9.

0 Development of Surfaces (Using Solidworks)

SEMESTER: I/II
COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
COURSE CODE: 22MED13/23
Solution Manual
Prepared by :
Dr P R Venkatesh, Associate Professor
Room No 2, Ground Floor, Mech Engg Dept
RVCE, Bengaluru
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
 What is Development of surfaces?
A development is the unfold/unrolled flat / plane figure of a 3-D object. Called also a pattern, the
plane may show the true size of each area of the object. When the pattern is cut, it can be rolled
or folded back into the original object.

Methods of development of surfaces are:

➢ Parallel line development (For prisms & cylinders)
➢ Radial line development (For pyramids & cones)
➢ Triangulation development (For Transition pieces)
➢ Approximate development (For Spheres)

Practical applications of of Development:

• Knowledge of development is very useful in sheet metal work, construction of pressure vessels, hoppers, chimneys,
Aircraft body building, Air conditioning ducts, etc.
• Such components are manufactured from plates that are cut according to these developments and then properly bend
into desired shapes. The joints are then weldedDror
P Rriveted.
Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
Parallel line development uses parallel lines to construct the expanded pattern of each three-dimensional
shape. The method divides the surface into a series of parallel lines to determine the shape of a pattern.
Example: Prism, Cylinder.

Radial line development uses lines radiating from a central point to construct the expanded
pattern of each three-dimensional shape. Example: Cone, Pyramid.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

 Triangulation developments are used for components whose geometry changes from one end to another, such as
circle to square, Rectangle to square, etc. (used in sheet metal hoppers)

Approximate development (For Spheres):

In approximate development, the shape obtained is only
approximate. After joining, the part is stretched or
distorted to obtain the final shape.

Note: Within the scope of our syllabus, only parallel

line and radial line development are discussed.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Truncated solid: When a solid is cut off by a plane inclined to the axis, it is called a truncated solid.

Truncated prism Truncated Cylinder Truncated Cone

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Frustum: When a pyramid or cone is cut off by a plane perpendicular to the axis,(or parallel to the base) it
is called a frustum.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Parallel line development:
Prisms: The development of lateral surface of a prism consists of true shape of rectangular faces whose number is equal to
the number of edges of top or bottom faces of the prism. However, if the solid is truncated, the section points may be
marked on the development to obtain retained portion of the surface.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Parallel line development:
Cylinders: The development of lateral surface of a cylinder consists of a rectangle whose width is equal to the
circumference of the circular face. However, truncation, if any will remove one portion of the cylinder and hence only the
retained part will be shown in development.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Parallel line development:
Cylinders: The development of lateral surface of a cylinder consists of a rectangle whose width is equal to the
circumference of the circular face. However, truncation, if any will remove one portion of the cylinder and hence only the
retained part will be shown in development.

Width of development = 𝜋𝑑

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Radial line development:
Pyramids: The development of lateral surface of a pyramid consists of true shape of triangles whose sides are equal to the
true length of the slant edges and base edges of the pyramid. The number of triangular faces will be equal to the number of
sides of the base of the pyramid.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Radial line development:
Cones: The development of lateral surface of a cone consists of a sector of a circle whose radius is equal to the length of
slant generator of the cone and included angle of sector is equal to L/R x 360 degrees, where L = Length of slant generator,
R = Radius of base of cone.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

9.1 A triangular prism of base edge 30mm and height 50mm rests on HP with its axis vertical and a base edge
parallel to VP and farther from it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 deg to HP bisects the
axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.

a' c' A B C A
b'
2 2

(3) 45° 3
50

1 25
1 1
VP p'
X r' q'
HP Y P Q R P
c(r) 3 x 30 = 90

a(p) b(q) Lateral surfaces of prisms & cylinders are deveoped using parallel line development.
30
Truncation of a solid is sectioning of a solid at an angle to the axis of the solid.

The section points are marked in the order of visibility, and section points are marked for
visible edges first and then in the reverse round, section points are marked for invisble
edges.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
Q 9.2 A square prism of 30mm base edges and 65mm axis length rests on HP with its axis vertical and two of its
lateral surfaces are equally inclined to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 deg to HP
bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.

a' b'(d') A B C D A
c'

3 3

45° 2
4
65

2(4)
32.5
1 1
1
VP p' q'(s') r'
X HP P P
Y Q R S
d(s) 4 x 30 = 120

a(p) c(r)
q
30

b(q) Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Q 9.3 A pentagonal prism of 30mm base edges and 65mm axis length rests on HP with two of its lateral surfaces
are equally inclined to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 deg to HP
bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.

a' b' (e') c' d' A B C D E A

4 4

3 3

45°
(5) 5
65

2
32.5
2
1
1 1
VP p' q' (t') r' s' P Q S T
R P
X Y
HP
e(t) 30 x 50 = 150

a(p) d(s)

b(q) c(r)
30 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
9.4 A hexagonal prism of 30mm base edges and 60mm axis length rests on HP with its axis vertical and one of its
lateral surfaces is inclined at 30 deg to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at
45 deg to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the
solid.

a'(f') b'(e') c'(d') A B C D E F A

3(4)
3 4

2(5) 2 5
60

1 6
1(6) 1
VP p'(u') q'(t') r'(s')
X P S U P
HP Y Q R T
30°

e(t)
30 x 6 = 180
f(u) d(s)

a(p)
c(r)

30
b(q)
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
Q 9.5 A triangular pyramid of base edge 30mm and height 50mm rests on HP with its axis vertical and two of its
base edges equally inclined to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 deg to
HP bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.

20.3
o' O 37
.8

5
5
26.4

20.3
.92

26.46
37.8
52
TL =
6
2
(3) 2 1
50

1
52.9

3
A
2

1 A
25

VP '
a' c' b' b 1
X Y B
HP C
c
Note:
o 1. As none of the slant edges are parallel to VP in the top view, the front view of the
pyramid does not show slant edge in true length.
a Hence make oa or ob parallel to XY line and project to the front view to obtain true
30 b
length of the slant edge.
2. Also the true distance of the section points 1, 2 & 3 from apex may be obtained
by projectiong them horizontally to the true length line.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
Q 9.6 Draw the development of the lateral surface of a truncated cylinder, 40 mm diameter of base and height
50 mm, if the truncated flat surface of the cylinder bisects the axis at 60 deg to it.

60°4(6) 5 5
4 6
3(7) 3
7
50

50
2(8)
1 1 2 8 1
25

3.142 x 40 = 126

Note: As the circle is divided into 8 equal parts, the circumference (= 126 mm) in the
development must also be divided into 8 equal parts.

O 40

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Q 9.7 The frustum of a square pyramid has its base 60mm sides, top face 30mm and height 40mm. Its axis is
vertical and a side of base is parallel to VP. Draw the development of lateral surfaces.

o' 45.81

45.
O A

81
6 P
90.9
P

TL
=
p'(s') q'(r')

90.
S

9
Q

6
A
R
40

D
VP a'(d') b'(c') b'1
X Y
HP

d c
B
C
s 60
r

o b
a
p q
q 30

q 60 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

Q 9.8 A right cone of 55 mm base diameter and 75 mm height stands on its base on HP. It is truncated with its
surface inclined at 45 deg to the axis lying at a distance of 40 mm from the apex of the cone. Obtain the
development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone

o' Here, R= 27.5 mm, L=79.88 = 80 mm, = R/L x 360=124 deg

40
45°
5 124°

79.8
4(6) 1
80
75

8
3(7) A
5 8
3 4
6 7
1 2(8) 1 2
H
X b'(h') c'(g') d'(f') Y A
a' g e' G
h f B
45° F
C E
o D
a e

Note: Here, all the section points must be projected to the extreme slant generator
d (as they are in true length) and their ditsances must be measured from apex and
b
then marked in the development.
c
O 55
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
Q 9.9 A hexagonal prism side of base 30mm and height 60mm is cut as shown in the Figure 9.1 Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the prism.

1 3(5) 1 3 5 1
60

60
2(6) 6
2
30

VP 4
X 4
HP Y

30 x 6 = 180
30

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE

 Q 9.10 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pyramid shown in Figure.

33
.54
o'
O
8 A
67.0

33.

TL
45

=
A 6

67.
2(6) 5
2
60

4 4

0
3 F

8
3(5)
30
7

30
VP a' b'(f') c'(e') d' B E
X Y
1(7) 1
HP
C D
f e

a o d

b c
30
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE
 ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS

6.1 A regular pentagonal prism of base edge 30mm and axis 60mm is mounted
centrally over a cylindrical block of 80 mm diameter and 25mm thick. Draw
isometric projection of the combined solids.

Y C
60

K
20

VP
X Y
HP
48.54

30
9.27

30°

30°

28.53
46.17

80
 6.2 A cone of base diameter 40mm and height 50mm rests centrally over a frustrum of a
pentagonal pyramid of base side 45mm, top side 35mm and height 55mm. Draw
isometric projections of the combination of solids.
50
55

26.45

30°
40

30°
42.8

35
13.91 45 13.91
6.3 A hexagonal pyramid 30mm side and height 60mm rests on the center of the top of a square block of side 60mm and
height 20mm. The base edge of the pyramid is parallel to the top edge of the square block. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination of the solids.

X
VP
60
20
Y

Y C
K
HP

30°
30°
51.96
60
4.02

30

60
 The frustum of a square pyramid of sides of top face 20 mm, bottom face 40 mm and height 60 mm rests centrally
6.4 on top of a square block of side 60 mm and height 20 mm. The base edges of the pyramid are parallel to the top
edges of the square block. Draw the isometric projection of combination of solids.

C
60

Y
20

VP

K
X Y
HP

30°

30°
20
40
60
 A sphere of diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a square
6.5 prism side 60 mm and height 70 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.

60
C

60
Y
70

57.12
K
X

VP
Y
HP

30°

30°
60
60
6.6 Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm
with a right circular cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 60 mm, resting on its top such
that the axes are collinear.
60

Y C
60

K
VP Y
X
HP

30°

30°
40

50

69.28

80
6.7 Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids shown in Figure below.

Y C
K
30°

30°