ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL

Practical Research 2
At the end of this module, you should be able to: quantitative research has paved the way to finding meaningful solutions to
difficulties. For instance, the development of vaccines to strengthen our
1. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across field (CS_RS12-
immunity against viruses causing highly communicable diseases like polio,
Ia-c-2)
influenza, chickenpox, and measles to name a few, underwent thorough
2. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3);
experimental trials. You bet, scientists and medical experts all over the world
today are working their best to fast track the development, testing and release
of the vaccine for the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) as the pandemic
Quantitative research is a formal, deductive, and systematic process that focuses has critically affected the world economy, education, as well as physical and
mainly on obtaining and analyzing numerical data. The method of data emotional well-being of people.
collection is objective and replicable. At the same time, its analysis is statistical
and generalizable to the population making the findings of quantitative research The findings of the quantitative study can influence leaders’ and law-makers’
very credible and useful for administrators, law makers, scientists, decision- decisions for crafting and implementing laws for the safety and welfare of the
makers and business owners. It is for these reasons that quantitative analysis can more significant majority. For example, a community with high cases of Covid-19
be applied and very useful to various fields of study. In this lesson, you will positive patients is mandated by law to be under Enhanced Community
uncover the role of quantitative research in the advancement of knowledge Quarantine where only the most essential businesses can operate. On the other
across disciplines. hand, cities with less or zero case will be under General Community Quarantine
where some businesses, public and private offices are already allowed to operate.
Using quantitative design helps us determine and better understand
People indulge in research to know more, to solve problems, or to improve relationships between variables or phenomenon crucial to reducing the range of
existing conditions. More and more institutions promote research studies while uncertainty because the mathematics (more of this in the last module) behind
younger individuals indulge in research projects not only because they are quantitative studies helps us make close estimates of the outcome (dependent
required to but also because they came to realize the value and benefits research variable) from a given condition/s (independent variable). Relationship
has to offer. The quantitative research’s systematic way of finding the answers between demand and supply, age and health, discipline and academic
forges its pertinence regardless of the area or sector. The more you perceive the achievement, practice and winning at sports, depression and suicidal rates, algae
value of quantitative research to different groups or field of study, the more you population and Oxygen demand are just few examples of real-life applications of
appreciate it, hence, igniting your interest from knowing that you may make use correlation studies in the past that we still apply today. Most inventions and
of it in your own chosen track. innovations are products of quantitative studies. Before you can enjoy the uses
and features of a smart phone, it took years of research to establish compliance
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields to standards for interoperability, to find the most cost-effective raw materials,
and to identify the sleekest and sturdiest design, the fastest data saving and
The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the unknown processing power, and most marketable add-ons according to consumer needs.
and improve underlying conditions is undeniable. Throughout history,
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
Indeed, mankind will dwell in the darkness of ignorance if not for the people who Activity 1:
conducted their research before reading about it from books or manuals.
Directions: Based on the text of this lesson and look for an underlined word that
The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative research to has the same meaning as the word in the list below. Write the word on the space
other fields and their example. provided.

1. Intercession -

2. To find out –

3. Salable -

4. Quicken, expedite -

5. Relationship -

6. Create, produce -

7. Compatibility -

8. Toughest -

9. Changeable -

10. Global, widespread -

 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
Activity 2 Directions: Search online or from a book or publication one particular
quantitative study for every field below and indicate its contribution to the
Briefly explain the importance or contribution of quantitative research to each of
development of knowledge to that field.
the following fields of study.
Field Tile, Author/Authors, Contributions
Year Published
Education The Better You Feel the Finds a way to improve
Better You Learn: Do learning through colors
Warm Colours and and shapes
Rounded Shapes Enhance
Learning Outcome in
Multimedia Learning?
Munchow, H,
Mengelkamp, C, Bannert,
M. (2017
Medicine
Sports
Food Industry
Agriculture
Arts
Social Science
Environmental Science
ICT
Energy
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent
variable) not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher. These factors are
Variables play a significant role in quantitative research. When you intend to
called Extraneous Variables. In our example above, the presence of pests and
accomplish something through research, the boundaries of your goal must be
environmental stressors (e.g. pets, extreme weather) are the extraneous
defined first to direct your focus into a specific characteristic or condition through
variables. Since extraneous variables may affect the result of the experiment, it is
identifying the variables of your research study. Doing such eliminates complexities
crucial for the researcher to identify them prior to conducting the experiment and
and elaborate work especially for a senior high school student like you. Knowing
control them in such a way that they do not threaten the internal validity (i.e.
the different kinds of research variables also aids in smooth data collection and
accurate conclusion) of the result. Controlling the extraneous variable can be
analysis.
done by holding it constant or distribute its effect across the treatment. When the
To get an answer to an inquiry that they are investigating, researchers will researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable effect
observe and measure the quality or quantity of the object of the study. It is to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a Confounding Variable. For
therefore imperative for the researcher to identify the variables significant in example, if the tomato had been infested by pests (confounding variable) then
explaining observed effects or behavior. you cannot conclude that manipulations in sunlight, water, and soil nutrients
(independent variable) are the only contributing factors for the stunted growth
A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. For and poor yield (dependent variable) of the plant or is it the result of both the
instance, during the quarantine period, your mother planted tomato seedlings independent variables and the confounding variable.
in pots. Now common understanding from science tells you that several factors
are affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of soil, and nutrients in The variables can also be classified according to their nature. The diagram below
soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and bear fruits will depend on these shows the different classifications:
factors. The growth of tomatoes and the number of fruits produced are examples
of the Dependent Variables. The amount of sunlight, water, and nutrients in the
soil are the Independent Variables. If there is an existing relationship between the
independent and dependent variables, then the value of the dependent variable
varies in response to the manipulation done on the independent variable. The
independent variable is also identified as the presumed cause while the dependent
variable is the presumed effect. In an experimental quantitative design, the
independent variable is pre-defined and manipulated by the researcher while the
dependent variable is observed and measured. For descriptive, correlational, and
ex post facto quantitative research designs, independent and dependent variables
simply do not apply.
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
I. Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables, are the type of variables B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have more
used in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured. than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s
Under this category are discrete and continuous variables. number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does not follow
that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values
mode of transportation.
or values between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group
size and frequency. C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in a
certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either
example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3,
be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.
4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely: agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal
variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits, academic
A. Intervals are quantitative variables where the interval or differences honors (with highest, with high, with honors).
between consecutive values are equal and meaningful, but the
numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 Activity 3
degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101
Directions: Identify the Independent, Dependent and Extraneous variable/s in
degrees. The zero point does not suggest the absence of a property
each of the following situations.
being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the
melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and 1. Three groups of students were placed in a classroom with controlled room
IQ score. temperatures of 18°C, 20°C, 25°C. The math exam scores of the students
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the were then taken and compared to the other groups.
presence of a true zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the
Independent variable:
absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age, height,
weight, and distance. Dependent variable:
II. Qualitative Variables also referred to as Categorical Variables are not Extraneous variable:
expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further
divided into dichotomous, nominal or ordinal. 2. An online seller would like to know whether the indication of price on
Facebook posts will attract consumers more. He posted 50 products for sale
A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, for on Facebook market, 25 of which he indicated the price while the
example, a response to a question either be a yes or no. remaining 25 products, did not have prices. Buyers were just instructed to
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
send him a personal message (pm) if they want to know the price. He then 4. Jenny is only borrowing the cellphone chargers of her brother, sister and
identified which products have greater sales. mother because she lost her phone charger. All chargers are of the
same specifications as hers even though they have different phone
Independent variable:
brands. However, she would like to know which charger and charging cable
Dependent variable: combination would fill her phone battery the fastest. She used the
following codes as her reference and charged her phone uninterrupted
Extraneous variable: using the following combination. The charging time of the phone was then
compared.

3. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for her pechay plants: the
soil purchased from an online seller, soil from her backyard compost or the
soil underneath the nearby bamboo tree. She planted 30 pechay seeds into
each soil source and then compared the growth of pechay after a month. Independent Variable:

Independent variable:
Dependent Variable:
Dependent variable: _

Extraneous variable:
Extraneous Variable:

5. A teacher wanted to know which learning delivery modes (pure online,

pure modular, combination of online and modular) is most effective and has the
fastest turnaround time in the submission of accomplished activities among her
Grade 12 students. She divided the students into 3 groups, gave them the same
activity sheets and asked them to submit as soon as it is completed. She then
compared the scores and completion time of the 3 groups.
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
Independent variable:

Directions: Explain briefly what is being asked for.

Dependent variable: 1. Compare and contrast qualitative variables and quantitative variables

Extraneous variable:

Activity 4.

Directions: Identify the following variable as either qualitative or quantitative. Then, 2. Why are dependent and independent variables not applicable in a
classify which specific category they belong. descriptive type of research?

3. How important is it for the researcher to identify the type of variables used in
the study?
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGN SCHOOL
Practical Research 2
4. How does confounding variable affect the validity of the study?

5. When do we use discrete, continuous, nominal, ordinal?