Grade 9 Term 1

Technology
Study Notes

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 Design Skills

#1
First-Angle Orthographic
Projections
• This represents a 3-D object using several 2-D views of
the object.

• We call this an orthographic projection.

• You can see the front, top and side views of an object.

3-D Object on Flat Paper

• You can quickly put your ideas onto paper by drawing sketches.

• By adding perspective, we can make drawings look more realistic.

• By adding shading and colour drawings the sketches can look even more realistic.

Tech Tip
• ‘ortho’ means looking straight at a flat face of an
object.

• ‘graphic’ means a drawing.

Drawing Different Views

• In order to make orthographic drawings, you will need to look at an object from different sides and make
separate drawings of what you see.

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 #2
Line Types
The Following Types of Lines Can Be Used in Orthographic Drawings:
1. Dark lines

2. Feint lines

3. Wavy lines

4. Dashed lines

5. Chain lines

• Feint-lines are feint lines that are used when planning out the drawing.

• Dark-lines are heavier than the construction lines used to show visible edges.

• Dashed-lines are short dashes of equal length and spacing used to show something that is hidden e.g. a hole
or an edge – shows hidden detail.

• Wavy-lines are heavier and used to indicate where sections of an object have been removed to make it fit
on a page.

• Chain-consists of a long line and a dash repeated; used to show the centre lines of symmetrical object.

#3
Scale and Dimensions
• Orthographic drawings of houses are used by architects to show their builders the size of the windows, the
height of walls and how high the roof is.

• We these dimensions or measurements.

• We usually write measurements in millimetres (mm).

#4
Solving Design Problems
Sketching in 3-D and Isometric Projections
• An isometric drawing gives the designer a clearer idea of what the final object will look like.

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 • To create an isometric drawing, draw all the vertical lines of the object at 90’to the base, and all the horizontal
lines at 30’to the base.

Forces

#1
Identifying Forces
• When one object pushes against another object, we say that a force is exerted on to the object.

Static and Dynamic Forces

• As long as a person sits still on a chair, the force on the chair remains in the same place. you can say that the
force is stationary or static.

• When a moving object exerts a force on another object, you can say that the force is dynamic.

Even and Uneven Loads

• A load that exerts an equal force over the whole structure that supports it, is called an even load.

• A load that mainly exerts a force on one part of the structure that supports it, is called an uneven load.

#2
Types of Forces
Types of Forces
• Tension

• Torsion

• Compression

• Shear

• Bending

Tension and Compression Forces

• Tensile (or pulling forces) and compressive (or pushing forces) act to pull apart and push down on structural
members.

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 • A tensile force pulls on a member and lengthens it.

• A compressive force pushes down on a member and makes it shorter.

Torsion Force
• A torsion force twists a beam, either in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

• Think about how you wring out your towel after having a swim.

• As you twist the towel, it experiences a torsion force.

#3
The Use of Cross-Bracing
and Triangulation
The Use of Internal Cross-Bracing and Triangulation to Provide Stiffness
• Using triangulation or cross-bracing on the outside of a frame helps the frame to resist skewing.

• However, it does not prevent it from twisting.

• To prevent a tower structure from twisting, you can use cross-bracing inside the frame structure.

• You can also triangulate it twice to make a cross.

#4
Stiffness and Flexibility
• Materials that are not flexible are called stiff materials.

• Materials that bend easily, but return to their original shape when released, are called flexible materials.

#5
Mass and Density
• A difference between baked clay and foam plastic is that, the baked clay will be heavier than the foam plastic
of the same size.

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 #6
Corrosion
• Pieces of metal that lie around outside sometimes look brown. This is called rust or corrosion.

• Rust is found by chemical reactions between the metal and oxygen in the air or water.

• Wood and glass do not corrode.

• Rock that contains iron does corrode.

#7
Strength of Metals Under
the Action of Forces
• Iron is usually mixed with a small amount of carbon to form “steel”, which is much stronger than pure iron.

• There are many different metals, such as copper, iron, aluminium, chrome, gold and platinum.

• “Stainless steel” is steel that contains a large amount of chrome.

• Iron corrodes or rust easily, while other metals do not corrode as easily.

• For this reason, iron is often mixed with other metals like chrome, to make it rust resistant.

#8
Building a House
• A house is a structure made of many different materials.

• In order to build a house, you will need different kinds of materials such as bricks, concrete, wood and steel.

#9
Properties of Materials
• Builders choose bricks, concrete, wood and metal because each one is useful in different ways and contains
different properties.

• Concrete is hard and very strong, so it is used on foundations.

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• Concrete is also water resistant and it will not rust.

• To protect wood against damage and to make it last longer, it should be coated with varnish or oil.

• Steel is hard, strong and flexible. Therefore, steel is used in security gates.

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