Matter in our surroundings
1) Why is liquid called a fluid?
Ans: - Liquids have no fixed shape. But they have a fixed volume. They take the shape of the
container .liquids flow and change shape so they are not rigid but can be fluid.
2) What are the importance of dissolving atmospheric gasses in water?
Ans: - The importance of dissolving atmospheric gasses in water is that it helps the aquatic
animals to take breadth under water.
3) How the smell of hot cook food reaches us in seconds?
Ans: - The aroma of food particles mix with the air spread from the kitchen reaches us and even
further away.
4) Define melting point?
Ans: - The point in which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric temperature is called
its melting point.
5) What are the melting point of ice?
Ans: - The melting point of ice is 273.16 kelvin.
6) Mention the change of molecular character when a solid melds to become a liquid?
Ans: - On increasing the temperature of solids, first the kinetic energy of the particles increases.
Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The heat energy
supplied overcomes the particles leave their fixed position and start moving more freely. A stage is reached
when the solid melts and is converted to a liquid.
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
1. Name the unicellular organism? Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium and bacteria.
2. Who discovered cells and how? Cell were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He
observed the cells in a cork slice with the help of a primitive Microscope.
3. Why is the cell called a structural and functional unit of life?
[a] Structural - The small structure that we see are the basic building units of a living body.
This structures are called cell.
[b] Functional – Each living cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions that are
characteristic of all living forms. There is a division of labour in multicellular organism. Example –
In human.
4. Mention the cell theory? The cell theory is that all the plants and animal are composed of cells
and that the cells is the basic unit of life.
5. Why is plasma membrane called selectively permeable membrane? The plasma membrane
allows or permits the entry and exits of some materials in and out of the cells. It also prevent movement of
some other materials. So it is called selectively permeable membrane.
6. How do substances like CO2 move out of the cell? CO2 accumulates in high concentration
inside the cell. In the cell’s external environment the concentration of CO 2 as compared to that inside the
cell. As soon as there is a difference of concentration of CO 2 inside and outside a cell, CO2 moves out of
the cell, from a region of high concentration, to a region of low concentration outside the cell by the process
of diffusion.
7. Define osmosis? The passage of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of
low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane is called Osmosis. Example – Absorption of
water by plant roots.
8. What is endocytosis? The process in which a cell due to flexible cell membrane engulfs in food
and other material from its external environment is known as endocytosis. Example - Amoeba acquires his
food through this process.
9. What are hypotonic solution, isotonic solution and hypertonic solution?
[A] Hypotonic solution: If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration
then the outside solution is very dilute, the cell will gain water by osmosis. Such a solution is known
as hypotonic solution.
[b] Isotonic solution: If the medium has exactly the same water concentration as the cell,
there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. Such a solution is known as
Isotonic solution.
[c] Hypertonic solution: If the medium has a lower concentration of water then the cell,
meaning that it is very concentrate solution, the cell will loss water by osmosis. Such a solution is
known as hypotonic solution.
10. How do water moves in and out of the cell? Water molecules are free to pass across the cell
membrane in both directions, but more water will come into the cell then will leave. The net [overall] results
is that water enters the cell. The cell is likely to swell up.
11. What is cellulose? Cellulose is a complex substance and provide structural strength to plants.
12. What do you mean by plasmolysis? When a living plant cell losses water through osmosis there
is shrinkage or concentration of the contents of the cell wall. The phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.
13. What are the functions of the cell wall? Cell walls permit the cells of the plants, fungi and
bacteria to withstand very dilute external media without bursting. In such media the cells tend to take up
water by osmosis. The cells swells, building up pressure against the cell wall. The wall exerts an equal
pressure against the swollen cell because of their walls, such cells can withstand much greater changes in
the surrounding medium then animal cells.
14. What is nucleoid? In prokaryotes, due to absence of nuclear membrane, nuclear region of the
cell is poorly defined. This kind of undefined nuclear region containing only nucleic acid is called a nucleoid.
15. Define prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
Srl Prokaryotic cell Srl Eukaryotic cell
1 Cell size is generally small. 1. Cell size is generally large.
2. Nuclear region called nucleoid is 2. Nuclear material is surrounded by a
not surrounded by a nuclear nuclear membrane.
membrane.
3. Only a single chromosome is 3. More than one chromosome are
present. present.
4. Nucleus is absent. 4. Nucleus is present.
16. Mention the function of a nucleus? The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction, the
process by which a single cell divides and forms two new cells. It also plays a crucial part along with the
environment, in determining the way the cell will developed and what form it will exhibit at maturity, by
directing the chemical activity of the cell.
17. What is the full form of DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
18. Write down functions of nuclear membrane and chromosome? The nucleus has a double
layered covering called nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores which allow the transfer of
materials from inside the nucleus to its outside, i.e., to the cytoplasm. Chromosome contain information for
inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form of DNA molecules.
19. What is gene? A gene is the segment of DNA. It is the functional unit of chromosomes. Genes are
arranged in linear order along the chromosome.
20. Describe the structure of chromosome?