growth and fattening
C. reproduction
 - The largest part of an animal's Vitamins
food supply (usually the - Needed in minute amounts.
roughage in the diet). Essential for life and health.
- Includes sugars, starches, and - Catalyst for body processes.
cellulose. Made up of carbon, - Promotes growth and
hydrogen, and oxygen. reproduction.
- Contributes to the general health
Fats of the animal.
- Furnishes a concentrated source
of energy. (2.25 times as much Two general classes of feedstuffs
energy as C6H120.) *Forms Concentrates - feeds that are low in
cholesterol, steroids, and other fiber & high in total digestible nutrients.
body compounds. Oats - when an animal only consumes
- Found in every cell in the body. the seed.
- Skin and hair conditions are
affected when fat is absent from Roughages
the diet. - Feeds that are high in fiber & low
- Provides: Energy reserves in total digestible nutrients.
Protection for vital organs Oat Hay - when an animal consumes
Insulation for the body the seeds, leaves, and stalk.
- Made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. Digestible Nutrient
- A digestible nutrient is the part of
Proteins a feedstuff that can be digested,
- Needed for growth and repair of or broken down.
the body. - Fiber in roughage is not easily
- Helps form the greater part of: digested.
A. muscles and internal organs. - Ruminants and horses are
B. skin, hair, wool, and feathers. efficient users of roughage.
C. hoofs and horns.
- Contains carbon, hydrogen, Terms
oxygen, and nitrogen. Ration - the total amount of feed an
animal gets in a 24 hour period.
Minerals Balance Ration - a ration that provides
- Potassium, phosphorous, and all of the nutrients needed by the animal
calcium are necessary for healthy in the right amount and proportion.
bones. Diet - type and amount of feed and
- Salt (NaCl) is important in most water an animal eats
body functions (i.e. appearance,
growth, appetite).
- Iron is required for healthy blood
and skin.
- Most other minerals are
essential, but are required in
smaller amounts.
Three types of roughage for animals Ways concentrates are made into
Pasture - land where grasses and other forms of feed
plants grow for animals to graze - Bales
Hay - made of the leaves and stems of - Loose Chop
plants that have been cut and dried - Pellets and wafers
for feed - Cracking and Rolling
Silage - Made from cut green plants by - Grinding
chopping them into small pieces and - Extruding
placing the "chop" in a silo
Ways supplements are prepared
Blocks - salt or mineral block
Examples of grain concentrates Liquids - Molasses
- Grains are high in TDN but do not Mixes - salt, protein sources and other
provide a balanced ration. minerals.
- Examples include corn, oats,
wheat and grain sorghum.
- Corn is the most widely used Plant Reproduction
grain.

Sources of Protein supplements

- Protein supplements are high in
TDN and high in protein.
- Three types:
Animal - meat scraps and
tankage, blood meal, fish meal,
and skim milk
Plant - soybean oil meal, cotton Where does reproduction takes
seed meal and various grain place?
by-products. - Reproduction takes place in the
Synthetic - Urea, molasses, rice flower
hulls, and citrus pulp treated with
ammonia.

Feed Additives
- Placed in feed while it is being
manufactured to preserve it and
enhance growth of the animals.
- Medications
- Wormers
- Marketing enhancement
- Antioxidants
Asexual Reproduction Ex: onion
The bulb has a condensed stem,
Importance of Reproduction thickened base to which the fleshy
Procreation - for continuous existence leaves (base of leaves) are attached.
of organism; and The bulb grows by the growth of roots
Quality Improvement - mixing of and leaves.
genetic materials leading to variation
among individuals in a species. Runner: horizontal stem with buds, new
plant grows where runner roots into the
Types of Asexual Reproduction ground
- Vegetative Reproduction
- Reproduction without seed Tuber: part of a root or stem that stores
food for the plant but which can be dug
Asexual Reproduction up and eaten.
- Offspring is identical to parent Ex: Potato
- Vegetative Propagation: roots, Due to food deposition, end of
stems and leaves used to underground branches are swollen.
produce new plant Buds send out both shoots and roots.

Vegetative Reproduction
- A form of asexual reproduction
where a new plant grows from
parts of an existing plant.
- Fast reproduction
- Examples:
Strawberry runners
Ex: ginger
Moss fragmentation
Due to food deposition, the end of the
Potato eyes and buds
underground main stem gets swollen.
Nodes send out both shoots and roots.
Vegetative Propagation
Structure of life capable of Giving Rise
Reproduction without Seeds
to a new organism asexuality

Reproduction in Plants
Bulbs: short underground stem that
contains stored food (new bulbs sprout
from old bulbs)
Examples:
Garlic
Onion
Daffodil
Digestive System

Phases Include
- Ingestion
- Movement/Propulsion
- Mechanical Digestion
- Chemical Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination/Defecation
Digestion

Types
- Mechanical (physical)
Chew
Tear
Grind
Mash
Mix
- Chemical
Enzymatic reactions to improve
digestion of
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
- Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at
the back of the throat that closes
Digestion - is the process of breaking
over the trachea preventing food
down feed into simple substances that
from entering it. It is located in
can be absorbed by the body
the Pharynx.
Absorption - is the taking of the
digested parts of the feed into the
bloodstream.

Digestive System Organization

Mouth
- Teeth mechanically break down
food into small pieces. Tongue
mixes food with saliva (contains
amylase, which helps break down
starch).
Esophagus Take note:
- The stomach takes around 4
- Approximately 20 cm long.
- Functions include: hours to do its job on the food,
depending on what kinds of food
Secrete mucus
are digested.
Moves food from the throat to the
stomach using muscle movement
called peristalsis
- If acid from the stomach gets in
here that’s heartburn.

Small Intestine
- Small intestines are roughly 7
meters long
- Lining of intestine walls has
finger-like projections called villi,
Take note: to increase surface area.
- A good way to describe - The villi are covered in microvilli
peristalsis is an ocean wave which further increases surface
moving through the muscle. area for absorption.
- These diagrams don't separate
the esophagus from the mouth
functions, you might want to talk
about what happens in the mouth
too.

Stomach
- J-shaped muscular bag that
stores the food you eat, breaks it
down into tiny pieces.
- Mixes food with Digestive
Juices that contain enzymes to
break down Proteins and
Lipids.
- Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills
Bacteria.
- Food found in the stomach is
called Chyme.
 - Nutrients from the food pass into and that it might have been used
the bloodstream through the long ago but is not today
small intestine walls.
- Absorbs: - Mention the portions of the large
intestine, ascending, transverse,
80% ingested water
descending, sigmoid, and rectum
Vitamins
(last one if the audience is
Minerals mature enough)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
- Secretes digestive enzymes

Accessory Organs
The Glands
- Not part of the path of food, but
play a critical role.
Large Intestine - Include: Liver, gallbladder, and
•About 1.5 meters long pancreas

•Accepts what small intestines don’t

absorb
•Rectum (short term storage which
holds feces before it is expelled).
- Functions
Bacterial digestion
Ferment carbohydrates
- Absorbs more water
- Concentrate wastes
Liver
- Directly affects digestion by
producing bile
Take Note:
- Depending on the maturity of the Bile helps digest fat
group, you can talk about the - filters out toxins and waste
feces leaving via the anus. including drugs and alcohol and
- Mention the appendix at the poisons.
bottom of the ascending colon
Take Note: Pancreas
- Livers can regenerate missing - Produces digestive enzymes to
pieces if necessary. digest fats, carbohydrates and
- Is one of the largest organs in the proteins
body - Regulates blood sugar by
producing insulin

Take Note:
- Explain the difference between
the two types of diabetes. In type
1, the pancreas fails to produce
enough insulin. In type 2, the
body stops responding properly
to the insulin it creates.

Gallbladder
- Stores bile from the liver,
releases it into the small
intestine. Types of Animal Digestive System
- Fatty diets can cause gallstones - Monogastric, Avian , Ruminant,
Pseudo ruminants are the four
Take note: basic types of digestive systems
- Explain to students that removing in animals.
the stones typically means - To select the proper type of feed
removing the gallbladder, but that for animals, knowledge of these
the body eventually adjusts to not four different types of digestive
having the bile stored. systems is critical.
Various Types of Digestive Systems Examples of monogastric animals
are hogs, cats, dogs, and
Digestion is the process of breaking humans.
down feed into simple substances that
can be absorbed by the body.
Absorption is the taking of the digested
parts of the feed into the bloodstream.
Digestive system consists of the parts
of the body involved in chewing and
digesting feed. This system also moves
the digested feed through the animal's
body and absorbs the products of
digestion. Different species of animals
are better able to digest certain types of Avian Digestive System
feeds than others. This difference - The avian digestive system is
occurs because of the various types of found in poultry. This system
digestive systems found in animals. differs greatly from any other
There are four basic types of digestive type. Since poultry do not have
systems: monogastric, avian, ruminant, teeth, there is no chewing.
and pseudo-ruminant. - Poultry break their feed into
pieces small enough to swallow
Monogastric Digestive System by pecking with their beaks or
- A monogastric digestive system scratching with their feet. Feed
has one simple stomach. The enters the mouth, travels to the
stomach secretes acid, resulting esophagus, and empties directly
in a low pH of 1.5 to 2.5. into the crop.
- The low pH destroys most - The crop is where the food is
bacteria and begins to break stored and soaked. Food then
down the feed materials. Animals moves from the crop to the
with this type of digestive system proventriculus.
are better adapted to eat rations - The proventriculus is the
high in concentrates. stomach in a bird, where gastric
- Concentrates are highly enzymes and hydrochloric acid
digestible feedstuffs that are high are secreted. From the
in energy and low in fiber. proventriculus, the food makes its
Concentrates are typically 80 to way to the gizzard.
90 percent digestible. - The gizzard is a very muscular
- Common concentrates are organ, which normally contains
cereal grains and oil meals. grit or stones that function like
Cereal grains include corn, teeth to grind the food. The food
wheat, barley, and oats. Oil meals then moves from the gizzard to
include soybean meal, linseed the small intestine and then to the
meal, and cottonseed meal. large intestine. The nondigestible
food components then travel into
the cloaca. Urine is also emp-
tied into the cloaca. The material
 is then passed out of the body chew their cuds about six to eight
through the vent. Digestion in the times per day.
avian system is very rapid.

Rumen
The first and largest section of the
stomach is the rumen. In the rumen,
Ruminant Digestive System
solid feed is mixed and partially broken
- The ruminant digestive system
down. The rumen contains millions of
has a large stomach divided into
bacteria and other microbes that
four compartments-the rumen,
promote fermentation, which breaks
the reticulum, the omasum,
down roughages. The rumen also
and the abomasum.
contains microorgan- isms that
- The ruminant digestive system is
synthesize amino acids and B-complex
found in cattle, sheep, goats,
vitamins. Amino acids are the building
and deer. Ruminant animals eat
blocks of proteins and are essential for
feed rations that are high in
the growth and maintenance of cells.
roughages and low in
concentrates.
Reticulum
- Roughages are feedstuffs that
The reticulum is the second segment
are high in fiber, low in energy,
of the stomach. The reticulum is a
and typically only 50 to 65
small pouch on the side of the rumen
percent digestible. Roughages
that traps foreign materials, such as
include hay, straw, grazed
wire, nails, and so forth. Since
forages, and silage.
ruminants do not chew their food before
- Ruminants are different from
swallowing, they will occasionally
monogastric animals in that they
swallow foreign objects.
swallow their food in large
quantities with little chewing.
Abomasum
Later they will ruminate, or belch
The abomasum is the fourth
up the feed, chew, and swallow it
compartment of the stomach. The
again. The regurgitated feed is
abomasum is also referred to as the true
called a cud.
stomach because it is similar to the
- A cud is a ball-like mass of feed
stomach in monogastric animals.
brought up from the stomach to
be rechewed. On average, cattle
Rumen Microorganisms
 - Ruminants rely on areas for microbial digestion of
microorganisms for the fiber. Pseudo-ruminants often eat
digestion of roughages. The forages as well as grains and
rumen microorgan- isms are very other concentrated feeds.
diverse and consist of bacteria, Besides horses, examples of
protozoa, and fungi. Bacteria are pseudo-ruminants are rabbits,
the most numerous rumen guinea pigs, and hamsters.
microorganisms, at approximately
1 billion bacteria per milliliter of
rumen fluid.
- Bacteria are responsible for most
feed digestion in the rumen. They
break down cellulose to form
volatile fatty acids (VFAS). The
VFAs provide the ruminant with
60 to 80 percent of its energy
needs.
- Protozoa are typically responsible
for about 25 per- cent of the fiber
digestion in the rumen, even
though a ruminant can survive
without any protozoa in the
rumen. Fungi contribute up to 8
percent of the total rumen
microorganisms. Fungi are
responsible for the digestion of
cellulose and lignin in more
resistant forages, such as

Pseudo-Ruminant Digestive System

- A pseudo-ruminant is an animal
that cats large amounts of
roughage but does not have a
stomach with several
compartments.
- The digestive system does some
of the same functions as those of
ruminants. For example, in the
horse, the cecum ferments
forages. An animal with a
pseudo-ruminant digestive
system can utilize large
amounts of roughages because
of the greatly enlarged cecum
and large intestine, which provide