BHCA2203
Research For Arts & Design
Lecture 6
Categorising research chapters: Research
strategy; Research methodology ;
Research ethics
What is a sample?
• Population vs sample
• The population is the entire group that you
want to draw conclusions about.
• The sample is the specific group of individuals
that you will collect data from.
What is a sample?
• Sample size
• Sample size should determined by factors such as
the size and variability of the population being
studied, as well as the design of your research.
•
• Different sample size calculators and formulas
depend on what you want to achieve with
statistical analysis.
What is a sample?
• Sampling: Involves choosing a subset of
individuals from a population in a manner that
ensures they are representative of the larger
group.
• A sample is any group on which information is
obtained.
Sampling Approach In
Quantitative Research
• Quantitative research: Used to quantify the
problem by way of generating numerical data
that can be transformed into useable
statistics.
• By quantifying attitudes, opinions, behaviors,
and academic achievement and generalize
results from a larger population.
Sampling Approach In
Quantitative Research
• Probability sampling: Every member of the
population has a chance of being selected.
• Researchers want to produce results that are
representative of the whole population;
therefore this type of sampling techniques are
the most valid choice.
Sampling Approach In
Quantitative Research
• There are four main types of probability
sampling:
• Simple random sample
• Systematic sample
• Stratified sample
• Cluster sample
Sampling Approach In
Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research: Selection of people/sites
to understand the central phenomenon.
• Allows individuals to “learn” about the
phenomenon, or to an understanding that
provides voice to individuals who may not be
heard otherwise.
Principle of non-probability sampling
• Theoretical reasons: Non-probability sampling
is chosen for theoretical and practical reasons.
Its appropriateness depends on the research
strategy guiding the project.
• Goal is not to achieve objectivity in the
selection of samples, tend to be interested in
the intricacies of the sample being studied.
Principle of non-probability sampling
• In qualitative research, methods like purposive
sampling offer theoretical justifications for
selecting specific units or cases for inclusion in
the sample.
• Non-probability sampling relies on subjective
judgments, integrating theory from academic
literature and practical insights from the
researcher's experience.
Principle of non-probability sampling
• Non-probability sampling is favored for its
ease, speed, and cost-effectiveness compared
to probability sampling methods.
• Valuable in exploratory research to swiftly and
affordably determine the existence of a
problem or issue.
BHCA2203
Research For Arts & Design
Lecture 7
Categorising research chapters: Research
strategy; Research methodology ;
Research ethics
What is a research instrument?
▪ A research instrument is a tool used to obtain,
measure, and analyze data from subjects
around the research topic.
▪ Decide the instrument to use based on the
type of study a researcher conducting:
quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method.
What is a research instrument?
▪ Massey states that the “Instrument
development requires a high degree
of research expertise, as the
instrument must be reliable and
valid.”
What is a research instrument?
Eg: For instance, for a quantitative study, you may decide to use
a survey, and for a qualitative study, you may choose to use a
scale.
While it helps to use an established instrument, as its efficacy is
already established, you may if needed use a new instrument or
even create your own instrument.
You need to describe the instrument(s) used in the methods
section of the research paper.
Ways to Classify Instruments
Who Provides the Information?
• Researchers themselves
• Directly or indirectly from the subjects of
the study
• From informants
– People who are knowledgeable about the
subjects and provide this information
Categories of instruments
• 1. Researcher-completed
• completed by the researcher and the researcher
serves as the primary data collector
• Example: performance checklist.
• 2. Subject-completed
• completed by the subject of the study
• Example: questionnaire.
Researcher-completed instruments
used in an educational research
Subject-completed instruments
used in an educational research
Development of the instrument
• The Instrument section should also
report how the instrument was
developed.
• Instrument can be adopted, adapted,
or new by the researcher.
Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Framework of
Quality Criteria
•The criteria often
viewed as the “gold
standard” for qualitative
research
Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Framework of
Quality Criteria
• Four questions concerning trustworthiness, Lincoln
and Guba suggest the following criteria:
• 1. Credibility (Believability and accuracy of the
research findings)
• 2. Transferability (Extent to which the findings of the
research can be applied or generalized to other
contexts or settings)
Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Framework of
Quality Criteria
• 3. Dependability (consistency and stability of the
research findings over time and under different
conditions)
• 4. Confirmability (objectivity and neutrality of the
research findings, ensuring that they are not unduly
influenced by the researcher's biases or
perspectives)
End of Lecture 7
BHCA2203
Research For Arts & Design
Lecture 8
Categorising research chapters: Research
strategy; Research methodology ;
Research ethics
What is Quantitative Research?
1. Objective Measurements: Quantitative
methods prioritize collecting data that
can be measured and expressed
numerically, ensuring objectivity and
consistency in analysis.
2. Statistical and Mathematical Analysis:
These methods rely on statistical,
mathematical, or computational
techniques to analyze collected data,
whether from experiments, surveys, or
pre-existing datasets.
What is Quantitative Research?
3. Data Collection: Data is gathered through
experimental setups, non-experimental
surveys, or by utilizing and manipulating
existing statistical records.
4. Generalization: The approach aims to
generalize findings across broader
populations or contexts, enabling the
explanation of patterns or phenomena at
scale.
5. Focus on Numerical Data: Emphasis is
placed on gathering and interpreting
numerical data to describe, predict, or
establish relationships between variables.
What is Quantitative Research?
Non- •Describes
Experimental •Relates variables
Experimental •Cause and effect
Types of Quantitative Research
Designs
• Non-experimental • Experimental
• Descriptive research • True Experimental
design Design
• Longitudinal • Quasi-Experimental
Research Design Design
• Correlational
Research Design
Quantitative Research
• Non-Experimental Research Design: Descriptive
Statistics
• A design used to describe a certain condition or
phenomenon in a given sample using quantifiable
descriptors.
• It involves the use frequency count, percentage,
Likert scale, mean, and standard deviation in
answering the research questions.
• Example:
➢ A teacher wants to determine the general academic
performance of her students in art education.
General Characteristics of
Qualitative Research
Bogdan and Biklen, 1998, describe five general features
of Qualitative Research:
• The natural setting is a direct source and key
element
• Collection is in the form of words or pictures
• Researchers are concerned with how things occur
• Construction of a picture while data is being
collected versus knowing what to expect
• Special interest in the participants’ thoughts
When to Use
Qualitative Research?
• We conduct qualitative research because:
➢A problem or issue needs to be explored
➢Need a complex, detailed understanding of the
issue
➢Want to empower individuals to share their
stories without the power relationship between
researcher and participant
When to Use
Qualitative Research?
• We conduct qualitative research because :
➢To write in a literary, flexible style without formal
academic structures of writing
➢To understand contexts or settings of participants
➢To follow up quantitative research
➢Quantitative measures do not fit the problem
When to Use
Qualitative Research?
• Qualitative inquiry is for the researcher that is
willing to:
➢Commit extensive time in the field.
➢Engage in the complex, time-consuming process of
data analysis.
➢Write long passages.
➢Participate in a form of social and human science
research that does not have firm guidelines or
procedures and is constantly changing.
End of Lecture 8