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Parimal Pandey Radhika Debasish Das

- KEY FEATURES -
AIR 1 AIR 1 AIR 1
SSC JE CE 2020 (EWS) ONGC JE ME ONGC JE EE
[Link]/B.E./B-Sc/Diploma in Engineering 2023
Diagrams, Tables & Figures for easy CBT 1 & 2
Understanding PYP’s Included

5 Full Mock Tests designed for CBT 2

Viney Bhatia Sagar Kapadia Archit Bajaj

AIR 5 AIR 65 AIR 207 Topic-wise Comprehensive Useful

PPSC JE CE SSC JE Mechanical SSC JE Electrical 2022
Bifurcation Coverage for SSC JE CBT 1 &
of Questions of All Previous Year CBT 2 Exams
Questions
 260

261 276

9. SSC JE Electrical 9 Oct 2023 (Shift 3) Official Paper (CBT 1) ....................................................................... 277 - 288
10. SSC JE Electrical 10 Oct 2023 (Shift 2) Official Paper (CBT 1) ..................................................................... 289 - 300
11 . SSC JE Electrical 11 Oct 2023 (Shift 3) Official Paper (CBT 1) ....................................................................... 301 - 312
12 . SSC JE Electrical 4 Dec 2023 Official Paper (CBT 2)...................................................................................... 313 - 326
13. 327
SSC JE Electrical CBT 2 Full Mock Test 1.................................................................................................................... - 332
14 . 333
SSC JE Electrical CBT 2 Full Mock Test 2 ................................................................................................................... - 339
15. SSC JE Electrical CBT 2 Full Mock Test 3 .............................................................................................................. 340
... - 345
16 . 346
SSC JE Electrical CBT 2 Full Mock Test 4 .................................................................................................................. - 351
17 . 352
SSC JE Electrical CBT 2 Full Mock Test 5 ................................................................................................................... - 358
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CHAPTER꞉ 4

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENTS

[SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 10% B) 0.1%
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN C) 5% D) 1%
INSTRUMENT & ERROR ANALYSIS

1. The expected voltage value across an element is 50 V.

INDICATING INSTRUMENTS &
However, a voltmeter reads it as 48 V. Calculate the EXTENSION RANGES OF BASIC
percentage error in the measurement. [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 1% B) 2%
METERS
C) 4% D) 3%
12. Which one of the following types of instruments does
2. An instrument is used to measure a quantity at different
suffer from error due to magnetic hysteresis?
time instances, and the expected values of the quantity are to
A) PMMC B) Induction type
be the same; however, the measured values are different. A set
C) Electrodynamic D) Moving iron
of 5 measurements that were recorded at different time
instances are 98, 101, 99, 100 and 102. Find the precision of the 13. A Ballistic galvanometer of constant equal to 1 micro-
third measurement. [SSC JE EE 2021] coulomb/degree gives a throw of 22.5°, when a capacitor
A) 0.95 B) 0.1 discharges through the meter. If a battery of 15V is used to
C) 0.99 D) 0.9 recharge the capacitor, value of capacitance is
A) 15μF B) 22.5μF
3. During the measurement of voltage, the voltmeter
C) 10μF D) 1.5μF
responded with a 0.18-V change when the input was varied by
0.2 V. Find the sensitivity of the instrument. [SSC JE EE 2021] 14. Two meters X and Y required 40mA and 50mA respectively
A) 0.9 B) 0.18 for fully scale deflection. Then
C) 0.1 D) 0.2 A) Y is more sensitive than X B) Both are equally sensitive
4. The difference between the measured value and the true C) Data are insufficient to D) X is more sensitive than Y
comment
value of a measurand is called ________. [SSC JE EE 2020]
A) Sensitivity B) Threshold 15. An AC meter of resistance Rm and resistance Xm is
C) Fidelity D) Static error connected in series with a resistance Rs. A shunt of impedance
5. In a current measurement exercise the standard deviation is (Rsh + jXsh) is applied in parallel to the existing combination of
4 mA. Calculate probable error. [SSC JE EE 2020] meter and Rs. The current division across the two branches
A) 3.7 mA B) 3 mA will be independent of frequency when
C) 4 mA D) 2.7 mA
6. A LVDT produces an RMS output voltage of 2.6 V for
displacement of 0.4 μm. Calculate the sensitivity of LVDT.
[SSC JE EE 2020]
A) 6.5 V / μm B) 4.5 V / μm
C) 8.5 V / μm D) 12.5 V / μm
A) (Rs + Rm)2 + X2m = R2sh +
Xm X
7. If a zero-centred voltmeter has a scale from – 5V to +5V, B) =
sh

Rm +Rs R
then the span of it is _____. [SSC JE EE 2021] X2sh
sh

A) 0 V B) 10 V Rs R Xm X
C) = D) =
sh sh

C) 5 V D) –5 V X Rm R
√(Rm )2 +(Xm )2 sh sh

8. Which of the following is a type of recording instrument?

[SSC JE EE 2018] 16. In the circuit forward resistance of the diode D is 2 Ω and
A) Ammeter B) Megger its reverse resistance is infinitely high
C) Voltmeter D) X-Y plotter
9. What is the smallest change in the input signal that can be
detected by an instrument called? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Accuracy B) Precision
C) Resolution D) Sensitivity
10. A 150 V moving iron voltmeter of accuracy class 1-0 reads A list consists of meters (List-I) and another list shows, the
75 V when used in a circuit under standard condition. The meter readings (List-II)
maximum possible percentage error in the reading is
[SSC JE EE 2016]
A) 0.5 B) 1.0
C) 2.0 D) 4.0
11. The accuracy of D’ Arsonval movements used in common
laboratory meters is about ________ of the full-scale reading.

193
 List-I List-II A) It can be used under severe B) It has linear scale.
over-load conditions.
(i) PMMC (a) 7.07 A C) Its current sensitivity is D) It can be used at high
high. frequencies.
(ii) Hot wire (b) 4.5 A
28. In the circuit shown below, the reading of the ideal
(iii) Carbon (c) 10 A
ammeter and voltmeter, respectively, will be꞉
(d) 12.5 A
Which one of the options given here is correct to indicate the
type of meter (List-I) and its reading (List-II)
A) (i) →
(b), (ii) →
(a) →
B) (i) →
(a), (ii) (c)
C) (i) →
(b), (ii) →
(d) →
D) (i) →
(a), (ii) (b)
17. A current of i = 6 + 10 sin(100πt) + 20 sin(200πt) is flowing
through a series combination of a PMMC and moving iron [SSC JE EE 2022]
instrument. Ratio of the two currents as registered by the M.I. A) 2 A and 8 V B) 2 A and 0 V
and PMMC meter is C) 0 A and 8 V D) 0 A and 0 V
A) 2.63 B) 1.81
29. An analog meter never has ______. [SSC JE EE 2021]
C) 3.11 D) 2.82
A) restraining spring B) pointer
18. The range of a DC milliammeter can be extended by using C) scale D) ADC and DAC
a [SSC JE EE 2010]
A) low resistance in series B) low resistance shunt 30. Which of the following meters is the most accurate
C) high resistance in series D) high resistance shunt instrument for measuring AC signals with frequencies lower
than 200 Hz? [SSC JE EE 2021]
19. If θ represents deflection of pointer, the controlling torque A) Peak responding AC meter B) Thermocouple meter
in a spring-controlled indicating instrument is proportional to C) Electrodynamometer meter D) Clamp-on meter
[SSC JE EE 2010]
31. Which of the following types of instruments is used only in
A) θ B) θ2
DC measurements?
C)
1
D) sin θ
θ a) PMMC type
20. The damping is D Arsonval galvanometer is obtained by b) Dynamometer type
[SSC JE EE 2010] c) Shaded-pole type
A) a shunt connected across B) eddy current induced in d) Electrolytic meter
moving coil metal discs [SSC JE EE 2020]
C) fluid friction D) employing springs A) a and d B) b and c
C) a and c D) a and b
21. The response time of an indicating instrument is
determined by its [SSC JE EE 2010] 32. Electrical instruments which directly indicate the value of
A) deflecting system B) damping system the electrical quantity at the time when it is being measured
C) controlling system D) support type to the moving are called꞉ [SSC JE EE 2020]
system A) secondary instruments B) integrating instruments
22. To increase the range of a voltmeter [SSC JE EE 2010] C) recording instruments D) indicating instruments
A) a low resistance is B) a low resistance is 33. The principle of operation of hot-wire instruments is꞉
connected in series connected in parallel [SSC JE EE 2020]
C) a high resistance is D) a high resistance is A) electrodynamic effect B) thermal effect
connected in series connected in parallel C) magnetic effect D) chemical effect
23. The controlling torque in gravity controlled meter is 34. In order to increase the range of measuring voltage,
proportional to [SSC JE EE 2010] ______ is connected in ______ with voltmeter. [SSC JE EE 2020]
A) cos θ B) sin θ A) low resistance, parallel B) high resistance, series
C) tan θ D) θ C) high resistance, parallel D) low resistance, series
24. Swamping resistances is used to compensate error due to 35. An MC instrument with internal equivalent resistance of 10
[SSC JE EE 2010] Ω, takes 40 mA to produce full-scale deflection. How do you
A) Stray magnetic field B) Large supply voltage convert that instrument to measure the current from 0 A to 2
C) Large supply frequensy D) Temperature variations A? [SSC JE EE 2020]
25. An ammeter is obtained by shunting a 30 Ω galvanometer A) By connecting 0.2041 Ω B) By connecting 0.4082 Ω
with 30 Ω resistance. What additional shunt should be resistance in series with the resistance in parallel with the
instrument instrument
connected across it to double the range? [SSC JE EE 2010]
A) 15 Ω B) 10 Ω C) By connecting 0.4082 Ω D) By connecting 0.2041 Ω
resistance in series with the resistance in parallel with the
C) 5 Ω D) 30 Ω
instrument instrument
26. Moving iron instruments are scaled at ______.
36. In the indicating instruments, the control torque produced
[SSC JE EE 2022]
by the spring is꞉ [SSC JE EE 2020]
A) linear B) alogarithmic
A) ∝ θ2 B) ∝ θ
C) exponential D) non-uniform
1 1

27. Which of the following is a moving iron instrument's C) ∝

θ
D) ∝
2
θ

benefit? [SSC JE EE 2022]

194
37. A moving-coil ammeter has spring giving a control A) resistance B) reluctance
constant of 0.2 × 10-6 Nm/degree. If the deflecting torque on C) retentivity D) resilience
the instrument 24 × 10-6 Nm, find the angular deflection of the 48. What is the most simple electrical indicating instrument
pointer. [SSC JE EE 2020] used on a control panel? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 120° B) 40° A) DC voltmeter B) AC ammeter
C) 90° D) 100° C) Synchroscope D) Light bulb
38. In an ammeter, The deflecting torque is proportional to the 49. Moving-iron meter will operate on ________ .
current passing through it, and the instrument has full scale [SSC JE EE 2017]
deflection of 80° for a current of 5 A. What deflection will A) A-C circuits only B) D-C circuits only
occur for a current of 2.5 A when the instrument is spring- C) either A-C or D-C circuits D) A-C or D-C when a rectifier
controlled? [SSC JE EE 2020] is used
A) 20° B) 35°
50. Which among the following can convert a galvanometer
C) 45° D) 40°
into an ammeter? [SSC JE EE 2018]
39. Which of the following types of instruments is used to A) By connecting a shunt B) By connecting a very high
measure voltage only? [SSC JE EE 2020] resistance parallel to it resistance in the series
A) Moving-iron type B) Permanent-magnet moving C) By connecting a very low D) By connecting a very high
coil type resistance in the series resistance in the parallel
C) Electrostatic type D) Induction type connection
40. In moving iron instruments, the iron moves in a direction to 51. M.C. (Moving Coil) and M.I. (Moving Iron) type of
cause [SSC JE EE 2014] instruments can be distinguished by their꞉ [SSC JE EE 2014]
A) coil inductance to be B) mutual inductance to be A) Range B) Size of terminals
constant minimum C) Pointer D) Scale
C) minimum reluctance path D) decrease in the flux passing
52. Determine the full-scale reading (in V) of a PMMC type
through it
voltmeter, when the internal resistance of the voltmeter is 230
41. If the current through the operating coil of a moving iron kilo-ohms, the series resistance connected with the voltmeter
instrument is doubled, the operating force becomes is 70 kilo-ohms and the sensitivity of the voltmeter is 3 kilo-
A) one and a half times B) 2 times ohms/volt. [SSC JE EE 2018]
C) 3 times D) 4 times A) 200 B) 150
42. The type of damping use for moving iron instruments is C) 100 D) 250
______. [SSC JE EE 2021] 53. What will happen to the operating torque of moving iron
A) Air friction damping B) Fluid friction damping instrument, if current through the operating coil is halved?
C) Eddy current damping D) Gravity friction damping [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Halved B) Doubled
43. Which of the following instruments has uniform scale?
C) Remains same D) One-fourth
[SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Electrodynamic type B) Moving iron type 54. Ammeter and voltmeter are connected across the load in
C) PMMC type D) Dynamometer type _______ and _______ respectively. [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Series, parallel B) Parallel, series
44. Extension of moving iron ammeter range can be done by
C) Series, series D) Parallel, parallel
using [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Inductor B) Shunt 55. Which of the following is TRUE about analog multimeter?
C) Multiplier D) Capacitor [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) It is a type of absolute B) It is a type of indicating
45. What will be the deflection (in rad) of a moving iron
instrument instrument
instrument, when the inductance of the moving iron
C) It is a type of recording D) It is a type of integrating
instrument is (10 + 6θ) μH, where θ is the deflection in radian
instrument instrument
from zero position and the deflection current is 6 A? Assuming
spring constant k = 10 × 10-6 Nm/rad. [SSC JE EE 2021] 56. A resistance of 75 Ohms is connected in shunt of a
A) 10.8 B) 10 galvanometer, having an internal resistance of 25 Ohms, to
convert it into an ammeter. What is the value of current (in A)
C) 9.8 D) 9
flowing through the galvanometer, if the total current in the
46. A 50 Hz ac voltage is measured with a moving iron circuit is 5 A? [SSC JE EE 2018]
voltmeter and a rectifier type ac voltmeter connected in A) 2 B) 2.5
parallel. If the meter readings are V1 and V2 respectively and C) 3.65 D) 3.75
the meters are free from calibration errors, then the form 57. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of PMMC
factor of the ac voltage may be estimated as _____. type instruments? [SSC JE EE 2018]
[SSC JE EE 2021] A) Frictional error is high. B) Single instrument can be
A)
V
1
B) 1.11
V
1
used for multi range
V2 V2
measurements of voltage and
V1 πV1 current.
C) 2 D)
V2 2V2
C) Uniformly divided scale. D) Stray magnetic field error is
small.
47. More power is required to operate a moving-iron meter
than a PMMC meter because of the magnetic circuit's high 58. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
_____. [SSC JE EE 2021] [SSC JE EE 2018]

195
A) A galvanometer can be B) A galvanometer can be A) A galvanometer can be B) A galvanometer can be
converted into voltmeter by converted into voltmeter by converted into ammeter by converted into ammeter by
connecting a low value of connecting a high value of connecting a low value of connecting a low value of
resistance in parallel with the resistance in parallel with the resistance in series with the resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer. galvanometer. galvanometer. galvanometer.
C) A galvanometer can be D) A galvanometer can be C) A galvanometer can be D) A galvanometer can be
converted into voltmeter by converted into voltmeter by converted into ammeter by converted into ammeter by
connecting a low value of connecting a high value of connecting a high value of connecting a high value of
resistance in series with the resistance in series with the resistance in series with the resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer. galvanometer. galvanometer. galvanometer.
59. Which one of the following is the CORRECT expression for 68. A 35 V source is connected to a series circuit at 600 ohms
voltmeter sensitivity of PMMC type instrument? and R as shown. If a voltmeter at internal resistance 1.2 kilo-
[SSC JE EE 2018] ohms is connected across 600-ohm resistor it reads 5 V. The
Rm +Rs Rm Rs
A) B) value of R is____.
V V

V (Rm +Rs ) Rm Rs

C) D)
Rm Rs V (Rm +Rs )

60. Which one of the following statement is NOT true about

PMMC type instruments? [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) PMMC type instruments B) These instruments are A) 1.2 kΩ B) 2.4 kΩ
have uniformly divided scale. suitable for both AC and DC C) 3.6 kΩ D) 7.2 kΩ
currents.
69. Two voltmeters of (0 – 300 V) range are connected in
C) Stray magnetic errors are D) The cost of PMMC
small in these types of instruments is high. parallel to a A.C. circuit One voltmeter is moving iron type
instruments reads 200 V. If the other is PMMC instrument, its reading will
be꞉ [SSC JE EE 2014]
61. Which of the following is the CORRECT expression for the A) 127.4 V B) slightly less 200 V
series resistance required to convert a galvanometer (having C) zero D) 222 V
internal resistance ‘G’) into voltmeter? [SSC JE EE 2018]
V V 70. Which of the following instruments has the highest torque
A) − G B) − ig
ig G / weight ratio among the given instruments? [SSC JE EE 2014]
ig V A) Attraction type MI B) Repulsion type MI
C) D) + G
V
− G ig instrument instrument
C) Permanent magnet moving D) Electrodynamometer
62. Which one of the following statement is NOT TRUE about
coil instrument instrument
the MI type instruments? [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) MI type Instruments are B) Frictional error in MI type 71. In electrodynamometer ammeter, the deflection of the
suitable for both AC and DC instruments is very less. pointer is proportional to [SSC JE EE 2014]
circuits. A) mean of currents in fixed B) square of the current in
C) The torque weight ratio of D) The instrument cost is coil a moving coil moving coil
MI type instruments is high. much higher as compared to C) RMS value of current in D) mean – square of currents
PMMC type instruments. fixed coil in fixed coil and moving coil.
63. Which of the following measuring instrument has least 72. Null type recorders are __________ recorders.
value of internal resistance? [SSC JE EE 2018] [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Voltmeter B) Ammeter A) potentiometric B) bridge
C) Ohm–meter D) Megger C) LVDT D) Any of these
64. Which one of the following is the main cause of magnetic 73. Which of the following instruments indicate the
decay in PMMC type instrument? [SSC JE EE 2018] instantaneous value of the electrical quantity being measured
A) Variation in the resistance B) Quality of spring at the time at which it is being measured? [SSC JE EE 2018]
of the moving coil A) Absolute Instruments B) Indicating Instruments
C) Aging of the spring D) Aging of the magnets C) Recording Instruments D) Integrating Instruments
65. Which of the following is NOT a feature of MI type 74. Determine the value of current (in mA) required for the full-
instruments? [SSC JE EE 2021] scale deflection of a voltmeter when the sensitivity of the
A) can be used in both AC and B) Moving element is a small voltmeter is 125 Ohms/Volt. [SSC JE EE 2018]
DC circuit soft iron piece A) 2 B) 4
C) Uniformly divided scale D) Low cost of instrument in C) 8 D) 10
comparison to moving coil
instruments. 75. A PMMC type voltmeter, having a full scale reading of 250
V and an internal resistance of 400 kilo-ohms, is connect with
66. Determine the required value of series resistance (in Ohms)
a series resistance of 100 kilo ohms. Calculate the sensitivity
to convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter of reading 0.4 volt of the voltmeter (in Ohms/Volts). [SSC JE EE 2018]
range when the resistance of the galvanometer is 40 ohms A) 2400 B) 2000
and the value of current for full-scale deflection is 4 mA.
C) 20000 D) 24000
[SSC JE EE 2018]
A) 60 B) 50 76. Thermocouple meters are AC meters that respond to the
C) 40 D) 30 ________ of a signal. [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) peak value B) instantaneous value
67. Which of the following statement is TRUE? [SSC JE EE 2018]
C) average value D) RMS value

196
77. A rectifier is used in an instrument for the purpose of 85. Which of the following is used to measure value of quality
________. [SSC JE EE 2021] factor below 1? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) measuring high voltage B) measuring high current A) Anderson’s Bridge B) Maxwell’s Inductance
values values Bridge
C) converting AC into DC D) making the instrument C) Hay’s Bridge D) Wheatstone Bridge
more stable
86. Calculate the value of quality factor in the Hay’s Bridge
given below when supplied by a frequency of 50 Hz?

POTENTIOMETERS

78. During the measurement of a low resistance using a

potentiometer, the following readings were obtained꞉ Voltage
drop across unknown resistance = 0.531V. Voltage drop across
a 0.1Ω standard resistance connected in series with the
unknown = 1.083V. Value of the unknown resistor is
A) 53.1 milliohm B) 49.03 milliohm
C) 108.3 milliohm D) 20.4 milliohm
79. High value pot resistance leads to _____. [SSC JE EE 2021] [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) low sensitivity B) high sensitivity A) 31.83 B) 15.91
C) low non-linearity D) less error C) 10.61 D) 6.36
87. Speed of the megger is kept at꞉ [SSC JE EE 2014]
A) 120 rpm B) 140 rpm
MEASUREMENT OF R, L, C USING C) 160 rpm D) 100 rpm
BRIDGE CIRCUITS 88. Determine the quality factor in Hay’s bridge given below, if
the bridge is supplied by a frequency of 50 Hz.
80. Which one of the following does not employ a null method
of measurement?
A) AC potentiometer B) Megger
C) DC potentiometer D) Kelvin double bridge
81. Which one of the following bridges is commonly used for
the measurement of frequency and capacitance?
[SSC JE EE 2014]
A) Wein bridge B) Hay’s bridge
C) Owen’s bridge D) Schering bridge
82. In wire wound strain gauges, the change in resistance
under strained condition is mainly on account of _____. [SSC JE EE 2018]
[SSC JE EE 2021] A) 2 B) 1
A) Change in diameter of the B) Change in length of the C) 0 D) 4
wire wire
89. Which of the following is NOT the correct representation
C) change in both length and D) Change in resistivity of the balanced condition of AC bridges? [SSC JE EE 2021]
diameter of wire
A) I1 = I3 , I2 = I4 B) |Z1 |+| Z4 |=| Z2 |+| Z3 |
83. Which of the following is measured with a Wheatstone
C) θ1 + θ4 = θ2 + θ3 D) |Z1 | |Z4 |=| Z2 | |Z3 |
bridge? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Current B) Resistance
90. Wien’s bridge is used to measure ________.
C) Voltage D) Power
[SSC JE EE 2021]
84. What is the value of unknown resistance RX (in kΩ) A) Power B) Energy
unknown capacitance Cx (in μF) respectively, in the circuit C) Phase angle D) Frequency
given below when no current flows through the detector (D)? 91. Which of the following bridge is used for measuring
inductance? [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Schering Bridge B) Kelvin’s double
C) Maxwell’s inductance D) Wheatstone
92. Which of the following can measure the resistance having
value below 1 Ohms most precisely? [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Kelvin's Double Bridge B) Megger
C) Multimeter D) Wheatstone Bridge
93. What will be the value of the unknown inductance LX (In
mH) and the effective resistance RX (in Ω) respectively for the
[SSC JE EE 2018]
circuit given below, when no current flows through the
A) 70, 60 B) 80, 70
galvanometer (G)?
C) 80, 60 D) 60, 80

197
 [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) 0.3 B) 0.38
C) 0.68 D) 0.8
[SSC JE EE 2018] 102. Which of the following bridge is most suitable for the
A) 32, 26.67 B) 34, 28.62 measurement of inductance of a coil? [SSC JE EE 2018]
C) 42, 26.67 D) 32, 29.62 A) Owen’s Bridge B) Schering Bridge
94. Determine the quality factor for Maxwell’s Inductance- C) Wien’s Bridge D) Wheatstone Bridge
capacitance bridge given below when the bridge is supplied 103. Which of the statement is TRUE about megger?
by a frequency of 60 Hz. [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Megger is used for the B) Megger is used for the
measurement of voltage. measurement of current.
C) Megger is used for the D) Megger is used for the
measurement of insulation measurement of breakdown
resistance. voltage of insulation.
104. A wheat stone bridge has ratio arm of 1000Ω 100Ω
resistances, the standard resistance arm consist of 4 decade
resistance boxes of 1000, 100, 10, 1Ω steps. The maximum and
minimum value of unknown resistance that can be determined
with this setup are꞉
A) 111100Ω. 10Ω B) 111100Ω, 1Ω
C) 11110Ω, 10Ω D) 1000Ω, 10Ω

[SSC JE EE 2018] 105. A resistance R is measured by ammeter voltmeter

A) 0.46 B) 0.36 method. The voltmeter reading is 200V and its internal
C) 0.22 D) 0.05 resistance is 2 K. If the ammeter reading is found to be 2 A,
95. Anderson Bridge is used for the measurement of an then value of R is
unknown ______. [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Reluctance B) Resistance
C) Inductance D) Conductance
96. Which of the following bridge is most suitable for the
measurement of an unknown capacitance?
A) Wheatstone Bridge B) Owen’s Bridge
C) Anderson Bridge D) Schering Bridge [SSC JE EE 2014]
A) 105.3Ω B) 100.0Ω
97. Which of the following instrument is used for the
C) 95.3Ω D) 93.3Ω
measurement of insulation resistance? [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Megger B) Wattmeter 106. What type of a bridge circuit is used to measure
C) Ammeter D) Voltmeter inductance and capacitance? [SSC JE EE 2017]
A) Wheatstone bridge B) D - C bridge
98. Which of the following bridge is most suitable for the
C) A - C bridge D) A - C, D - C Bridge
measurement of an unknown resistance? [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Hay’s Bridge B) Anderson Bridge 107. When a Wheatstone bridge is balanced, the
C) Wien’s Bridge D) Wheatstone Bridge galvanometer reads _____. [SSC JE EE 2017]
A) Zero current B) Maximum current
99. De Sauty’s Bridge is most suitable for the measurement of
C) Zero voltage D) Maximum voltage
__________. [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) Resistance B) Inductance 108. A mega ohmmeter reading of zero or low ohms is
C) Capacitance D) Frequency indicated between the stator winding and motor frame. The
winding is _____. [SSC JE EE 2017]
100. The operation of a Megger is based on which of the A) Open B) Series connected
following? [SSC JE EE 2021] C) Grounded D) Cross connected
A) Dynamometer B) Electrostatic meter
109. Which of the following is a frequency sensitive bridge?
C) Moving coil meter D) Moving iron meter
[SSC JE EE 2018]
101. Determine the quality factor for Maxwwell’s inductance- A) De-sauty bridge B) Schering bridge
capacitance bridge given below when the bridge is supplied C) Wien’s bridge D) Maxwell’s bridge
by a frequency of 50 Hz.

198
110. The AC bridge used for measurement of dielectric loss of A) 0.866 lag B) 0.866 lead
capacitor is [SSC JE EE 2014] C) 0.866 lag or lead D) None of the above
A) Anderson bridge B) Schering bridge
119. In two wattmeter method of measurment of three-phase
C) Wien bridge D) Hay’s bridge
power of a balanced load, if both the wattmeters indicate the
111. Which instrument is used to measure the high resistance? same reading, then the power factor of the load is
A) Kelvin’s Double bridge B) Meggar [SSC JE EE 2010]
C) Carey – Foster bridge D) Wheat stone bridge A) 0.5 lagging B) less than 0.5 lagging
C) unity D) greater than 0.5 lagging
112. In the Maxwell bridge as shown in the figure below the
values of resistance Rx and inductance Lx of a coil are to be 120. In a three-phase unbalanced load system, the method
calculated after balancing the bridge. The component values used to measure power is ______. [SSC JE EE 2022]
are shown in the figure at balance. The values of Rx and Lx A) three voltmeter method B) two voltmeter method
will respectively be꞉ C) one wattmeter method D) two wattmeter method
121. Errors are introduced in the measurement by wattmeter
due______ to between current coil & pressure coil.
[SSC JE EE 2022]
A) self-inductance B) mutual inductance
C) resistance D) self-capacitance
122. The adjustment made with the magnetic shunt in three-
phase, two-element energy meter for the rotation of
aluminum disc to be zero is _______. [SSC JE EE 2022]
A) two torques would be equal B) one torque would be
[SSC JE EE 2016]
greater than other
A) 37.5 ohm, 75 mH B) 75 ohm, 75 mH
C) two torques would be D) two torques would be equal
C) 375 ohm, 75 mH D) 75 ohm, 150 mH
opposite and opposite
113. Which of the following is the CORRECT expression for the
123. Creep adjustments in single-phase energy metres are
quality factor of Maxwell’s inductance-capacitance bridge?
done by _______. [SSC JE EE 2022]
[SSC JE EE 2018]
A) adjusting the turns ratio B) exciting the pressure coil
A) ωC4R4 B)
1

ωC4 R4 C) providing two holes D) exciting the current coil

ωC4 ωR4 diametrically opposite in the
C) D) rotating disc
R4 C4

124. The constant load current for a 230 V single phase energy
metre is 20 A at unity power factor. If the meter disc makes
MEASUREMENT OF POWER, 2300 revolutions for 2 hours the meter constant will be
______. [SSC JE EE 2022]
ENERGY, FREQUENCY & POWER A) 0.25 revolutions / kWh B) 250 revolutions / kWh
FACTOR C) 270 revolutions / kWh D) 0.30 revolutions / kWh
125. The pressure coil of a 3-phase 3 element energy meter
114. The household energy meter is rated at 415 V, 50 Hz, has a capacity of _______.
A) integrating instrument B) recording instrument [SSC JE EE 2022]
C) None of these D) indicating instrument A) 440 V B) 240 V
C) 200 V D) 415 V
115. In the measurement of power in a balanced 3 - phase
circuit of two-wattmeter method if the two wattmeters show 126. The speed of the aluminum disc in an energy meter is
equal readings, then the power factor of the circuit is controlled by __________. [SSC JE EE 2022]
A) 0.8 leading B) zero A) shunt and series magnets B) series magnet
C) unity D) 0.8 lagging C) shunt magnet D) braking magnet

116. In phantom loading arrangement, energy consumption in 127. What are the other systems, outside the driving and
the calibration test of wattmeter is reduced because of registering system of the single-phase energy meter, make up
A) the absence of load in the B) the separate application of the fundamental components of construction?
test set low voltage supply across [SSC JE EE 2022]
current coil A) Magnetic Flux System, B) Moving System, Braking
C) no common point between D) the reduced loss in current Shunt System System
the two coils coil and pressure coil C) Series System, Braking D) Moving System, Parallel
System System
117. In a balanced 3-phase system, the current coil of a
wattmeter is inserted in line 1 and the potential coil across 2 128. Which of the following concepts is applied in instruments
and 3. If the wattmeter reads 100 W, the reactive power drawn of the electrodynamometer type? [SSC JE EE 2022]
by the 3-phase load is A) Magnitude effect B) The force between a
A) 141.4 VAR B) 173.2 VAR permanent magnet and a
C) 50 VAR D) 100 VAR current carrying coil
C) The force between two D) The force between two
118. The ratio of the reading of two wattmeters connected to permanent magnets current carrying coils
measure active power in a balanced 3-phase load is 2 ∶ 1. The
power factor of the load is [SSC JE EE 2010] 129. Under phantom loading testing of an energy meter, the
power required to test is _________ . [SSC JE EE 2022]

199
A) 1 B) infinite
C) very high D) very low
130. A 230-V, single-phase domestic energy meter has a
constant load of 4 A passing through it for 6 h at unity power
factor. The meter disc makes 2208 revolutions during this
period. What will be the energy consumed by the load if the
meter disc completes 1240 revolutions? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 2.5 kWh B) 2.8 kWh
C) 3.5 kWh D) 3.1 kWh
131. Which of the following types of watt-hour meter is used
only in AC circuits? [SSC JE EE 2020] [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Induction type B) Moving iron type A) neutral wire B) B
C) Moving coil type D) Electrolytic type C) Y D) R

132. Two holes are drilled in the disc on a diameter of energy 141. The meter constant of an energy meter will be given in꞉
meter to [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) increase ventilation B) reduce the weight of disc A) Revolutions/kWh B) kWh/Revolutions
C) eliminate the creeping on D) increase deflecting torque C) kW/Revolutions D) Revolutions/kW
no-load 142. What does the reading of the first dial on the right of a 4-
133. Creeping in a single-phase induction type energy meter dial watt-hour meter indicate? [SSC JE EE 2021]
may be due to A) Number of single units B) Total watts each hour
A) Overcompensation for B) Over voltage C) Maximum value the meter D) Multiplier value of the
friction can register preceding dial
C) Vibrations D) All of these 143. Which of the following is the cause of meter phase error
134. Three wattmeter method of power measurement can be in induction type energy meter? [SSC JE EE 2021]
used to measure power in [SSC JE EE 2016] A) Incorrect position of brake B) Incorrect adjustment of the
A) Balanced circuits B) Unbalanced circuits magnets. position of shading bands.
C) Both balanced and D) None of the above C) Slow but continuous D) Temperature variations.
unbalanced circuits rotation of aluminium disc.

135. If a dynamometer type wattmeter is connected in an ac 144. What is the phase angle (in degrees) of a balanced 3-
circuit, the power indicated by the wattmeter will be phase star connected system, if the first and the second
[SSC JE EE 2016] wattmeter show readings of 0 W and 1600 W respectively?
A) Volt ampere product B) Average power [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 30 B) 45
C) Peak power D) Instantaneous power
C) 60 D) 90
136. ‘Creeping’ is a term related to _____ instruments.
[SSC JE EE 2021] 145. The power factor of a single-phase load can be
A) Dynamometer type B) PMMC type calculated if the instruments available are [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) one voltmeter and one B) one voltmeter, one
C) Induction type D) Moving iron type
ammeter ammeter and one wattmeter
137. In the two-wattmeter method of three phase power C) one voltmeter, one D) any of the above
measurement of a balanced load, if the reading of one metre ammeter and one energy
is – 200 W, then then power factor of the load is ______. meter
[SSC JE EE 2021]
146. Induction type single phase energy meters measure
A) greater than 0.5 B) less than 0.5
electric energy in [SSC JE EE 2021]
C) equal to 0.5 D) equal to zero A) kW B) Wh
138. Z1 and Z2 are connected in series to form a load. A C) kWh D) VAR
wattmeter’s current coil is connected in series with the load, 147. Which of the following produces braking torque in
whereas its pressure coil is connected across Z2. The induction type energy meter? [SSC JE EE 2018]
wattmeter reads꞉ [SSC JE EE 2021] A) Air Dampers B) Eddy current
A) zero always B) power consumed by Z1 and C) Spring D) Gravity
Z2 148. What will be the reading (in kW) of both the wattmeter
C) power consumed by Z1 D) power consumed by Z2 used to measure the power of a three-phase three-wire
system having the input of 7 kW and power factor is 1?
139. In the two-wattmeter method, the readings of the two [SSC JE EE 2018]
wattmeters are 500 W, 500 W respectively. The load power A) 4, 3 B) 3, 4
factor in a balanced 3-phase 3-wire circuit is꞉ [SSC JE EE 2021]
C) 3.5, 3.5 D) 4.5, 2.5
A) 0.8 B) 0
C) 1 D) 0.3 149. Power consumed by a balanced star connected 3-phase
load is measured using two-wattmeter method. The phase
140. In the circuit shown, the pressure coils of two wattmeters voltage and phase current in the load is 220 V and 10 A
are connected to꞉ respectively. What will be difference in reading (in W) of the
two wattmeter, if the power factor of the system is 0.8
lagging? [SSC JE EE 2018]

200
A) 2286.3 B) 2861.2 A) Power consumed in the B) Power factor of the circuit is
C) 3048.4 D) 3810.5 circuit is zero zero
C) Power factor is unity D) Power factor is 0.5
150. A wattmeter is used to measure _________.
[SSC JE EE 2018] 160. For use in AC circuits, potential coil circuit of
A) Only AC power B) Only DC power electrodynamic wattmeter should be purely [SSC JE EE 2010]
C) Both AC and DC power D) Both AC and DC Voltage A) resistive B) inductive
C) capacitive D) reactive
151. What is the angle between (in degrees) the planes of two
moving coils of a dynamometer type 3-phase power factor 161. The moving coil in a dynamometer wattmeter is
meter? [SSC JE EE 2021] connected [SSC JE EE 2009]
A) 0 B) 60 A) in series with the fixed coil B) across the supply
C) 90 D) 120 C) in series with the load D) any one of the above
152. Which of the following is used to measure the power in 162. What benefit does the dynamometer wattmeter have
very high voltage circuits with a low rating wattmeter? among the following? [SSC JE EE 2022]
[SSC JE EE 2021] A) High Sensitivity B) Less expensive
A) Cannot be measured B) Instrument transformer is C) Consumes less power D) Uniform scale
used
163. Electrodynamometers are used extensively for the
C) Full wave rectifier is used D) Few number of wattmeter
are connected in series measurement of _____. [SSC JE EE 2017]
A) Magnetic lines of force B) Resistivity
153. What is the number of wattmeter required to measure the
C) Capacitor networks D) Power
power of a poly phase of a poly phase system containing ‘n’
conductors? [SSC JE EE 2021] 164. If a wattmeter is used in a circuit where safe voltage or
A) 0 B) n - 1 current rating is exceeded, the meter will _____.
C) n D) n + 1 [SSC JE EE 2017]
A) Not be affected B) Operated erratically
154. The reading of wattmeter and ammeter is 1 kW and 10 A
C) Immediately peg the D) Not indicate the overload
respectively in the three phase circuit given below. What is the pointer
value of power factor of the circuit, if the circuit is balanced?
165. How many pressure coils and current coils, respectively,
are present in a three-phase dynamometer wattmeter?
[SSC JE EE 2022]
A) There is no pressure coil B) There are three pressure
and no current coil coils and three current coils
C) There is one pressure coil D) There are two pressure coils
and one current coil and two current coils
166. The two Watt meters A and B, give readings as 500 Watts
and 1000 Watts respectively during the power measurement
of 3-phase, 3-wire system. Calculate the total power of the
[SSC JE EE 2021] circuit. [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 0.5 B) 0.65 A) 1500 W B) 3000 W
C) 0.74 D) 0.86 C) 750 W D) 1000 W
155. Which of the following does a power factor meter
indicate? [SSC JE EE 2017]
A) Continuous power B) Power difference between INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
phases
C) The current is leading or D) Reactive and useful power 167. Potential transformer are used [SSC JE EE 2010]
lagging the voltage
A) to measure high a. c. B) to measure high d. c.
156. A varmeter is used to indicate the _____. [SSC JE EE 2017] voltage voltage
A) Internal A - C overloads B) Out - of - phase voltage C) both (1) and (2) D) as protective device in high
change voltage circuits
C) Amount of reactive power D) Amount of true power 168. Which of the following options is true with respect to
157. To avoid creeping error in the energy meter, which type of extending the range of a wattmeter using instrument
disc is used [SSC JE EE 2021] transformers? [SSC JE EE 2022]
A) having holes B) small A) The primary winding of B) The secondary winding of
potential transformer is potential transformer is
C) large D) None of these
connected in series with the connected in series with
158. The least number of 1 - ϕ wattemeters required to load. the pressure coil of wattmeter
measure total power consumed by an unbalanced load fed and voltmeter.
from a 3ϕ, 4 wire system is꞉ [SSC JE EE 2014] C) The secondary winding of D) The primary winding of
A) 4 B) 1 current transformer is current transformer is
C) 2 D) 3 connected in series with the connected in parallel with the
current coil of wattmeter and load.
159. When two wattmeter method of measuring of power is ammeter.
used to measure power in a balanced three phase circuit; if
169. A current carrying conductor is wrapped eight times
one of the wattmeter reading is zero, then [SSC JE EE 2018]
around the jaw of a clamp-on meter that reads 50 A. What
will be the actual value of the conductor current?

201
 [SSC JE EE 2021] A) 102.5 B) 104.6
A) 400 A B) 6.25 A C) 108.8 D) 109.4
C) 50 A D) 12.5 A
180. The errors in current transformers can be reduced by
170. To increase the range of a.c ammeter you would use꞉ designing them with [SSC JE EE 2016]
[SSC JE EE 2014] A) high permeability and low B) using primary and
A) A condenser across the B) Current transformer loss core materials, avoiding secondary windings as close
meter any joints in the core and also to each other as possible
C) A potential transformer D) An inductance across the keeping the flux density to low
meter value
C) using large cross – sections D) all of these
171. In which of the following transformers, the secondary for both primary and
winding is always kept closed? secondary winding conductors
A) Current transformer B) Potential transformer
C) Power transformer D) Distribution transformer
172. The below symbol which is used in single line diagrams DIGITAL METERS & CATHODE RAY
represents ________ OSCILLOSCOPE

181. The signal frequency in a CRO is꞉ [SSC JE EE 2022]

[SSC JE EE 2021] A) less than 1 MHz B) more than 1 MHz
A) current transformer B) circuit breaker C) more than 10 MHz D) more than 10 Hz
C) potential transformer D) power transformer
182. CRO (Cathod Ray Oscilloscope) CANNOT be used to
173. Under operating conditions, the secondary of a current measure _______. [SSC JE EE 2021]
transformer is always short-circuited because of ________. A) frequency B) phase
[SSC JE EE 2021] C) power D) voltage
A) It protects the primary B) It is safe to human beings
circuits 183. A single instrument that can measure voltage, current,
C) It avoids core saturation D) None of these resistance, diode forward voltage drop and transistor gain is
and high voltage induction [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) an ohmmeter B) a multimeter
174. An industrial analyser is NOT suitable for measuring which C) a megger D) an ammeter
of the following? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Power B) Resistance 184. The grid on the display screen of an oscilloscope that
comprises the horizontal and vertical axes and used to visually
C) Current D) Power factor
measure waveform parameters is called ________.
175. Which of the following is TRUE about current [SSC JE EE 2020]
transformers? [SSC JE EE 2018] A) Focus control B) Graticule
A) It decreases the range of B) It decreases the range of C) Intensity control D) Aquadag
AC ammeter DC ammeter
185. Horizontal input to a scope is Em sin (ωt) V, vertical input
C) It increases the range of AC D) It increases the range of DC
ammeter ammeter to that scope is Em sin (ωt + 30°) V. What is the Lissajous

176. Determine the percentage voltage error of a potential pattern in that CRO? [SSC JE EE 2020]
A) B)
transformer with the system voltage of 11,000 V and having a
turn’s ratio of 104, if the measured secondary voltage is 98 V.
[SSC JE EE 2018]
A) 7.35 B) 5.75
C) 6.25 D) 8.84
177. What is the percentage voltage error of a potential C) D)
transformer with a system voltage of 6,600 V and having a
turn ratio of 50, if the measured secondary side voltage is 130
V? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 1.51 B) 3.02
C) 4.53 D) 6.04
186. Which of the following statements is NOT true with
178. Which of the following is TRUE in case of current
regard to digital instruments? [SSC JE EE 2020]
transformers? [SSC JE EE 2021]
A) Easy readability B) Greater accuracy
A) It helps in measuring high B) It helps in measuring high
current using high range current using low range C) Better resolution D) Manual setting of polarity
ammeter. ammeter. and zeroing is required
C) It helps in measuring high D) It helps in measuring low 187. In a 3½ digit voltmeter, the largest number that can be
voltage using high range voltage using high range read is꞉ [SSC JE EE 2014]
voltmeter. ammeter. A) 9999 B) 0999
179. Determine the secondary voltage (in V) of a potential C) 1999 D) 5999
transformer when the value of the system voltage is 11,000 V, 188. In a Cathode Ray Tube, the focusing anode is located
the turn’s ratio of the potential transformer is 102 and the [SSC JE EE 2014]
percentage voltage error of the transformer is 3 %.
[SSC JE EE 2018]

202
A) After accelerating anode B) Between pre-accelerating A) Zinc Sulfide with copper as B) Zinc Sulfide with silver as
and accelerating anode impurity impurity
C) Before pre-accelerating D) Just after electron-guns C) Yttrium Oxide D) Pure Zinc Sulfide
anode
199. Which one of the following instrument can measure
189. In a CRO, a sinusoidal waveform of a certain frequency is voltage, resistance, and current? [SSC JE EE 2018]
displayed. The value of the quantity that can be made out by A) Ammeter B) Voltmeter
observation is [SSC JE EE 2014] C) Multimeter D) Wattmeter
A) RMS value of the sine wave B) Average value of the sine
wave 200. Determine the fastest rise time (in ms) of a sine wave that
C) Form factor of the sine D) Peak- peak value of the is reproduced by a CRO, when the bandwidth of the sine wave
wave sine wave is 50 Hz. [SSC JE EE 2018]
A) 7 B) 6
190. The technique of adding a precise amount time between
C) 5 D) 3
the trigger point and beginning of the scope sweep in a CRO
is known as [SSC JE EE 2014] 201. Which of the following is NOT a component of a CRO?
A) Free running sweep B) Delayed sweep [SSC JE EE 2018]
C) Triggered sweep D) Non-sawtooth sweep A) Electron gun B) Deflection plate system
C) Fluorescent screen D) Motor
191. The voltmeter shown in the circuit reads꞉
202. What is the phase shift (in degrees) between the signals,
which is indicated by the Lissajous pattern given below?

[SSC JE EE 2021]
A) 1.2 V B) 2.4 V
C) 12 V D) 24 V
[SSC JE EE 2021]
192. Multiplication features are incorporated in an ohmmeter A) 0 B) 60
to enable the meter to ________. [SSC JE EE 2021] C) 90 D) 180
A) measure very high B) measure values with the
resistance values least error 203. Multimeters cannot measure the value of ________.
C) be multipurpose in its D) has less power [SSC JE EE 2018]
application consumption A) Voltage B) Current
C) Resistance D) Phase angle
193. A multimeter is often called a VOM, which is an
abbreviation of volt-ohm ________. [SSC JE EE 2021] 204. A multimeter uses different series multipliers to increase
A) meter B) mega ammeter the _____. [SSC JE EE 2017]
C) milliammeter D) microammeter A) Current range B) Voltage range
C) Resistance range D) Impedance range
194. Which one of the following statement is NOT TRUE about
multimeter? [SSC JE EE 2018] 205. What three electrical quantities can be measured by a
A) Multimeter can be used for B) Multimeter can be used for multimeter? [SSC JE EE 2017]
the measurement of voltage. the measurement of power. A) Voltage, current and watts B) Voltage, current and
C) Multimeter can be used for D) Multimeter can be used for resistance
the measurement of the measurement of current. C) Voltage, current and D) Voltage, watts and VARs
resistance. amperes
195. The deflection sensitivity of the CRO is 10 m/V. What is 206. A Lissajous pattern on an oscilloscope has 5 horizontal
the value of deflection factor (in V/m)? [SSC JE EE 2021] tangencies and 2 vertical tangencies. The frequency of the
A) 10 B) 0.1 horizontal input is 1000 Hz. What is the frequency of the
C) 1 D) 0.01 vertical input? [SSC JE EE 2016]
196. Pure metals generally have _____. [SSC JE EE 2021] A) 400 Hz B) 2500 Hz
A) high conductivity and low B) high conductivity and large C) 4000 Hz D) 5000 Hz
temperature coefficient temperature coefficient 207. A CRO Screen has ten divisions on the horizontal scale. If
C) low conductivity and zero D) low conductivity and high a voltage signal 5 sin (314t + 45°) is examined with a line base
temperature coefficient temperature coefficient setting of 5 msec/div, the number of cycle of signal displayed
197. Which of the following materials when used as the on the screen will be?
viewing surface of a CRO gives a reddish glow? A) 0.5 cycle B) 2.5 cycle
[SSC JE EE 2018] C) 5 cycles D) 10 cycles
A) Zinc sulfide with copper as B) Zinc sulphide with silver is 208. Modern electronic multimeters measure resistance by
impurity impurity
[SSC JE EE 2016]
C) Yttrium oxide D) Pure zinc sulfide
198. Which of the following materials when used as the
viewing surface of a CRO gives a bluish glow? [SSC JE EE 2018]

203
A) Using a bridge circuit B) Using an electronic bridge 209. The temperature inside a furnace is usually measured by꞉
compensator for nulling [SSC JE EE 2021]
C) Forcing a constant current D) Applying a constant A) Mercury thermometer B) Optical pyrometer
and measuring the voltage voltage and measuring the C) Alcohol thermometer D) Any of the above
across unknown resistance current through the unknown
resistor.

ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans C C A D D A B D C C D D D D
Q. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans B A D B A B B C B D A D A B
Q. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ans D C A D B B D B A D C C D A
Q. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans C B A A B D C A D C D A B D
Q. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans A D A B A D B D C A B B C C
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ans D D B C B D C B B B A C B B
Q. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Ans A A C A B D C A A C C D A D
Q. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Ans C C B A C C A C A C C B B C
Q. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
Ans A A C A B A C D B D C B D D
Q. 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans B D D D A C D C B C B D C B
Q. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
Ans A A B C B C B C A C D B B D
Q. 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
Ans C C A D D A B D D D D A A C
Q. 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
Ans B B A C C B C A A B B A C C
Q. 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196
Ans B B D D C B D B C B C B B B
Q. 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209
Ans C B C A D D D B B B B C B

SOLUTIONS The 3rd reading precision is given as

= 1 −
∣
∣
99−100 ∣
∣
= 1 −
1
= 0.99
100 100

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN 3. The sensitivity (S) of an instrument is defined as a change in

INSTRUMENT & ERROR ANALYSIS output with respect to a change in input
dV0 ΔV0
S= = = 0.9
0.18
=
dVi ΔVi 0.2

|Am −At |
1.
E
%E = × 100 = × 100
At At

E = |48 - 50| = 2 V 4. Absolute Error꞉ The deviation of the measured value (Am)
from the true value(At) (or) actual value is called error. It is also
2
%E = × 100 = 4 % known as a static error. Static error (E) = Am – At
50
2
(1−r )

2. The average of the measured value is given by, 5. Probable error is ξ

ρ
= 0.6745 × = 0.6745 σ.
√N
Xn
σ = Standard error (Standard deviation)
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Xn = ∑
n

Where Xn is the recorded readings, n is no. of recorded Probable error = 0.6745 × 4 = 2.7 mA
output voltage
readings. 6. Sensitivity(S) = =
2.6
= 6.5 V / μm
¯¯
¯¯¯¯ displacement measured 0.4
∣ Respective Reading−Xn ∣
Precision = 1 − ∣ ∣
∣
¯¯
¯
Xn
¯¯¯
∣ 7. Span꞉ It is defined as the difference between the largest and
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ 98+101+99+100+102 smallest reading of the instrument
The average measurement value Xn =
5
If voltmeter scale is -V 1 to V2, then the span is given by (V2 +
=
500
= 100
V1)
5
Now, span = 5 + 5 = 10 V

204
 To Buy
CLICK / TAP ON
THE BOOK

[Link]
8. Option 4 is the correct answer as an X-Y plotter is a type of Simplifying the above equation and making the imaginary
recording instrument. Instruments can be classified into three part zero we get RshXm = (Rm + Rs)Xsh =
Xm
=
Xsh

types꞉ indicating, recording, and integrating instruments. Rm +Rs Rsh

Recording instruments record continuously the variation of 16. Vm = √2 × Vrms

any electrical quantity with respect to time, and examples
100×√2
include X-Y plotters and temperature recorders. PMMC measures average value = π×10
= 4.5 A
9. Resolution is the smallest measurable input change that Hotwire meter measures RMS value =
100×√2
= 7.07 A
can be detected by an instrument. Sensitivity is the ratio of 2×10

changes in the output of an instrument to a change in the 17. MI meter measures the RMS value & PMMC measures the
value of the quantity being measured. Deflection factor is the average value of the current.
reciprocal of sensitivity. Accuracy is the degree of closeness 2 2

MI meter reading =
10 20
√ 62 + (
with which the reading approaches the true value of the √2
) + (
√2
) = 16.911 A

quantity to be measured, while precision is the measure of

PMMC meter reading = 6 A
reproducibility. M I meter reading
= = 2.82
16.911

10. Class 1-0 means, guaranteed accuracy of 1 percent of full P M M C reading 6

scale. 18. Shunts are used for the range extension of ammeters. A
± 1% of 150 V is ± 1.5 V shunt is a low-value resistance having a minimum
The limiting error in percentage, 75 × temperature coefficient.
L.E.
= ±1.5
100

⇒ L. E. = 2% 19. Tc = K c × θ

11. The accuracy of D'Arsonval movements used in common The controlling torque is the torque that opposes the
laboratory meters is about 1% of the full-scale reading. This deflecting torque. The deflecting torque is caused by the
type of movement is commonly used in moving coil current flowing through the coil. The controlling torque is
galvanometers, which are sensitive devices used to measure caused by the spring. The spring is attached to the coil and
and detect small amounts of electric charge. Some errors may the pointer. When the pointer deflects, the spring stretches.
occur due to ageing of control springs and the permanent The spring exerts a force that opposes the deflection of the
magnet, as well as friction caused by jewel-pivot suspension. pointer. The force exerted by the spring is proportional to the
deflection of the pointer.

INDICATING INSTRUMENTS & 20. Damping is necessary to prevent the coil from oscillating
after it is deflected. Eddy currents are induced in the metal
EXTENSION RANGES OF BASIC discs when the coil moves. The eddy currents create a force
METERS that opposes the motion of the coil, which helps to bring it to
rest. The damping in a D'Arsonval galvanometer can be
12. The moving iron instrument is the type of instrument that adjusted by changing the size and number of the metal discs.
suffers from errors due to magnetic hysteresis. Magnetic A larger number of smaller discs will provide more damping.
hysteresis is the phenomenon where the magnetic material's 21. The damping system is responsible for bringing the pointer
magnetization lags behind the changing magnetic field, of the instrument to rest after a change in the measured
causing errors in the instrument's readings. This can lead to quantity. The damping system can be either viscous or eddy
inaccuracies in the measurement and affect the performance current damping. The response time of an indicating
of the moving iron instrument. The other instruments listed instrument is the time it takes for the pointer to come to rest
(PMMC, induction type, and electrodynamic) do not use after a change in the measured quantity. The response time is
moving iron components and are less affected by magnetic determined by the damping system. A faster damping system
hysteresis. will result in a shorter response time.
13. Let the charge be "Q". Given that dQ/dθ = 1 micro- 22. By connecting a high resistance in series we can increase
coulomb/degree. For θ = 22.5 degree, the charge stored would the range of the voltmeter. By connecting a low resistance in
be Q = 22.5 μF. The battery Voltage = 15 V. From equation Q = parallel we can increase the range of the ammeter. For range
CV, 22.5 μF = C×15. So, the capacitance value would be C = extension of voltage measurement in moving coil instrument,
22.5/15 = 1.5 μF. a resistance is connected in series with coil resistance.
23. The controlling torque in gravity controlled meter is given
14. For meters, the sensitivity , Ifsd is the full-scale
⇒
1
S =
by Tc = F × r = W sin θ × l Tc = W l sin θ = kg sinθ. Tc ∝ sin θ .
If sd

deflection in amps. It is expressed in ohm/volt. For Meter . Thus, the controlling torque is proportional to sine of angle of
X , Ifsd = 40 mA , S1 =
1
=
1 deflection of moving system.
If sd 40 mA
24. Moving coils used in PMMC instruments are made of thin
For Meter Y, Ifsd = 50 mA , S2 =
1
=
1
. Hence, Meter X copper wire, whose resistance changes significantly with
If sd 50 mA
temperature, resulting in an error in measurement. To reduce
is more sensitive Y. the temperature effect, a swamping resistance is connected in
15. Let the voltage applied be V. The current across AC meter series to a galvanometer, resulting in equivalent coil resistance
as Rsw + Rc. Swamping resistance is made of Manganin or
Im = . Similarly current across Shunt Ish =
V V

Rm +Rs +jXm Rsh +jXsh Constantan which has an extremely low-temperature

Im Rsh +jXsh coefficient.
Ratio of Ish
=
Rm +Rs +jXm
Rm

Rsh +jXsh
25. Rsh = , Since we have to double the range m = 2
(m−1)
= × (Rm + Rs − jXm )
2 2
(Rm +Rs ) +(Xm )

⇒ Rsh =
30
= 30 Ω
(2−1)

205
26. MI instruments are used for the measurement of the RMS 37. Deflecting torque of the PMMC meter Td = NBAI = GI
value of current and voltage. These instruments have a non- Td = Kθ
uniform scale since the deflecting torque produced is directly
proportional to the square of the current.
24 × 10-6 = 0.2 × 10-6 × θ θ = 120° ⇒
38. Deflecting torque of the PMMC meter Td = NBAI = GI
27. Moving iron instruments can be used under severe
The spring control provides a restoring (controlling) torque
overload conditions and can work on both AC and DC.
given as, TC = Kθ (Nm)
However, they cannot be used at high frequencies due to
Td = Tc
saturation of the magnetic core and may have errors due to
GI = Kθ
hysteresis, frequency, and stray magnetic fields. The
controlling torque is provided by spring control and damping Current I = (K/G) θ
torque is provided by air friction damping. The current passing through the ammeter is directly
proportional to the deflection of the pointer I ∝ θ
28. The current I flowing through the circuit = =2A
⇒
10
θ1 ∘
2+3 I1 5 80
= =
The voltmeter is connected across the ammeter so there is a I2 θ2 2.5 θ2

voltage drop in the ammeter because The resistance of the θ2 = 40°

ideal ammeter is zero. 39. Electrostatic-type instruments are used to measure
Hence the reading of the ideal ammeter and voltmeter will voltage only.
be 2 A and 0 V.
40. Moving iron instruments operate by adjusting the iron
29. An analog meter always has a pointer and a scale to vane along the path of minimum reluctance. This allows for
indicate the value of the measured quantity. Additionally, it accurate measurements of both AC and DC quantities, but
does not have an ADC and DAC. Some analog meters may the instrument requires more power to operate than a PMMC
have a restraining spring to limit the movement of the pointer. meter. However, moving iron instruments suffer from errors
30. The most accurate instrument for measuring AC signals due to hysteresis, frequency changes, and temperature
with frequencies lower than 200 Hz is the variations.
electrodynamometer meter. It has precision grade accuracy 41. When the current through the operating coil of a moving
and can be used for both DC and AC measurements. However, iron instrument is doubled, the operating force becomes four
it requires energy to create two magnetic fields and is times the previous value. This is because the operating torque
relatively insensitive or has low sensitivity. is directly proportional to the square of the current, as given
31. The PMMC-type instrument is used exclusively for DC by the equation Td ∝ I2.
measurements. It uses permanent magnets to create a 42. Moving iron instruments use air friction damping. Moving
stationary magnetic field and is not suitable for AC
coil instruments use Eddy current damping.
measurements. Electrolytic meters are also exclusively used
for DC measurements, while dynamometer-type instruments 43. PMMC-type instruments have a uniform scale because, in
are accurate for both AC and DC circuits. Shaded-pole and these instruments, the deflecting torque is directly
induction type instruments are only used for AC proportional to the current flowing through the coil. This is
measurements. because PMMC ammeters use spring controlling, and the
controlling torque is given by Tc = Kcθ. At the equilibrium
32. Indicating Instruments indicate the quantity being
position, TC = TD, and hence the final steady state deflection
measured by means of a pointer which moves on a scale.
These instruments indicate the instantaneous value of the is directly proportional to the current (I ∝ θ).
electrical quantity being measured at the time at which it is 44. Shunts are used for the range extension of ammeters. A
being measured. Example꞉ Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter shunt is a low-value resistance having minimum temperature
co-efficient. It is connected in parallel with the ammeter
33. Hot-wire instruments operate based on the thermal effect
whose range is to be extended. The combination is connected
of current flow through a fine platinum-iridium wire. The
in series with the circuit whose current is to be measured.
length of the wire increases due to heating, causing the wire
to sag and the pointer to deflect. This expansion is directly
2

45. The defecting torque is given by

I dL
Td =
proportional to the square of the RMS value of the current, 2 dθ

and the meter can be calibrated accordingly. The deflection angle in a moving iron instrument is given by
2
1 I dL
34. To increase the range of a voltmeter, a high resistance θ =
Kc 2 dθ

should be connected in series with it. The series resistance is L = (10 + 6 θ) μH

V
given by Rse = Rm ( − 1) . dL
Vm = 6 μH /rad
dθ

35. To increase the ranges of ammeters, we need to connect a θ =

1 I
2
dL

Kc dθ
small shunt resistance in parallel with ammeters.
2

2
1 (6)
Rm −6
θ = × × (6) × 10 = 10.8 rad
shunt resistance Rsh = 2 10×10
−6
(m−1)

46. The moving iron voltmeter measure rms value and the
Where
I
m =
Im
voltage is V1
Rsh =
10
= 0.2041 Ω
The rectifier-type instrument will measure average value = V2
2 V1
( −1) Vrms

40×10
−3 f orm f actor = =
Vavg V2

36. In indicating instruments, the control torque produced by 47. Moving-iron meter requires more power to operate than a
the spring is proportional to the deflection angle. The PMMC meter due to the high magnetic reluctance of the
controlling torque in spring control is given by Tc = Kcθ and at magnetic circuit. This is because the moving-iron meter has a
the equilibrium position, TC = TD. Therefore, I is proportional to larger air gap between the iron core and the coil, which
θ, resulting in a uniform scale. increases the reluctance of the magnetic circuit.

206
48. The simplest indicating instrument on a control panel is a magnetic field error. It is less in PMMC since a strong
light bulb, which has only two states of on or off. A DC magnetic field is present inside. The cost of PMMC
voltmeter measures voltage, an AC ammeter measures current instruments is very high.
flow, and a synchroscope is used to synchronize electrical 61.
systems.
49. Deflecting torque in moving iron instrument is given by
1 2 dL
Td = I
2 dθ

As the deflecting torque is proportional to the square of

current, it means that moving iron instrument measure RMS
value. This makes the moving iron instrument capable of
working on both A.C and D.C circuit. V = ig G + ig R s

50. A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by V

Rs = − G
connecting a shunt resistance parallel to it. A shunt is ig

basically a wire of very small resistance. A galvanometer can

62. MI type instruments are suitable for both AC and DC
be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a very high
circuits. Frictional error in MI type instruments is very less but
resistance in the series.
more compared to PMMC type instruments. The torque
51. Moving Coil (MC) and Moving Iron (MI) instruments can be weight ratio of MI type instruments is high but less compared
distinguished by their scale. MC instruments have a linear to PMMC instruments. The instrument cost is much lower as
scale, while MI instruments have a non-linear scale. compared to PMMC type instruments.
52. Full-scale deflection current, IF SD =
1
=
1
= 0.33 mA
63. An ammeter has the least value of internal resistance
s −3
3×10
among the given measuring instruments. The internal
resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero, and practically it is
−3 3
VF SD = IF SD × R = 0.33 × 10 × 300 × 10 = 100 V

very low.
53. The operating torque of a moving iron instrument will
become one-fourth of its previous value if the current through 64. In PMMC type instruments, magnetic decay can cause
the operating coil is halved. This is because the deflecting errors. The main cause of magnetic decay is the aging of
torque in moving iron instruments is directly proportional to magnets. Suitable aging can reduce magnetic decay.
the square of the current, as given by the equation꞉ Therefore, it is important to ensure proper maintenance of the
1 2 dL
magnets in PMMC type instruments.
Td = I .
2 dθ
65. MI instruments can be used for both AC and DC
54. Ammeter is always connected in series with the load to measurements and have a moving element that is a small soft
measure the current, while voltmeter is always connected in iron piece. The torque in MI instruments is proportional to the
parallel with the load to measure the voltage. Therefore, the square of the current, resulting in a non-linear scale.
correct options are series and parallel for ammeter and
voltmeter, respectively. This is because in a series circuit, the
66. Rse = Rm [
V

Vm
− 1] ⇒ Rse = 40 × (
0.4

0.16
− 1) = 60 Ω

current remains the same throughout the circuit, whereas in a 67. A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by
parallel circuit, the voltage remains the same across all
connecting a low value of resistance in parallel with the
components.
galvanometer. This is because ammeters are connected in
55. Analog multimeter is a type of indicating instrument. series with the circuit, and a low resistance in parallel with the
Indicating instruments indicate the quantity to be measured galvanometer allows most of the current to flow through the
by means of a pointer which moves on a scale. ammeter. On the other hand, a galvanometer can be
Rm converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high value of
56. Shunt resistance
25
Rsh =
[
I
−1]
⇒ 75 =
(
5
−1)
resistance in series with the galvanometer, as voltmeters are
Im Im
connected in parallel with the circuit and require a high
⇒ Im = 3.75 A resistance to limit the current flow.

57. PMMC-type instruments have a uniform scale and can be 68. If a voltmeter at internal resistance of 1.2 kilo-ohms is
used for multi-range measurements of voltage and current. connected across a 600-ohm resistor. Then the circuit will be,
The frictional error is less in PMMC instruments due to their
high torque/weight ratio. Stray magnetic field error is small in
PMMC instruments because of the presence of a strong
magnetic field inside.
58. A galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by
connecting a low value of resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer.
V
59. Full-scale current, IF SD =
Rm +Rs

Sensitivity (S) is the reciprocal of full-scale current.

1 Rm +Rs Voltmeter reads 5 V,
S = =
I V 400
F SD ⇒ 35 × = 5 ⇒ R = 2.4 kΩ
400+R

60. Moving-coil permanent magnet instruments or PMMC are

suitable for only DC measurements. In PMMC type 69. Moving coil instruments can measure only DC quantities
instruments, defection is directly proportional to the current (θ
whereas moving iron instruments can measure both DC and
∝ I) hence these instruments have uniformly divided scales.
AC [Link] the supply is AC, the reading of PMMC
The error due to the external magnetic field is called a stray
instrument is zero.

207
70. The instrument with the highest torque/weight ratio potentiometer employ a null method of measurement. In the
among the given options is the Permanent magnet moving megger method, the null method does not employ.
coil instrument (PMMC). PMMC instruments have a high 81.
torque/weight ratio, making them more accurate and
sensitive. They are also known as D'Arsonval meters and are Type of Name of Used to
Important
used to measure current and voltage in DC circuits. Bridge Bridge measure

71. The Electrodynamometer ammeter shows the RMS Wheatstone Medium

reading, and the deflection of the pointer is proportional to bridge resistance
the mean square of currents in the fixed coil and moving coil. Corey
I1 I2 cos ϕ Medium
This can be calculated using the formula θ =
dM
. I1 = foster’s
Kc dθ resistance
bridge
Current in the fixed coil I2 = Current in the moving coil Kc =
DC Kelvin
Spring control coefficient Very low
Bridges double
72. Null type recorders are instruments that use a null detector resistance
to indicate the magnitude of the measured quantity. bridge
Examples of null type recorders include potentiometers, Loss of
bridges, and LVDTs. High
charge
resistance
73. Indicating instruments are the ones that indicate the method
instantaneous value of the electrical quantity being measured
High
at the time at which it is being measured. Examples of Resistance of
indicating instruments are ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter. Megger insulation
cables
Recording instruments record continuously the variation of resistance
any electrical quantity with respect to time. Maxwell’s
Not suitable to
74. Full scale value of current (IFSD) is the reciprocal of inductance Inductance
measure Q
sensitivity (s) bridge
1 1
IF SD = = = 8 mA Maxwell’s
s 125
Suitable for
inductance
75. Total resistance in the circuit = 400 + 100 = 500 kΩ Inductance medium Q coil (1 <
capacitance
Full scale current (IFSD) = 250/500 = 0.5 mA Q < 10)
bridge
1 1
S = = = 2000 Ω/V
IF SD
0.5×10
−3
Suitable for high Q
Hay’s
76. Thermocouple meters respond to the RMS value of a Inductance coil (Q > 10), slowest
bridge
signal. This type of instrument is used for both AC and DC bridge
measurements and utilizes two wires of different metals. 5-point bridge,
Anderson’s
77. A rectifier is used in an instrument to convert AC into DC. Inductance accurate and fastest
bridge
This is done using either a full-wave or half-wave rectifier. bridge (Q < 1)

Used for
Owen’s
POTENTIOMETERS bridge
Inductance measuring low Q
coils

78. Voltage drop across the unknown resistance / Voltage AC Heaviside

Bridges mutual Mutual
drop across the standard resistance = Resistance of the
unknown resistance / Resistance of the standard resistance inductance inductance
R

Rs
=
0.531

1.083
⇒ =
R

0.1Ω
0.531

1.083
bridge

R ≈ 0.04903Ω ≈ 49.03 milliohm Campbell’s

79. High value pot resistance leads to high sensitivity in a modification Mutual
potentiometer. This is because resistance is directly of Heaviside inductance
proportional to the length of wire in a potentiometer. bridge
Therefore, higher resistance leads to higher length of wire and
De-Sauty’s Suitable for
higher sensitivity. The equation for this relationship is R∝L. Capacitance
bridge perfect capacitor

Schering Used to measure

MEASUREMENT OF R, L, C USING bridge
Capacitance
relative permittivity
BRIDGE CIRCUITS Harmonic distortion
analyzer, used as a
80. Null type instrument꞉ An instrument in which zero or null Capacitance notch filter, used in
Wein’s bridge
indication determines the magnitude of the measured and frequency audio and high-
quantity, such type of instrument is called a null type frequency
instrument. It uses a null detector which indicating the null applications
condition when the measured quantity and the opposite
quantity are the [Link]꞉ potentiometer, bridges, LVDT
etc. D.C. potentiometer, Kelvin double bridge, and AC

208
82.
91. Schering Bridge is used for the measurement of
capacitance. Kelvin’s double is used for the measurement of
the low value of resistance. Maxwell’s inductance is used for
measuring inductance. Wheatstone bridge is used for
ρL measurement of the medium value of resistance.
Resistance of unstrained gauge R =
A
92. Kelvin's Double Bridge is the most precise option to
In order to find how ΔR depends upon the material physical measure resistance below 1 Ohm. Wheatstone Bridge and
quantities, the expression for R is differentiated with respect to Corey Foster's Bridge are suitable for medium resistance.
stress s. Megger is used for high insulation resistance of cables.
dR ρ ρL ∂A L ∂ρ
∂L

ds
=
A ∂s
−
A
2
∂s
+
A ∂s
93. Given that no current is flowing through galvanometer.
ρL Hence bridge is balanced.
By dividing throughout by resistance R =
A Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
1
1 dR 1 ∂L 1 ∂A 1 ∂ρ 30.
⇒ = − + jωC
R ds L ∂s A ∂s ρ ∂s
(Rx + jωLx ) ( ) = 20 × 40
1

From the above equation, as the resistivity is almost constant, 30+

jωC

it is evident that the per-unit change in resistance is mainly (Rx + jωLx ) (

1
) =
80

due to per unit change in length & per unit change in area or 1+j30ωC 3

diameter
80 2 2 2
(Rx + jωLx ) (1 − j30ωC) = (1 + 30 ω C )
3

83. A Wheatstone bridge is used to measure unknown 2 80 2 2 2

Rx + 30ω CLx + j (ωLx − 30Rx ωC) = (1 + 30 ω C )
resistances. The Wien bridge is used to measure capacitance 3

and audio frequencies, while the Maxwell bridge is a modified Compare real parts of the above equation,
form of the Wheatstone bridge used to measure inductance. 2
Rx + 30ω CLx =
80
(1 + 30 ω C
2 2 2
)
The Schering bridge is used to measure capacitance and 3

properties of insulators. Rx =
80
Ω = 26.67 Ω
3

84. At bridge balance condition,

And, 2 80 2 2 2
1 30ω CLx = × 30 ω C
R4 × 3
⎛ jωC ⎞
1 4 1
(Rx + ) = R2 × 80 80
jωCx 1 jωC3 −6
⎝ R4 + ⎠ ⇒ Lx = × 30 × C = × 30 × 40 × 10 = 32 mH
jωC 3 3
4

⇒
(Rx jωCx +1)
(
R4
) =
R2
94. At bridge balance condition,
jωCx 1+R4 jωC4 C3
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3

⇒ (1 + jωRx Cx ) (R4 C3 ) = R2 Cx (1 + jωR4 C4 ) 1

60.
jωC

(Rx + jωLx ) ( ) = 40 × 20
⇒ R4 C3 + jωRx Cx R4 C3 = R2 Cx + jωR2 Cx R4 C4 1
60+
jωC
By comparing both real parts and imaginary parts both sides,
1 40
we get (Rx + jωLx ) (
1+j60ωC
) =
3

R2 C 4 3 −6
60×10 ×40×10 40 2 2 2
Rx = = = 80 kΩ (Rx + jωLx ) (1 − j60ωC) = (1 + 60 ω C )
C3 −6
30×10 3

R4 C3 3 −6
2 40 2 2 2
140×10 ×30×10
Rx + 60ω CLx + j (ωLx − 60Rx ωC) = (1 + 60 ω C )
Cx = = = 70 μF 3
3
R2 60×10

Compare real parts of the above equation,

85. Anderson's Bridge is used to measure values of inductance 2 40 2 2 2
Rx + 60ω CLx = (1 + 60 ω C )
and quality factor in a low range below 1. Hay's Bridge is used 3

to measure inductance and quality factors above 10. 40

Rx = Ω
3
ωLx 1 1
86. Q = = = = 31.83
And, 2 40 2 2 2
−6
Rx ωC4 R4 2π×50×10×10 ×10 60ω CLx = × 60 ω C
3

87. The speed of a megger is typically kept around 160 rpm. ⇒ Lx =

40
× 60 × C =
40
× 60 × 10 × 10
−6
= 8 mH
Megger is a portable instrument used to measure high 3 3

insulation resistance, working on the principle of

−3
ωLx 2πf Lx
Quality factor,
2π×60×8×10
Q = = = = 0.226
electromagnetic induction. It comprises a DC generator and
Rx Rx 40

ohm meter, with two voltage coils and one current coil. The
accuracy of a megger is high compared to other instruments. 95. Anderson Bridge is used for measuring an unknown
inductance. The bridge circuit consists of a self-inductance to
ωLx
88. Q = =
1
=
1
= 1.98 be measured, known non-inductive resistances, and a fixed
−6
Rx ωC4 R4 2π×50×40×40 ×40
standard capacitor. The unknown inductance is measured in
89. The balanced condition of AC bridges is represented by terms of known capacitance and resistance.
|Z1 | |Z4 | = |Z2 | |Z3 | and θ1 + θ4 = θ2 + θ3 . The representation 96. Wheatstone bridge is most suitable for the measurement
of medium resistance.
of currents in the balanced condition is I1 = I3 , I2 = I4 .
Owen’s bridge and Anderson Bridge are most suitable for the
Option 2, |Z1 |+| Z4 |=| Z2 |+| Z3 |, is not the correct measurement of unknown inductance.
representation. Schering Bridge is most suitable for the measurement of an
unknown capacitance.
90. Wien’s bridge is used to measure the frequency Power can
be measured by using a wattmeter. Energy can be measured 97. Megger is the instrument used for measuring insulation
by using an energy meter resistance. Wattmeter measures power, ammeter measures
current, and voltmeter measures voltage. Megger is

209
specifically designed to measure high values of insulation ⇒ 100 =
R×2000

resistance.
⇒ 2000 + R = 20 R
2000+R

98. The Wheatstone Bridge is the most suitable bridge for

measuring an unknown resistance. Hay's Bridge & Anderson
2000
⇒ R = = 105.26 Ω
19

Bridge for measuring inductance, and Wien's Bridge for

measuring frequency. The Wheatstone Bridge is specifically 106. AC bridges are used to measure inductance and
designed for measuring medium resistance. capacitance. The Wheatstone bridge is a DC bridge used to
measure medium resistance.
99. De Sauty's Bridge is used for the measurement of
capacitance. The bridge balance is achieved when both 107. When a Wheatstone bridge is balanced, the
capacitors are perfect. galvanometer reads zero current. This is because, at the
balanced condition, the product of opposite arms' resistances
100. A Megger is a portable instrument used to measure high
is equal. This leads to zero voltage across the galvanometer,
insulation resistances. It works on the principle of
resulting in no current flow through it.
electromagnetic induction and uses a hand-driven generator
to produce test voltages of 500, 1000, or 2500V. The operation 108. A mega ohmmeter reading of zero or low ohms between
of a Megger is based on a moving coil meter. the stator winding and motor frame indicates that the winding
is grounded. This is because ground offers very low resistance.
101. At bridge balance condition,
If the winding were open, the mega ohmmeter would show
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
very high resistance.
1
60.

(Rx + jωLx ) (
jωC

) = 50 × 30
109. Wien's bridge is a frequency-sensitive bridge used for
measuring the unknown capacitance or frequency of a circuit.
1
60+
jωC

1 110.
(Rx + jωLx ) ( ) = 25
1+j60ωC

2
Bridges Applications
2 2
(Rx + jωLx ) (1 − j60ωC) = 25 (1 + 60 ω C )

2 2 2 2
Hay Bridge High Q-coils
Rx + 60ω CLx + j (ωLx − 60Rx ωC) = 40 (1 + 60 ω C )

Compare real parts of the above equation, Maxwell Bridge Medium Q-coils
2
Rx + 60ω CLx = 25
Schering Bridge Dielectric loss
2 2 2
(1 + 60 ω C )
Wein Bridge Frequency
Rx = 25 Ω

And 2
60ω CLx = 25 × 60 ω C
2 2 2
111. Meggar is used for the measurement of high resistance.
−6
⇒ Lx = 25 × 60 × C = 25 × 60 × 20 × 10 = 30 mH R2 R3

112.
2000×750
Rx = = = 375 Ω
−3 R4 4000
ωLx 2πf Lx
Quality factor,
2π×50×30×10
Q = = = = 0.376
Rx Rx 25 −6
Lx = R2 R3 C4 = 2000 × 750 × 0.05 × 10 = 75 mH

102. Owen's Bridge is the most suitable bridge for measuring 113. The quality factor of Maxwell's inductance-capacitance
the inductance of a coil. Schering Bridge is used for measuring bridge is expressed as ωC4R4, which is option 1. This bridge is
capacitance, Wien's Bridge is used for measuring frequency,
used to measure low values of quality factor and is not
and Wheatstone Bridge is used for measuring medium
suitable for high values.
resistance.
103. Megger is an instrument used for measuring insulation
resistance. It is best suited for measuring the high value of MEASUREMENT OF POWER,
resistance.
ENERGY, FREQUENCY & POWER
104. Unknown resistance = Rx Standard resistance = Rs
R2
FACTOR
Rx = × Rs
R1

Given that standard resistance consists of 4-decade 114. Integrating instruments꞉ Those instruments which measure
resistance boxes of 1000, 100, 10, 1Ω steps. Maximum value of the total quantity of electricity (in ampere-hours) or electrical
Rs = 1000 + 100 + 10 + 1 = 1111 Ω energy (in watt-hours) in a given time are called integrating
instruments e.g. ampere-hour meter and watt-hour meter or
Now, the Maximum value of
1000
Rx = × (1111) = 11110 Ω
100 household energy [Link] such instruments, there are sets of
dials and pointers which register the total quantity of
Minimum value of
1000
Rx = × (1) = 10 Ω
100
electricity or electrical energy supplied to the load.
105. We can redraw the given circuit as follows. 3
115. For ϕ = 0°, cos ϕ = p.f = 1. W1 = √3Vp Ip cos(30) =
2
V p Ip .
3
W2 = √3Vp Zp cos(30) =
2
V p Ip , ∴ W1 = W2 .Hence
Hence two watt-meters are used to measure three-phase
power reads equal reading at unity power factor.
116. There is no load present, the energy consumption during
the calibration test of the wattmeter is reduced.
117. The reactive power drawn by the 3-phase load is
200V
Req = = 100 Ω
2A Q = √3P = √3 × 100 = 173.2 VAR
Form the circuit. √3(W1 −W2 ) W √3(2−1)

118. −1 1 −1 ∘
ϕ = tan , = 2 ⇒ ϕ = tan = 30
Req = R ||2k W1 +W2 W2 2+1

210
Power factor, cosϕ = cos30
∘
= 0.866 lag the current coil is supplied with a low voltage but required
119. W1 −W2
current. This method allows for testing at various power
−1
ϕ = tan √3 (
W +W
) factors with the use of a phase-shifting transformer.
1 2

130. In an energy meter, the Meter constant

W1 −W1 R
−1 K =
ϕ = tan √3 ( ) = 0 E
W +W
1 2

∘ R ∝ E
= cos ϕ = cos 0 = 1
E1 = 230 × 4 × 6 × 1 = 5520 Wh
120. The method used to measure power in a three-phase
∴ R1 E 2 = R2 E 1
unbalanced load system is the two-wattmeter method.
R2 E 1
According to Blondel's Theorem, (n-1) wattmeters are required = 3.1 kWh
1240×5520
E2 = = = 3100 W h
R1 2208
for the measurement of power in n-phase, n-wire balanced, or
unbalanced systems. For a 3ϕ unbalanced system, 2 131. Induction type wattmeters are the only type of watt-hour
wattmeters are required. meter used in AC circuits. These instruments work on the
121. Errors in wattmeter measurement are introduced due to induction phenomenon and measure AC power. They have
mutual inductance between the current coil and voltage coil, two laminated electromagnets and an aluminum disc that
which increases the phase angle and affects the error. produces two eddy currents, inducing a deflecting torque that
is counterbalanced by spiral springs.
122. The adjustment made with the magnetic shunt in a three-
132. Sometimes the disc of the energy meter makes slow but
phase, two-element energy meter for the rotation of the
aluminum disc to be zero is when the two torques are equal continuous rotation at no load i.e. when the potential coil is
and opposite. This is achieved by connecting the current coils excited but with no current flowing in the load; This is called
of both elements in series and their potential coils in parallel, creeping. This error may be caused due to overcompensation
passing full load current through the coil, and setting up two for friction, excessive supply voltage, vibrations, stray
opposite torques in the coil. magnetic fields, etc In order to prevent this creeping on no-
load two holes or slots are drilled in the disc on opposite sides
123. Creeping in single-phase energy meters can be prevented of the spindle This causes sufficient distortion of the field; The
by providing two holes diametrically opposite in the rotating result is that the disc tends to remain stationary when one of
disc. This limits the revolution of the disc and prevents it from the holes comes under one of the shunt magnets
continuously rotating even when no load is attached to the
133. Creeping in a single-phase induction type energy meter
meter. Creeping occurs due to excessive friction and the
absence of the main driving torque at no load. occurs when the aluminum disc rotates continuously even
when no load is attached. This phenomenon can be caused
124. No. of revolutions in 1 hr = 2300/2 = 1150 by excessive friction, vibrations, stray magnetic fields, and
P = VI cos ϕ extra voltage across the potential coil. All of these factors
P = 230 × 20 × 1 = 4.6 kW contribute to the creeping error, which increases the meter
N o. of revolutions in 1 hr 1150 reading.
M eter constant = =
134. The three-wattmeter method can be used to measure
N o. of kW in 1 hr 4.6

Meter constant = 250 revolutions / kWh power in both balanced and unbalanced circuits, making it a
125. The rated values are the maximum values of the versatile option for power measurement. The one-wattmeter
instruments at which it can operate. Above this value, if the method is only suitable for balanced loads, while the two-
instrument is operated then it will get [Link], the wattmeter method is best for three-phase three-wire systems
and the three-wattmeter method is best for three-phase four-
pressure coil of the energy meter has a maximum capacity of
wire systems.
415 V.
135. A dynamometer-type wattmeter connected to an AC
126. The speed of the aluminum disc in an energy meter is
circuit measures the average power. The instantaneous torque
controlled by the braking magnet. The braking magnet is used
of the electrodynamometer instrument is given by
to reduce the rotation of the disc and adjust the braking
V dM
torque by shifting the magnet to a different radial position. Td = I cos ϕ , and the average deflecting torque is
Rp dθ
The rotation of the disc is directly proportional to the energy
consumed by the loads in kilowatt-hours. proportional to the average power being measured.

127. The fundamental components of construction of a single- 136. Creeping is a phenomenon related to induction type
phase energy meter are the driving system, moving system, energy meters. It occurs when the aluminum disc rotates
registering system, and braking system. The moving system continuously even when no current flows through the current
consists of a thin aluminum disk mounted on a vertical shaft coil. This error increases the meter reading, and is caused by
that rotates, while the braking system uses a permanent excessive friction, vibration, stray magnetic fields, and extra
magnet to induce eddy currents and create braking torque on voltage across the potential coil. The compensating vane
the disk. provides additional torque to the disc at no load, leading to
the creeping error.
128. The concept applied in instruments of the
electrodynamometer type is the force between two current
√3(W −W )
137. Power Factor angle ϕ = tan
−1
(
1 2
)
carrying coils. Electrodynamometer instruments use two
W1 +W2

serially connected fixed coils to produce the magnetic field,

which interacts with the moving coil carrying the pointer. The
motor torque is proportional to the product of the currents in
the moving and fixed coils. The electrodynamometer is a
transfer-type instrument that can be used as an ammeter,
voltmeter, or wattmeter.
129. Phantom loading is used to test energy meters and
wattmeters. The power required for testing is very low as the
pressure coil is supplied with a negligible power source and

211
 W = W1 + because the power factor is calculated using the formula
P
p.f. p.f. W1 W2 W2 cos ϕ = .
VI
angle (cos [VLIL cos [VLIL cos [W = Observations
(ϕ) ϕ) (30 - ϕ)] (30 + ϕ)] √3VLIL cos 146. Induction type single phase energy meters measure
ϕ] electric energy in kilowatt hour (kWh), which is the correct
answer. These meters are based on the principle of
√3 √3
0° 1 V L IL V L IL √3 VLIL W1 = W2 electromagnetic induction and are commonly used in
2 2
domestic and industrial AC circuits. They can handle currents
V I
up to 100A.
30° 0.866 VLIL 1.5 VL IL W1= 2W2
L L

2
147. Eddy current damping produces the braking torque in
60° 0.5 0
√3
V L IL
√3
V L IL W1 = 0 induction type energy meters, based on Faraday's law and
2 2
Lenz's law.
−V I V I W1 = -ve 148.
90° 0 0
L L L L

2 2 W2 = +ve Given that power factor = 1

W1 = -ve, W2 = +ve Here, ϕ = tan
−1
(
√3(W −W )
1 2
)
|W1| ≠ |W2|, then the power factor range is given as W1 +W2

∘
The range of ϕ is, 60 < ϕ < 90 cos ϕ = 1 ⇒ ϕ = 0

Now the range of power factor is 0.5 > cos ϕ > 0. ∘ −1

√3(W −W )
1 2
0 = tan ( )
The power factor of the system is greater than or equal to 0 W1 +W2

but less than 0.5. √3(W1 −W2 )

= 0
138.
W1 +W2

⇒ W1 = W2

Given the power input is 7 kW, i.e. (W1 + W2) = 7

⇒ W1 = 3.5 kW , W2 = 3.5 kW

149. Line voltage, VL = √3 VP

W1 = VL IL cos(30 − ϕ)

W2 = VL IL cos(30 + ϕ)
The potential coil is connected across [Link] reads the voltage
across Z2 only. So, Wattmeter reads only power consumed by W1 − W2 = √3Vph Iph sin ϕ

Z2. W1 − W2 = √3 × 220 × 10 × 0.6 = 2286.3 W

Wattmeter reads the power and it is given by

150. A wattmeter can measure both AC and DC power.
P = VPC ICC cos ϕ
√3(W −W )
151. These coils are rigidly connected to each other and their
139. Power factor = cos ϕ ,
1 2
ϕ = tan
−1
( ) axes are at 120 degrees to each other. This arrangement
W1 +W2
allows the coils to move together and indicate the power
√3×0
factor of the circuit. The voltage coils in this type of meter are
tanϕ = = 0 , ϕ = 0°
fixed 120 degrees apart instead of 90 degrees in a single-
⇒ Power factor = cos ϕ = 1
1000

phase dynamometer type power factor meter.

140. In this current coils of the wattmeter are connected with 152. Instrument transformers are used to measure high voltage
any two lines, say R and Y, and the potential coil of each circuits with low rating wattmeters. These transformers step
wattmeter is joined on the same line. down the voltage and current of the system, making it
possible for small rating measuring instruments to measure
141. The meter constant of an energy meter is given in
the electrical quantities. This is necessary because it is difficult
revolutions per kilowatt-hour (rev/kWh). This constant and costly to design measuring instruments for high level
represents the number of revolutions made by the energy voltage and current.
meter for each kilowatt-hour of energy consumed.
153. According to Blondell's theorem, the number of
142. The reading of the first dial on the right of a 4-dial watt-
wattmeters required to measure the total power in an n-phase
hour meter indicates the number of single units. Each dial on system is either N or N-1. When a separate neutral wire is
the meter is numbered from 0 to 9 and measures the number available in the system, N-wattmeters are required, but when
of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in different units. the neutral wire is not available, (N-1) wattmeters are required.
143. Incorrect adjustment of the position of shading bands is
154. Vph = Vl /√ 3 = 200/ √3 = 115.47 V
the cause of meter phase error in induction-type energy
W = Vph IL cos ϕ
meters. The shading bands are adjusted so that the angle
between shunt magnet flux ϕp and the supply voltage V is 1000 = 115.47 × 10 × cos ϕ ⇒ cos ϕ = 0.866

equal to 90°, which is known as lag adjustment. If the position 155. A power factor meter indicates whether the current is
of the shading bands is incorrect, it can cause phase error. leading or lagging the voltage. The power factor is unity if
144. both voltage and current are in phase.
√3(W −W ) 156. A varmeter is used to calculate the amount of reactive
Power Factor angle ϕ = tan
−1
(
1 2
)
W1 +W2
power in a circuit. The formula for reactive power is Q = V× I×
−1
√3(1600−0) ∘
sin(θ).
ϕ = tan ( ) = 60
1600+0
157.
145. To calculate the power factor of a single-phase load, we Sometimes the disc of the energy meter makes slow but
need one voltmeter, one ammeter, and one wattmeter. This is continuous rotation at no load i.e. when the potential coil is

212
excited but with no current flowing in the load; This is called wattmeter. This allows for high power measurements to be
creeping taken by stepping down high voltage and current values to a
This error may be caused due to overcompensation for value measurable by the wattmeter. By knowing the
friction, excessive supply voltage, vibrations, stray magnetic transformation ratios of the transformers, the power to the
fields, etc load can be determined.
In order to prevent this creeping on no-load two holes or slots Np

are drilled in the disc on opposite sides of the spindle 169. Is = Ip ×

Ns

This causes sufficient distortion of the field; The result is that Is = 50 × (1 / 8)

the disc tends to remain stationary when one of the holes Is = 6.25 A
comes under one of the shunt magnets
170. To increase the range of an AC ammeter, a current
158. The given system is a 3ϕ, 4-wire system. transformer should be used. This is because instrument
Therefore, the number of wattmeters required = 4 - 1 = 3 transformers are used to increase the range of meters, and the
√3(W1 −W2 )
current transformer specifically increases the range of AC
159. Power factor angle ϕ = tan
−1
(
W1 +W2
) ammeters. In contrast, a potential transformer would be used
to increase the range of an AC voltmeter.
If one of the Wattmeter readings is zero, ϕ = 60
∘
, cosϕ = 0.5
171. The secondary winding of a current transformer is always
160. The current flowing through the potential coil circuit is in kept short-circuited to avoid core saturation and high voltage
phase with the voltage applied to it. If the potential coil circuit induction. It is important to never open-circuit a CT, as this
were inductive or capacitive, the current would be out of can result in deep saturation of the core and dangerous
phase with the voltage, which would result in an error in the voltage across the secondary terminals.
measurement of power. A purely resistive circuit has a current 172.
that is in phase with the voltage applied to it. This is because
the resistance of a resistor does not change with frequency.
Therefore, the current flowing through a purely resistive circuit
will always be in phase with the voltage applied to it.
161. Two fixed coils connected in series with the load are
called current coils. The moving coil connected across the
supply is called a voltage coil (or) pressure coil.
162. The benefit of the Dynamometer wattmeter is that it has
a uniform scale, making it more effective in measuring power
as the scale is proportional to the power consumed. However,
it has low sensitivity and is more expensive than other types of
instruments. The power consumption of this instrument is also
comparatively high.
163. Electrodynamometers are commonly used to measure 173. The secondary side of the current transformer is always
power and power factor. These instruments can measure kept short-circuited in order to avoid core saturation and high
current, voltage, and average power. voltage [Link] large voltage across the secondary
164. If the voltage or current rating is exceeded in a circuit terminals will be very dangerous and will lead to the insulation
where a wattmeter is used, the meter cannot indicate the failure.
overload and will only show up to its rated value. 174. An industrial analyzer is not suitable for measuring
165. A three-phase dynamometer wattmeter consists of two resistance. It is designed for single-phase or three-phase
current coils and two pressure coils. The torque developed on measurements of active power, reactive power, apparent
each element is proportional to the power passing through it, power, power factor, phase angle, energy, voltage, and
and the total torque on the wattmeter is the sum of the torque current. Resistance is measured using a multimeter, which is a
on each element. different type of instrument.
166. According to Blondel’s theorem, the total power of the 175. Current transformers increase the range of AC ammeters,
circuit (W) will be, as stated in option 3. Potential transformers, on the other
W = WA + WB hand, increase the range of AC voltmeters.
primary voltage
W = 500 + 1000 = 1500 W 176. Turn’s ratio =
secondary voltage

True secondary voltage = 11000/104 = 105.76 V

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS Percentage error
|measured value−true value| |98−105.76|

= × 100 = × 100 = 7.33 %

true value 105.76

167. A potential transformer (P.T.) is an instrument transformer

that is used for the measurement of high alternating voltage 177. Secondary voltage = 6600/50 = 132
in a power system by stepping it down towards the secondary %error =
measured−true
× 100
true
side. Potential transformers are step-down transformers, i.e.,
130−132
they have many turns in the primary winding while the =
132
× 100 = −1.51%

secondary has few turns. The primary winding of the potential

transformer is connected across the high-voltage power line 178. Current transformers help in measuring high current using
whose voltage is to be measured. low range ammeter. They are used in electrical power systems
for stepping down currents for metering and protection
168. To extend the range of a wattmeter, current and potential
purposes. CT steps down rated system current to 1 Amp or 5
transformers are used. The secondary winding of the current
Amp.
transformer is connected in series with the current coil of the

213
179. Turn’s ratio =
primary voltage
187. Full digit can read from 0 to 9, Half digit can read from 0
secondary voltage
to 1
Secondary voltage = 11000
= 107.84 V
102 Hence largest number can be read is = 1999
Given a 3% error in the secondary voltage.
188. In a Cathode Ray Tube, the focusing anode is located
Hence secondary voltage = 0.97 × 107.84 = 104.6 V
between the pre-accelerating and accelerating anode.
180. Designing current transformers with high permeability
and low loss core materials, avoiding any joints in the core,
and keeping the flux density to a low value can reduce errors
such as current error and phase angle error. Using primary
and secondary windings as close to each other as possible
and using large cross-sections for both primary and
secondary winding conductors can also help reduce errors.
189. The value that can be observed in a CRO is the peak-
peak value of the sine wave. This can be used to calculate the
DIGITAL METERS & CATHODE RAY RMS value, average value, and form factor of the waveform.
OSCILLOSCOPE The frequency can also be calculated using the time period
observed on the display.

181. The signal frequency in a CRO is more than 10 MHz. This 190. The technique of adding a precise amount of time
is because the deflection system in the cathode ray tube between the trigger point and beginning of the scope sweep
reduces the speed of electrons, and a higher frequency is in a CRO is known as delayed sweep. This is achieved by using
needed to increase their speed. The fluorescent screen a delay line between the output of the vertical amplifier and
converts the kinetic energy of the electrons into light energy, the y input of the cathode ray tube to synchronize the
allowing a bright spot to appear wherever the electron beam unknown signal with the sweep signal and display the
strikes the screen. complete signal portion without any loss.

182. A CRO is a versatile instrument that can measure voltage, 191. The voltage across the resistor R2 is
current, frequency, and phase angle of any electrical quantity. VR2 = V (
R2

R1 +R2
) ⇒ VR2 =
24

500
× 250 = 12 V

However, it cannot directly measure power. The current is

measured indirectly by measuring voltage drop across an 192. Multiplication features are added to an ohmmeter to
impedance. The Lissajous pattern displayed on the CRO reduce errors in measurement. These features allow the meter
screen can provide information about the relative phases of to indicate any value being measured with the least error. The
signals and the frequency ratio of signals. meter typically has four test lead jacks, with the COMMON
183. A multimeter is an electronic instrument. It is mainly used jack connected internally to one side of the moving coil and
the other jacks connected to different size resistors within the
to measure the three basic electrical characteristics of
ohmmeter.
voltage, current, and resistance. It is a handheld device with a
positive and negative indicator needle over a numeric LCD 193. A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that
digital display. Multimeters can also be used for testing combines several measurement functions in one unit. It is
batteries, household wiring, electric motors, and power often referred to as a VOM, which stands for volt-ohm-
supplies. milliammeter. A typical multimeter can measure voltage,
184. The grid on the display screen of an oscilloscope that is current, and resistance.
used to visually measure waveform parameters is called the 194. A multimeter can be used to measure voltage, resistance
graticule. It comprises the horizontal and vertical axes. The and current, but not power.
focus control is used to adjust the electron beam's focus 195. The deflection factor (D) is the reciprocal of sensitivity. D
towards the center of the tube axis. = 1/s = 1/10 = 0.1 v/m
185. 196. Pure metals have high conductivity and large
temperature coefficient. The resistance of pure metals
increases with an increase in temperature because they have
positive temperature coefficients of resistance. Valence
electrons are responsible for the electrical conductivity of an
element, and metallic substances are good conductors of
electricity due to their low valence electrons.
197. The material that gives a reddish glow when used as the
viewing surface of a CRO is yttrium oxide. This is because
when struck by electrons, yttrium oxide emits a red glow. Zinc
sulfide with copper or silver as impurities gives off greenish
and bluish glows, respectively. The conversion of electrical to
light energy takes place on the display screen when electrons
strike a material known as a phosphor.
198. Zinc sulfide with silver as an impurity gives off a bluish
glow when used as the viewing surface of a CRO. This is
186. The manual setting of polarity and zeroing is required in because the presence of impurities affects the color of the
analog meters but not in digital instruments, which is an phosphor's glow. When electrons strike a phosphor, it converts
advantage of digital instruments. Digital instruments offer electrical energy to light energy. Yttrium oxide gives off a red
easy readability, greater accuracy, and better resolution due glow, and pure zinc sulfide gives off a greenish glow.
to quantization. Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer.

214
199. Ammeter is used for measuring current. Voltmeter is used 204. A multimeter uses series resistances, or multipliers, to
for measuring voltage. Multimeter is used for measuring increase the voltage range of the device.
current, voltage and resistance. Wattmeter is used for 205. A multimeter is used to measure voltage, current and
measuring power. resistance. Using multimeter we cannot measure power and
0.35 frequency.
B. W . =
tr
206. The frequency ratio of the vertical signal to the horizontal
200. 0.35
tr = = 7 msec signal is
⇒
50

fv TH 5

201. A motor is not a component of a CRO. The electron gun fH

=
Tv
fv =
2
× 1000 = 2500H z

generates the electron beam, which is accelerated towards

the phosphor screen. The deflection system consists of two 207. Here, ω = 314

pairs of parallel plates, referred to as the vertical and ⇒ f = 50 H z ⇒ T =

1
= 20 ms
horizontal deflection plates. The fluorescent screen produces
50

a visible spot where the electron beam strikes it. The line base setting is given as, 5 msec/div
Hence one cycle of the signal appears on 4 divisions. There
202. At a phase shift ϕ = 0° or 360°, the pattern indicated by
are 10 divisions, and 2.5 cycles of the signal will be displayed
CRO is a diagonal straight line making 45° with the X-axis.
At a phase shift of ϕ = 90°, the pattern indicated by CRO is a on the screen.
clockwise rotating circle. 208. Modern electronic multimeters measure resistance by
At phase shift ϕ = 180°, the pattern indicated by CRO is a forcing a constant current through the unknown resistor and
diagonal straight line making 135° with the X-axis. measuring the voltage across it. This is achieved by switches
At phase shift ϕ = 270°, the pattern indicated by CRO is an arranging for a small battery within the instrument to pass a
anti-clockwise rotating circle. current through the device under test and the meter coil. A
203. Multimeters cannot measure the phase angle. A multimeter usually has an adjustment for the ohm scale to
multimeter consists of a voltmeter, current meter, and Ohm zero it.
meter. It can be used to measure the current drawn by an 209. To measure high temperatures inside a furnace, the most
electronic circuit, the supply voltage to a DC motor, and suitable devices are thermocouples and infrared pyrometers
continue the test of motor winding. However, it cannot or imagers. The upper limit for thermistor devices is around
measure power, frequency, phase angle, or any other quantity. 100°C and RTDs are limited to around 750°C.

215
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