3 Chapter 4 fo Moving Charges and Magnetism Introduction Christian Oersted discovered that moving charges or currents produce a magnetic field in the surrounding space. The direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction of current. | s es x a XY | Ot a ren) X a X £ The magnetic field due to a straight long current-carrying wire. The wire is | perpendicular to the plane of the paper. A ring of compass needles surrounds the wire. The orientation of the needles is shown when (a) the current emerges out of the plane of the paper, (b) the current moves into the plane of the paper. (c) The arrangement of iron filings around the wire. *The darkened ends of the needle represent north poles. *A current or a field (electric or magnetic) emerging out of the plane of the paper is depicted by a dot (.) | *A current or a field going into the plane of the paper is depicted by a cross | (@). Magnetic Field due to a Current Element — Biot-Savart Law The magnetic field due to a small element of a current carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current (1) ,the length of the element dl, sine of the angle between dl and r and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r. Ho Idi sine ea Ho = permeability of free space Ho = 41x 107? Tm/A Ho #2 = 10-7 Tm/A anIn vector form Biot — Savart law can be written as = _ Ho Idixr FB — Mo lal sind CoE ea Sara a Ho ldixe Cae ro Comparison between Coulomb's law and Biot -Savart’s law ‘ to Lal sind ()Coulombs law F = +222. Biot-Savartlaw dB = AT (ii) Both are long range. The principle of superposition applies to both fields. (iii) The electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source, i.e., the electric charge. The magnetic field is produced by a vector source i.e., current element Idl. (iv) The electrostatic field is along the displacement vector joining the source and the field point. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing the displacement vector r and the current element Idl. (v)There is an angle dependence in the Biot-Savart law which is not present in the electrostatic case. Applications of Biot-Savart law Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop at ay Consider a circular coil carrying a current / and having a radius R. Let P is a point on the axis at a distance x from the centre. Ho Idtsin90 _ pup Idt are 4m rt Magnetic field at P due to the small element of the coil, dB =Magnetic field at P due to the whole coil, B=f dBsino= jamie (ane 7 Ho ldl R_ woIR sol eI an an aaa mes TR’ IR? 1 Baoan = os ot since r= (R? + x2): a ™ (R2+x2)2 Mo IR? Balmer 2(R2+x2)2 ‘ At the centre x=0 = BolR? Ba oR eared Ba oR The direction of the magnetic field is given by right-hand thumb rule - Curl the palm of your right hand around the circular wire with the fingers pointing in the direction of the current. The right-hand thumb gives the direction of the magnetic field. + 7 Se sa The upper side of the loop(current is anticlockwise) may be thought of as the north pole and the lower side(current is clockwise) as the south pole of a magnet. Ampere's Circuital Law Boundary SurfaceThe line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop is equal to jig times the total current passing through the surface. The closed loop is called Amperian Loop. $[Link]= Hol Applications of Ampere's Circuital Law [Link] field due to a straight infinite current-carrying wire By Ampere's Circuital Law $[Link] = Hol f Bdl cos 0 = pol B¢ dl = pol Bx2mr = pol = al 2ur A plot of the magnitude of B with distance r from the centre of the wire having radius a Right-hand rule There exists a simple rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field due to a long wire ,called the right-hand rule. Grasp the wire in your right hand with your extended thumb pointing in the direction of the current. Your fingers will curl around in the direction of the magnetic field.Solenoid A solenoid consists of a long wire wound in the form of a helix where the neighbouring turns are closely spaced. The field between two neighbouring turns vanishes and the field at the interior mid-point P is uniform. The field outside the solenoid approaches zero. Magnetic field due to a Solenoid $ peg dl =$ Bidl+$, Bdi+g Bdl+§, Bidl——— @ f, Bid = $, Bdlcosd =$,Bdl=Bg,, di= Bl $1 Tal=§, Balcos90 = 0 $. Ral = 0 (since B = 0 outside) $,,Bidl = $,,Bdlcos 90 = 0Substituting in eqn (1) §,_ Bi = Bl+0+0+0 abcd $ yegBe dl = Bl -m---nn-n-—-- (2) By Ampere's Circuital Law for N turns of solenoid 6 Bid! = pgNl -——--—-—— (3) From eqns (2) and (3) BL =yoNI _ HoNI en d B=htonl where no N=number of turns of solenoid = length of solenoid n=number of turns per unit length of solenoid Magnetic Force Sources and fields Astatic charge q is the source of electric field(E) . Moving charges or currents produces a magnetic field (B), in addition to electric field(B). = Magnetic field is a vector field. = It obeys the principle of superposition: the magnetic field of several sources is the vector addition of magnetic field of each individual source. Lorentz Force The total force acting on a charge q moving with a velocity v in presence of both the electric field E and the magnetic field B is called Lorentz force. F=Fetectrict Fmagnetic F=qE+ q(v x B) F=q[E+(¥xB)| Electric Lorentz force F=qE_ Magnetic Lorentz force q(¥ x B) F =qvBsin@ where 0 is the angle between v and B () Magnetic Lorentz force depends on q, v and B (charge of the particle, the velocity and the magnetic field). Force on a negative charge is opposite to that on a positive charge. (ii) The magnetic force F = qvBsin® If velocity and magnetic field are parallel (8 =0 ) or anti-parallel(® =180), F =0. (iii) The direction of magnetic force is perpendicular to both the velocity and the magnetic field. Its direction is given by the screw rule or right hand rule. (iii) The magnetic force is zero if charge is not moving (v= 0). Only a moving charge feels the magnetic force. Unit of B F = qvB sin0 == eS ‘ newton second Unit of B= pulse cee =tesla (T) tesla isa large unit. A smaller unit (non-SI) called gauss is also often used. 1 gauss = 107‘ tesla 1G=10-'T The earth's magnetic field is about 3.6 x 10-5 T Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor Consider a rod of a uniform cross-sectional area A and length 1. The total number of mobile charge carriers in it is nA 1 Let e be the charge on each charge carrier . Then q=neA 1 Let each mobile carrier has an average drift velocity vq. F=q(vxB) F=neAl (vax B) F=(ne Avg) (xB F=1(xB)Fleming's left hand rule Stretch the fore finger , middle finger and thumb of left hand in three mutually perpendicular directions, such that fore finger in the direction of magnetic fileld, the middle finger in the direction of current ,then the thumb gives the direction of force. Le ao. Example The magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged particle is moving along the positive x-axis ( which way would the Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a proton (positive charge). wh kx ex The velocity v of particle is along the x-axis, while B, the magnetic field is along the y-axis, so ¥ x Bis along the z-axis (screw rule or right- hand thumb rule). (a) for electron it will be along -z axis. (b) for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis._ Force between Two Parallel Current Carrying Condutors a b B, Fav Poa easy Two long parallel conductors a and b separated by a distance d and carrying (parallel) currents I,and Ip, respectively. Magnetic field produced by conductor a along the conductor ‘b’ = Hola ioe Sard, Force acting on conductor b due to this field Ba, F=1( x B)| Foaslp LBs, Similarly the force on ‘a’ due to Fab = —Fpa * Biot-Savart law and the Lorentz force yield results in accordance with Newton's third Law. * Parallel currents attract, and antiparallel currents repel. Definition of ampere f= Halal tamer Ifly = Ip = 1A and, d=1m = Ho 4x 1077 foe on om The ampere is that current which, straight, parallel conductors p produce a force equal to2 x 10~Motion of a charged particle in a Magnetic field Case 1 - When 8 =0° or 8 =180° ie. the charge is moving in the same direction or opposite direction of magnetic _ field (parallel or antiparallel) F = qvB sin 0 =0 F = qvBsin 180 =0 Thus there is no magnetic force on the charge and the charge moves undeflected. Case 2 - When @ =90° ie. the charged particle entering perpendicular to a magnetic field. F =qvBsin 90 F= qvB The perpendicular force, F=q v B, acts as a centripetal force and produces a circular motion perpendicular to the magnetic field. The particle will describe a circle if v and B are perpendicular to each otherCase 3- When 8@ between 0° and 90° 2 ie. when the charged particle moves at an arbitrary angle 6 with the field direction, it undergoes helical path. Here velocity has one component along B, and the other perpendicular to B. The motion in the direction of field is unaffected by magnetic field, as the magnetic force is zero. The motion in a plane perpendicular to B is circular , thereby producing a helical motion. aa Y piel The distance moved along the magnetic field in one rotation is called pitch p. P =Vparallel X T 2 aa Vparallel Vpansllel = Vcore4.19 TORQUE EXPERIENCED BY A CURRENT LOOP IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD 22. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a current carrying loop suspended in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a 1 loop ina unitorm magnetic held As shown in Fig. 4.89(@), consider a rectangular coil PQRS suspended in a uniform magnetic field B, with its axis perpendicular to the field. Fig. 4.89 (a) A rectangular loop PORS in a ‘uniform magnetic field B?. (b) Top view of the loop, magnetic dipole ‘moment itis shown. Let [= current flowing through the coil PQRS 6 = angle between the direction of B and normal tothe plane of the coil. According to Fleming's left hand rule, Magnetic forces on sides PS and QR are eq ‘opposite and collinear (along the axis of the loop), my their resultant is zero. The side PQ experiences a normal inward force equal to IbB while the side RS experiences an equal normal outward force. These two forces form a couple which exerts a torque given by 1 = Forcex perpendicular distance = IbBx asin 0 = IBAsin If the rectangular loop has N tus, the torque increases N times ie, 1=NIBAsin® But NIA =", the magnetic moment ofthe loop, so r=mBsin 9 In vector notation, the torque ¢ is given by =nxB ‘The direction of the torque 7 is such that it rotates the loop clockwise about the axis of suspension. Special Cases ( When 0=0°,1=0,ie, the torque is minimum when the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field. (i) When 0=90°,x=NIBA,ie, the torque is ‘maximum when the plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field. Thus Tmax = NIBA > The expression for torque (x = NIBAsin @) holds for a planar loop of any shape. Thus the torque on a planar current loop depends on current, strength of magnetic field and area ofthe loop. It is independent ofthe shape of the loop. > Fora planar current loop of a given perimeter sus- pended in a magnetic field, the torque is maximum ‘hen the loop is circular in shape. Ths is because for a given perimeter, a circle has maximum area.. The Moving Coil Galvanometer Uniform radial magnetic fleld The moving coil galvanometer(MCG) consists of a coil, with many turns, free to rotate about a fixed axis , in a uniform radial magnetic field. There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not only makes the field radial but also increases the strength of the magnetic field. When a current flows through the coil, a torque acts on it. t= NIAB= --(1) The magnetic torque NIAB tends to rotate the coil. A spring Sp provides a counter torque. T= kd - -(2) where k is the torsional constant of the spring; i.e. the restoring torque per unit twist. is the deflection is indicated on the scale by a pointer attached to the spring. In equilibrium, ko = NIAB 3) NAB o=("D)i The quantity in brackets is a constant for a given galvanometer. «I Thus the deflection produced in the coil is directly proportional to the current through the coil.Current Sensitivity of the Galvanometer ‘ Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is defined as the deflection per unit current. o_ = (Ma =e) I k A convenient way for the manufacturer to increase the sensitivity is to increase the number of turns N. Voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer Voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer is defined as the deflection per unit voltage. = CE )a= Cea o_ “&) 1 Nig Increasing the current sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity. If N > 2N, i.e, we double the number of turns, then current sensitivity, & _ (2NAB ® Ta K ) 24 Thus, the current sensitivity doubles. If N > 2N, then R > 2R then the verges sensitivity, om — ao) = (Ne sues Vv k /2R R- a Thus, the voltage sensitivity remains unchanged.. Conversion of Galvanometer to Ammeter | To convert a Galvanometer to an Ammeter a small resistance , called shunt resistance S ,is connected in parallel with the galvanometer coil. ammeter 1,G = Osa ae o I-l,Conversion of Galvanometer to Voltmeter To convert a Galvanometer to a volteter a high resistance , R is connected in series with the galvanometer coil. V=1,(R+G) R+G=~ Ig Vi R=2-6