CA 5: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type 1: Real conditional sentences (câu điều kiện có thật)

Situation If Clause Main Clause

1. Future possible (có thể If + S + V(HTĐG) S + will/can/may/must + V
xảy ra ở tương lai) Ex: If I have the money, I will be a new car.
2. Habitual (thói quen) If + S + V (HTĐG) S + V(simple present)
Ex: If Ann has enough time, she usually walks to school
3. Command (câu mệnh lệnh, If + S + V (HTĐG) Command form
yêu cầu) Ex : If you hear from Bill, please call me
Các cách diễn đạt khác
1. Should + S + Vo, S + will/can/may/shall + Vo
Ex: If Mary speaks French well, she will get a trip to France.
 Should Mary speak French well, she will get a trip to France.
2. Vo + … and S + will/can/may/shall + Vo Nếu mệnh đề If ở dạng khẳng định.
Ex: If you practise English everyday, you will speak it well.
 Practise English everyday and you will speak it well.
3. Vo) + ……. or S + will/can/may/shall + Vo. Nếu mệnh đề If ở dạng phủ định
Ex: If you don’t come here on time, we won’t wait for you.
 Come here on time or we won’t wait for you.

Type 2: Present unreal conditional sentences (câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại)

If Clause Main Clause

If + S + V(QKĐG) (be were) S + would/could/ might/ had to + V

Ex: I don’t have free time, so we can’t go to the beach with you
 If I had time, I would go to the beach with you
Các cách diễn đạt khác
[Link] + S + were + ….., S+ would/could/should + Vo Were+ S + …., S+ would/could/should + Vo
Ex: If Minh were a millionaire, he would travel around the world.
 Were Minh a millionaire, he would travel around the world.
2. If + S + V (QKĐG), S+ would/could/should + Vo  Were +S+ to V, S+ would/could/should + Vo
Ex: If I knew her name, I would tell you.
 Were I to know her name, I would tell you
[Link] for
Without + N/ V-ing, S+ would/could/should + V0
If it weren’t for
Ex: But for your help today, we couldn’t finish our task.

Type 3: Past unreal conditional sentences (câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ)

If Clause Main Clause

If + S + V(QKHT) S + would/could/might + have + P.P (V3/ed)

Ex: I didn’t know that you were there, so I didn’t write you a letter.
 If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a letter.
Các cách diễn đạt khác
1. If + S + had+V(pp), S+ would/could/ should +have+V(pp)
  Had + S + V(pp), S+ would/could/should +have+ V(pp)
Ex: If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you.
 Had I known of your arrival, I would have met you.

[Link] for
Without + N/ V-ing, S+ would/could/should + have Vpp
If it hadn’t been for
Ex: If it hadn’t been for your help yesterday, we couldn’t have finished our task.

Mixed Type : (câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ nhưng kết quả có liên quan đến hiện tại)

If Clause Main Clause

If + S + had + Vpp + (thời gian QK) S + would/could/might + Vo + now/ at present

Ex: I stayed up late last night. I feel tired now.

 If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t feel tired now.

***NOTE:
 Unless = If …not
Ex: If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.
= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.
 Without + N = There …no + N
Ex: Without water, life wouldn’t exist = If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist.
 Otherwise = nếu không thì.
E.g. You must read the instructions; otherwise, you won’t know how to use it.
 In case = phòng khi:
 Providing/ Provided that : “nếu như”, “trong trường hợp mà”
E.g. Providing (that) she studies hard, she’ll pass her exams.
 Supposing/ Supposed that: giả sử
E.g. Suppose we miss the train - what will we do then?
 As long as : miễn là
E.g. She may stay here as long as she likes.
II.CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐK
1. IF CLAUSE ….. UNLESS
 Nếu vế If + pđ  Unless + kđ
 Nếu vế If + kđ  Unless + kđ, ta thêm NOT mệnh đề chính.
E.g. : 1. If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam .
 Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam .
2. If I have time, I will help you .
 Unless I have time, I will not help you .
2. CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TỪ TÌNH HUỐNG
T. HUỐNG CHO: 1.Có từ “OR”, Thức mệnh lệnh  viết đk loại 1
2. H.tại  viết đk loại 2
3.Q. khứ  viết đk loại 3
[Link]ên nhân Qk, kết quả H.tại  ĐK hỗn hợp

5.Có từ “SO”: viết xuôi S+V SO S + V

 IF + S + V , S + V
6.Có từ “BECAUSE”: viết ngược
S +V because S + V
  IF + S + V , S+V
7. Phủ định viết khẳng định & ngược lại

Examples: 1.
I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor.
If I were clever, I would be a doctor.
2. John was sick because he ate much cake.
If John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have been sick.
3. TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC
4.1.
S + can /will+ V1 but S + must/ have to +V1

IF + S + V1/Vs,es , S + can/ will + V1 ( Đk 1)

Ex: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.
 If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.
4.2.
V 1 or S + will /can +V1

 S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1

Ex: Work hard or you’ll fail the exam.
 You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard.
III. WISHES
1. CLAUSE AFTER Wish , If Only ( MỆNH ĐỀ SAU WISH và IF ONLY )
Sau Wish và If Only ta dùng Mệnh đề chỉ điều ƯỚC MONG , ƯỚC MUỐN không thật . Có 3 loại
mệnh đề sau Wish và IF Only .
I / Future wish ( Ước ở tương lai ) + I wish I would be an astronaut in the future .
S + WISH (that) + S + would / could + Vo (hoặc If only I would be an astronaut in the
future . )
+ Tom wishes he were coming with us .
II / Present wish ( ước trái với hiện tại ) + I wish I were not poor . ( I am poor now . )
S + WISH + (that) S + V(QKĐG) + We wish we didn’t have to go to class today
Be  were + I wish Ben were here . ( Ben is not here . )
Hoặc If only Ben were here .
III / Past wish ( ước trái với quá khứ ) + I wish I had not failed my exam last year .
S WISH +(that) S +would / could + have + V3 / ed + She wishes she could have been there .
S+ had + V3 / ed
* Note :
- Ta có thể dùng IF ONLY thay cho S + wish ( IF ONLY = S + wish )
- Khi sự kiện có CAN / WILL thì ta sẽ dùng COULD , WOULD trong câu ước muốn
- Nếu không có CAN / WILL ta sẽ dùng V2 / Ed ; Were hoặc Had + Vpp
2. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: (BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU VỚI WISH)

S+ be sorry
What a pity + ( that) S + V
It is a pity

Note:
S + regret + Ving / S + V
S + do / does not like + Ving / to v1

S + wish + ( that ) + S + V
- Thêm S ( nếu thiếu)
- Kđịnh  Pđịnh ( và ngược lại)
- Htại  Qkhứ;
 - Qkhứ  Qkhứ hoàn thành
Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.
 I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.
Ex: Mr. Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.
 Mr. Taylor wishes he didn’t live in a small house
S + would like / would love + to V1 / to have + Vpp
 S+ wish + ( that) S + V2 / S + had + V3ed

Ex: I’d like to have met her.  I wish I had met her

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Types If clause Main clause Usage
0 PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT SIMPLE -Nói về điều kiện là thật, luôn
(If + S + V(s/es)…) -Imperative đúng
E.g: If you heat ice, it melts.
1 PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE - Nói về tình huống có thể xảy ra
(If + S + V(s/es)…) (S + will/ can/ shall + V…) ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
E.g. If you learn hard, you will get high marks.
2 PAST SIMPLE S+ WOULD/ - Nói về tình huống trái với hiện
(If + S + Ved…..) COULD/SHOULD + V tại
Be  were
E.g. If I learnt English better, I would go abroad.
If I were you, I would tell the truth.
3 PAST PERFECT S+ WOULD/ - Nói về tình huống trái với quá
(If + S + had + Vpp….) COULD/SHOULD + HAVE khứ
Vpp……..

MIXED PAST PERFECT S+ WOULD/ - Nói về tình huống trái với quá
(hỗn (If + S + had + Vpp….) COULD/SHOULD + V ..+ khứ, nhưng kết quả lại ảnh
hợp) now/ today/ at present. . hưởng ở hiện tại
E.g. If I had gone to bed early last night, I wouldn’t feel tired now.
*Đảo ngữ trong câu ĐK
Type 1 -Should + S + V, S + will/ can/ shall + V …..
E.g. Should you learn hard, you will get high marks.
Type 2 - Were + S + C , S + would/ could/ should + V …………….
Were + S + to V. ..
E.g. Were I you, I would tell the truth.
Were I to learn English better, I would go abroad.
Type 3 -Had + S + Vpp….., S + would/ could/ should + have Vpp……………
E.g. Had I gone to bed early last night, I wouldn’t feel tired now.
Một số trường hợp đặc biệt
[Link] = If …not Eg: Unless you go now, you will be late
-> If you don’t go now, you will be late
[Link] for : nếu không. (ĐK 2,3) E.g But for the cold weather, we would have gone swimming
= if it were not for/ if it hadn’t been for -> If the weather hadn’t been cold, we would have gone
+ N (phrase) swimming
[Link]/ Without + N (ĐK 2,3) Eg: Without the sun , man would live in the darkness .
= If there + were + not + N If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.
If S + had +not + V pp
4. Imperative or S+ V [Link] calm or you’ll make a wrong decision.
 If you aren’t calm , you’ll make a wrong decision
5. Otherwise: nếu không. E.g. I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have been taken longer
= If I hadn’t used my calculator, I’d have been taken longer
6. –Provided/ Providing ( that). E.g.:You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
- on condition (that)
-as long as
- so long as (miễn là ,với điều kiện là)
7. Suppose/supposing… ? = What if E.g:Suppose the plane is late ?= What if/ What will happen if
…? the plane is late?
-imagine (that): giả sử
8. In case ( phòng khi,trong trường E.g:
hợp) -Take an umbrella because it might rain
- In case of + noun = if there is a/an = In case it rains , take an umbrella.
noun - In case of accident phone 999 = if there is an accident phone
999.
9. If so/ If not ( Nếu thế ,nếu không E.g.
như thế) dùng sau dấu chấm. There is a posibility that Jane refuses our [Link] so,we’ll have
to find another person
=( If Jane refuses our offer,we’ll… )
10. Even if = even though (dù là, cho E.g.
là) You must go tommorrow even if you aren’t ready.

APPLIED EXERCISES- if clause

[Link] the verbs in the correct forms.
[Link] it costs too much, I (buy) ……………………….a small one.
[Link] you (drive) ………………………….more carefully, you wouldn’t have so many accidents.
[Link] (happen) ………………………………..if there (not be) gravity?
[Link] I (make) ……………………………..that mistake again, my teacher (get) ……………… angry with me.
[Link] I spoke English, my job (be) ………………………..a lot easier.
[Link] he (go) ………………………to London yesterday, he (meet) ……………………..his old friend.
[Link] you mind if you suddenly (win) ………………………half a million pounds?
8.I (lend) ……………………….them some money if they (ask) …………………….me.
[Link] we (know) ………………………………who he was, we (invite) ……………………him to speak at our
meeting.
[Link] they had invited us, naturally we (go) ………………………….to the party.
[Link] Don and I ( have) …………………….enough money, we would buy a house.
[Link] (turn) …………………..to water if you (heat) …………………it.
13.I (speak) …………………….to France if I (see) ……………………him yesterday.
[Link] I (realize) ………………………that the traffic lights were red. I (stop) ……………..
[Link] (not / let) ……………………….you in if you come late.
[Link] you (not / go) …………………………away, I’ll send for a policeman.
[Link] I (be) ………………….in your place, I (accept) ………………….Mr Long’s officer.
[Link] I (win) …………………a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job.
[Link] Tom (be) ………………..here yesterday, he (be) …………………able to advise us.
20.I was busy. If I (have) …………………free time, I (go) ………………to the cinema with you.
[Link] I (be) ………………..you, I (tell) ……………………..her the truth.
[Link] didn’t you attend the meeting?
Oh, I (not know) …………………..indeed. If I (know) …………………I (come) ……………….. there.
[Link] …………….we (do) …………..if they (not come) ……………………..tomorrow?
[Link] you meet him, remember (not tell) ………………….him what I (just say) …………………… to you.
[Link] I (have) ………………….enough time now, I (write) ……………………to my parents.
[Link]’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she (be) ……………there, she (know) ……………………what to do.
[Link] I (not eat) ……………………breakfast tomorrow morning, I (get) ……………………..hungry during
class.
28.I (change) ………………….the present economic policy if I (be) ………………………the President of
the United States.
[Link] the weather (be) …………………nice today, we (go) ………………………to the zoo.
[Link] I (be) …………………..in your position, I (not do) ………………………….that.

[Link] conditional sentences according to the ideas suggested:

[Link] doesn’t see the sight. She can’t tell you about that.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] wasn’t fine yesterday. We didn’t go for a walk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.I saw it with my own eyes. I believed it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] accident happened because the driver didn’t see the stop sign.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] can’t come late or they won’t let you in.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.I don’t know Greek, so I can’t tell you about that.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] keeps people from being hurled off the earth as it whirls around.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] talking or you won’t understand the lesson.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] church bells keep me from sleeping.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] right now or you’ll be late for the train.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] the sentences, beginning with words or phrases given:
[Link] quiet or I’ll scream.
Unless-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.I regret speaking to him so severely yesterday.
I wish--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] he phones immediately, he won’t get any information.
If-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] got lost because we didn’t have a map.
If-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] didn’t have enough rain, so we could not grow rice.
If-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] friends were late so they missed the train.
If-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] isn’t Sunday. The pupils can’t go swimming.
If-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] haven’t got a big house. We can’t invite friends to stay.
If -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] calm, or you’ll make a wrong decision.
If -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] is often absent from class, so she can’t keep pace with her classmates.
If -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] was late because he missed the train.
If -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] she doesn’t hurry, she’ll miss the bus.
Unless -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] can’t walk without help, so she doesn’t go out very often.
If ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] will be a shortage of water unless it rains.
If ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.
If we --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] someone has a key, we can’t get into the house.
We can only ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] it stops raining, we won’t go out.
If ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] gravity, water couldn’t run down hill.
Water couldn’t ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19.I studied hard, so I passed the final examination.
If................................................ .................................................. ........................
[Link] to the teacher’s explanation or you can’t understand anything.
If………………………………………………………………………………………………

KEY
[Link] the verbs in the correct forms.
[Link] it costs too much, I (buy) …will…………………….a small one.
[Link] you (drive) ……drove…………………….more carefully, you wouldn’t have so many accidents.
[Link] (happen) ………would………………………..if there (not be)…weren’t… gravity?
[Link] I (make) ……make………………………..that mistake again, my teacher (get) …will…………… angry
with me.
[Link] I spoke English, my job (be) …………would……………..a lot easier.
[Link] he (go) …………had gone……………to London yesterday, he (meet) ……would have
met………………..his old friend.
[Link] you mind if you suddenly (win) ………won………………half a million pounds?
8.I (lend) …would have lent…………….them some money if they (ask) ……had asked……………….me.
[Link] we (know) …………had known……………………who he was, we (invite) ……would have
invited………………him to speak at our meeting.
[Link] they had invited us, naturally we (go) …………would have gone……………….to the party.
[Link] Don and I ( have) ……had……………….enough money, we would buy a house.
[Link] (turn) ………will turn…………..to water if you (heat) ………heat…………it.
13.I (speak) ……would spoken………….to France if I (see) …had seen……………him yesterday.
[Link] I (realize) …had realized ………………that the traffic lights were red. I (stop) …would have
stopped…………..
[Link] (not / let) ……won’t let………………….you in if you come late.
[Link] you (not / go) ………don’t go…………………away, I’ll send for a policeman.
[Link] I (be) …were………….in your place, I (accept) …would accept………….Mr Long’s officer.
[Link] I (win) ……won……………a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job.
[Link] Tom (be) …had been……………..here yesterday, he (be) …would have been………able to advise
us.
20.I was busy. If I (have) …..had had ……free time, I (go) …would have gone…to the cinema with you.
[Link] I (be) …were……..you, I (tell) ……would tell……..her the truth.
[Link] didn’t you attend the meeting?
Oh, I (not know) …didn’t know………………..indeed. If I (know) …had known……I (come) ……would
have come……….. there.
[Link] ……will ….we (do) …do……..if they (not come) ……come……..tomorrow?
[Link] you meet him, remember (not tell) ……not to tell…………….him what I (just say) ……have just
said……………… to you.
[Link] I (have) ……have……….enough time now, I (write) ……will write………to my parents.
[Link]’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she (be) ……were……there, she (know) ………would know……what
to do.
[Link] I (not eat) ………don’t ………breakfast tomorrow morning, I (get) …will……..hungry during class.
28.I (change) …would……….the present economic policy if I (be) ……were…………the President of the
United States.
[Link] the weather (be) ……were……nice today, we (go) ……would………to the zoo.
[Link] I (be) ……were……..in your position, I (not do) ……wouldn’t do…….that.

[Link] conditional sentences according to the ideas suggested:

[Link] doesn’t see the sight. She can’t tell you about that.
If Mary saw the sight, she could tell you about that.
[Link] wasn’t fine yesterday. We didn’t go for a walk.
=> If it had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for a walk.
3.I saw it with my own eyes. I believed it.
I wouldn’t have believed it if I hadn’t seen it with my own eyes.
[Link] accident happened because the driver didn’t see the stop sign.
=> If the driver had seen the stop sign, the accident wouldn’t have happened
[Link] can’t come late or they won’t let you in.
If you come late, they won’t ;et you in.
6.I don’t know Greek, so I can’t tell you about that.
If I knew Greek, I could have told you about that.
[Link] keeps people from being hurled off the earth as it whirls around.
If gravity didn’t whirl around, it couldn’t keep people from being hurled off the earth.
[Link] talking or you won’t understand the lesson.
If you don’t stop talking, you won’t understand the lesson.
[Link] church bells keep me from sleeping.
If the church bell didn’t ring, I could sleep.
[Link] right now or you’ll be late for the train.
If you don’t go right now, you’ll be late for the train.
[Link] the sentences, beginning with words or phrases given:
[Link] quiet or I’ll scream.
Unless you keep quiet, I’ll scream.
2.I regret speaking to him so severely yesterday.
I wish I hadn’t spoken to him so severely yesterday.
[Link] he phones immediately, he won’t get any information.
If he doesn’t phone immediately, he won’t get any information
[Link] got lost because we didn’t have a map.
If had had a map, we wouldn’t have got lost.
[Link] didn’t have enough rain, so we could not grow rice.
If we had had enough rain, we could have grown rice.
[Link] friends were late so they missed the train.
If his friend hadn’t been late, they wouldn’t have missed the train.
[Link] isn’t Sunday. The pupils can’t go swimming.
If today were Sunday, the pupils could go swimming.
[Link] haven’t got a big house. We can’t invite friends to stay.
If we had a big house, we could invite friends to stay.
[Link] calm, or you’ll make a wrong decision.
If you aren’t calm, you’ll make a wrong decision.
[Link] is often absent from class, so she can’t keep pace with her classmates.
If she weren’t often absent from class, she could keep pace with her classmates.
[Link] was late because he missed the train.
If hadn’t been late, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
[Link] she doesn’t hurry, she’ll miss the bus.
Unless she hurries, she’ll miss the bus.
[Link] can’t walk without help, so she doesn’t go out very often.
If she could walk without help, she would go out very often.
[Link] will be a shortage of water unless it rains.
If it doesn’t rain, there will be a shortage of water.
[Link] didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.
If we had had enough money, we would have gone on holiday.
[Link] someone has a key, we can’t get into the house.
We can only get into the house if someone has a key.
[Link] it stops raining, we won’t go out.
If it doesn’t stop raining, we won’t go out.
[Link] gravity, water couldn’t run down hill.
Water couldn’t run down hill if there isn’t gravity.
19.I studied hard, so I passed the final examination.
If I hadn’t studied hard. I wouldn’t have passed the final examination.
[Link] to the teacher’s explanation or you can’t understand anything.
If you don’t listen to the teacher’s explanation, you can’t understand anything.