Adama Science and Technology University
Data Communication and Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Outlines
What we are going to cover:
●
What is Transport Layer
●
The service of Transport layer
●
Basics of transport protocol
●
Elements of Transport Protocol
2
What is Transport Layer?
●
The 4th layer of the OSI model which is Responsible
for end-to-end communication between devices.
●
Ensures reliable data transfer, flow control,
error checking, and data segmentation.
●
Real-World Analogy
●
Imagine sending a message via a delivery service:
●
Transport layer = The courier ensuring the package is complete,
not lost and delivered in order.
3
Services Provided Transport Layer
[Link]-to-Process Delivery
[Link] and Reassembly
[Link] Control (Connection-Oriented and Connectionless)
[Link] Control
[Link] Control
4
[Link]-to-Process Delivery
●
Each application on a device has a unique port number
●
The transport layer delivers data to the correct application
●
Example: Web = port 80, Email = port 25
●
5
[Link] and Reassembly
●
Breaks large messages into smaller segments.
●
Reassembles segments at the destination.
●
Each segment is numbered to ensure proper order.
●
Example: how books are split into chapters to make reading easier
6
[Link] Control (Connection-Oriented and Connectionless)
➢
Connection-Oriented (TCP):
•
Establishes a connection before data transfer (3-way handshake)
• Reliable delivery
➢
Connectionless (UDP):
•
No connection setup
•
Faster, used in real-time app
7
[Link] Control
●
Prevents sender from overwhelming receiver.
●
TCP uses a sliding window mechanism.
●
Ensures smooth data flow.
Example: You speak slowly so your friend can write everything down
8
[Link] Control
●
Uses Acknowledgments (ACKs) and Retransmissions.
●
Ensures error-free data delivery.
●
TCP handles lost, damaged, or duplicated segments.
9
Transport Protocol
●
What is Transport Protocol?
●
A transport protocol is a set of rules used for delivering data between applications on different
hosts in a network.
●
It defines how messages are broken into packets, transferred, and reassembled at the
destination.
●
Transport protocol gives services to transport service users like :
– SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
– FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
– TELNET
10
Elements of Transport Protocol
[Link] with Port Numbers
[Link] Establishment and Termination
[Link] Control Mechanism
[Link] Detection and Recovery
[Link] Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
11
cont...
[Link] with Port Numbers
●
A port number is a numeric value used to identify specific processes or services on a device.
●
Helps the transport layer deliver data to the correct application.
●
Each port is associated with
a particular protocol or service.
12
Cont...
[Link] Establishment and Termination
●
TCP 3-Way Handshake
●
SYN → SYN-ACK → ACK
●
Ensures reliable setup
●
Graceful termination after data transfer.
13
Cont...
●
[Link] Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
●
Multiplexing: Allows data from multiple apps to be sent over the network simultaneously .
●
Demultiplexing:divides a received data based on the port numbers and ensures the correct app
receives the data at the receiver’s side
●
This can be achieved by port numbers since each device has unique port number.
●
Example: Imagine a post office:
●
It collects letters from different people (multiplexing)
●
Sorts and delivers them to correct recipients (demultiplexing)
14
Cont...
[Link] Control Mechanism
●
Sliding window protocol (Flow Control)
●
Wait for acknowledgment before sending next segment
●
Checksums and ACKs (Error Control)
15
●
To summarize, the Transport Layer is the backbone of reliable
communication between applications on different systems. It ensures data
is properly segmented, delivered in order, and reassembled, while also
handling errors and flow control.
●
Whether we’re streaming a video, sending an email, or browsing a website
— it’s the Transport Layer that makes sure the information reaches the right
destination safely and accurately.
●
16
17