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Formula

The document outlines essential concepts and formulas in calculus, physical sciences, and vector analysis, including limits, differentiation, integration, and theorems such as Gauss's and Green's. It also covers Fourier's theorem and properties of Fourier transforms, as well as basic definitions and properties of matrices. Key mathematical principles are presented alongside important equations and their applications in various scientific contexts.

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Sakshi
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12 views22 pages

Formula

The document outlines essential concepts and formulas in calculus, physical sciences, and vector analysis, including limits, differentiation, integration, and theorems such as Gauss's and Green's. It also covers Fourier's theorem and properties of Fourier transforms, as well as basic definitions and properties of matrices. Key mathematical principles are presented alongside important equations and their applications in various scientific contexts.

Uploaded by

Sakshi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
IMPORTANT FACTS & FORMULAE 1. Calculus (a) Existence of limiting value—If L. H. S. R.H.S. limit ie. lim fla~h) = ret Of) = limit lim fla+h) no or lim- lim +0,fx) then we have lim f(x). Its value may be obtained. (b) Algebra of limits—If lim fix) = 1, and a lim (x) = J, then we have— ha) + O00] fix) + lim (x), Le., limits of sum is =lth equal to the sum of limits of functions. Gi) Tim Yo) +9001 =F = tim Ro. equal to the product of limits of functions. 1 (iii) lim Sole ! = lim fay equal to the fraction of limits of functions. (2), ée., limits of product is limits of fraction is (a), is © Important formulae— oat (lim =n vow Xa tad @ Im y-1 ii) lim rox (iv) sin O in "a (vi) lim cos 0=1 ay i tan O (vii) lim, 07 1. (c) Differentiation—Let y = fx), there is a function in variable x, if a small inereasement in.« is dx, then dy is increased in the respective value of y. In this case : mm A+ 8) =f) | lity a » a " teet ; z on fix) is called differentiation (differential coefficient) with respect to y and x where re respectively and is denoted by 2 dy 8 fla +83) x) * dx = Pear “<=, & dy i, ee = AY Tae = lim, © Important formutae— @ Aotyeme! w a(s)* a Gi) 0 . a(t) ™ aoe () 4 (c)=0, where c is a constant ft (6) =0, where c isa constant. 4. Physical Sciences (B + C) 4 net wi Flee a tl (vi) flog. = 5 a 7 (iit) J (Sin 2) = c08 x (0) A teosn=-s 0) Lean) =see?x wo feo tail) (see) =[Link] Cait) 4 (eosee x) =-c0s x.c0t x (xiv) 4 Gin m= to Storie Th ww) Aart y =i twvity 4 (ort =p ts doceipe —! bwin Gelert) = tam) Lowen == “ ret (4) Rote’ Theorem :Statemen—H sates thas emo) ee she (bjt conimons a ear poi of dosed interval [a,b]. Ui) ay be obtained a cah point of ‘open interval Ja, b{ and Vide) = fb) ten we havea simu cae of Ca henyyedomnecee ce (e) Lagrange’s M¢ Value Theorem ; sentation oes = Wf) coinsus acc pit of ele ince Maybe chai teach of pen interval Ja, b[, then we have a minimum value ¢ a £0) fe) Hence, = Fle). where a fare the separation constants (k) Separation of Helmholtz Equation in Cylindrical Co-ordinates In the cylindrical co-ordinate system (p..@, 2) the Helmholtz equation is given as Lee Ds pap (Pap) * geeaget at] wr) =0. (43) Assume the following form for u(.) : Wr) = RO)BOZ) 4) where, R is a function of the variable p only, is 4 function of @, and Z. is a function of z alone. Going through the usual procedure of substitution in the equation, division by R(p) () Z(z) and. rearrangement, one fal obtains | eo ta pap (Pap) "phage °F Lee 1. as ‘As argued earlier, both sides must be equal to ‘a constant. Let this separation constant be written as -¢?. This leads o the following two equations : £2 (46) (47) on (47) can now be further separated by multiplying throughout by p? and rearranging such that the terms dependent on @ are on one side and the rest of the terms, depending on p are on the other side. Thus, from equation (47) one obtains the following two equations P® | ew = £2 Wo = «as APR Bayar gh pom R=0, 4) where m? is the new separation constant. (1) Laplace's Equation in Various Co-or- By following procedures similar to those outlined above, Laplace's equation can also be separated in Cartesian, spherical polar and cylindrical co-ordinate systems. Laplace's equa- tion can be considered to be a special case of Helmholtz equation with k = 0. For completeness we quote the results 1. By writing 1F) = Xx) YO) 2 Laplace's equation V2u(r) = 0 in Cartesian co- ordinates can be separated into ex a +2. = 0 (50) P ty a¥ = 0 51) = 0, 482) where, 2y + hy + 2s = 0. 2. Assuming u(7) = R(r}@(0)(p), Laplace's equation in spherical polar co-ordinates can be separated into the following three equations : eo pt mb = e 53) de" sino (ino ge) — i g O#2O=0 154) thy a ape = 5p R= B (55) 3. Putting u(r) = R(py0(@) Z(2) Laplace's equation in cylindrical co-ordinates can be separated into (56) oo emo = 0 (57) and pS GRO pm R=0. (58) ‘The interesting thing to note is that the angu- lar part of u(r) in spherical polar co-ordinates for both Laplace’s and Helmholtz equations is given by the same set of equations [equations (38), (41) and (53), (S4)]. In fact, whenever the partial differential equation involves the operator V? and the other terms are spherically symmetric, the angular part in spherical polar co-ordinated will be governed by the same two equations as a result, be encountered again and again and play a very important role in Physics. Equation (54) can be put in a more convenient form by putting yt = cos 8, With this substitution the equation takes the a 1,40 ae Lee O (am) Choice of Co-ordinate Separability of a Partial Differential Equation A given partial differential equation may not be separable in one co-ordinate system but may be separable in another. Example : (ER UT) +r) = 0 (60) where, A? isa constant. Let us try to separate this equation in spherical polar co-ordinate in w the atin takes the form Da : Drneaath) > Pin? 0 ag?” 61) ‘The constant of proportionality K is found to 1 Lf be equal to 5. Therefore. = 3) \/ () Find the dimensional formulae of : (a) the charge Q. (b) the potential V, (c) the capacitance Cand (d) the resistance R. Solution : We know that Q= Ir, E= Vit. = CV and V = RI, where Fis electric curren, ris the time and E isthe energy. @" i = (ET) of (MOLeTT} we vir (MLT-2] = (VIN (T] IML*r-*} Me = IMT, wr cv ur}= (cHiMer 31-4 ur) (Ch inar=H = IM“ L2rP ws VeRI v Ray oe (Meer) RL = (MET (vi) If P represents, the radiation pressure, represents the Velocity of light and q represents the radiation energy per unit area per unit time, then calculate non-zero integers x,y and z and such that p'g'etis dimensionless Solution : Dimension of P = [ML~'T-2}, Energy dimension of q = .UNTY = [ML°T-) and dimension of ¢ = [LT-"] or [M°LT-" pegs [ML 2p (MLO 3p [MeLT-'y Imes Loree 2 inq, Now p"g° c will be dimensionless if s+ and = 2x~3y=2=0 Physical Sciences (B+) | 27 y and x Solving these above equation, we have x = 1, == Hand <= 1 so that p* g'c*is dimensionless. 8. Tensors If the medium is isotropic, the relation between current density vector J and the electric field vector Eis given by vector equation J= oF, where, 0 is electrical condu For such a medium the con for the X-component, we wri J, = 0B}. However, if the medium is anisotropic as in many crystals, the current density in x-direction depends on the electric fields in the y- and = directions as well as on the field in x-direction. ‘Assuming a linear relationship, We write the above equation Jy = OE, +0;2 Ey + os Es and in general Jy = J oa Ey. k ‘Thus ordering three dimensional space, the scalar quantity @ must be replaced by a more general quantity 0, to effect the required change indirection and magnitude, of the medium tivity is scalar and This general quantity elements) is called a tensor. © The fundamental laws of physics must possess the same form in all co-ordinate systems. © The study of this accepted fact, known as invariant formulation of physical laws is embodied in tensor analysis. Its a general sation of vector analysis, © A curve in n-dimensional space (V,) is defined asthe collection of points which satisfy the equation aH AM) (HE N23, ccc where w is a parameter and x (u) aren functions of u, which satisfy certain ‘continuity equations, © A zero order or zero rank tensor will have N° = I component in every coordinate system. ‘Thus, scalars are tensors of zero rank, 64 (array of nine 102 | Physical Sciences (B +C) Let E and V be the total and potential energies of the particle respectively, then its Ae ery {mis gen Lie jim? = E- Ve which gives mst = 2mE -V), Substituting tis in equation (vi ame. vw: which is called Schroedinger time independent ‘wave equation. Let a wy ‘Then the Schroedinger time independent ave uation my be writen as +H E-v=0. 7. Schroedinger Equation for a Free Particle Schroedinger equation for a free panicle is vey + iy = 0. Because for free particle V =0. Time Dependent Schroedinger Equation ‘Time dependent Schroedinger equation may be obtained by eliminating E from Time independent Schroedinger equation Differentiating the equation Wr = Wine with respect 10, we get ay fut We iow ie = - iain et x i a= a i whic nes By =n Subsitaing the vale of By om tine wri inne eys2t [inva] 20 oe wy 2 [nt vy] which is called time dependent Schroedinger equation, “The above equation maybe writen x a = ine (Zoe) vent, e act ase tonian and is represented by H. while operator which describe the motion of a non-relativistic particles. 9. Schroedinger Wave Function (1) In the beginning it was considered that the wave function w is merely an auxiliary mathema- tical quantity employed to facilitate computations relative to experimental results. Schroedinger himself attempted the physical interpretation of 1 in terms of charge density. As the beams of electrons exhibit diffraction phenomenon like X- ‘ay. one might use the optical analogy to arrive at the physical significance of y. If y is the ampli- tude of the matler wave at any point in space then the number of material panicles per unit volume ‘must be proportional to 2. Thus. the square of absolute value of y i. y is a measure of the fen instead of where Wis the complex conjugate of. Accotding to Max-Born and afer that Dirac, I? represents particle density. Usually yop is wt Tyr

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