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Paraphrasing Techniques in Writing

Q: What arguments exist for and against the belief that having a salaried job is superior to being self-employed, and what is a synthesized conclusion from these perspectives?

Proponents of salaried jobs argue that they offer financial stability and less stress compared to self-employment . They emphasize the regular income and structured environment that salaried positions provide . Conversely, those who favor self-employment highlight the flexibility in work hours, autonomy in decision-making, and the potential for a more satisfying career due to personal motivation to innovate . Synthesizing these perspectives, while salaried jobs provide security, self-employment can offer personal freedom and satisfaction, suggesting that the superiority depends on individual priorities and work style preferences .

Q: How does the trend of adolescents losing interest in traditional cultural activities impact cultural preservation, and what are some proposed solutions to address this issue?

The trend of adolescents losing interest in traditional cultural activities threatens cultural preservation as it can lead to valuable customs and knowledge being forgotten and lost over time . The main causes include the influence of modern technology that offers more engaging entertainment options and the lack of cultural events in urban areas that limits exposure to these traditions . Proposed solutions include integrating cultural activities into school curriculums and home environments to build early appreciation and adjusting traditional events to incorporate modern elements to make them more relevant to youth interests .

Q: In what ways does advertising offer more advantages than disadvantages according to the discussions in the sources, and what is a critical counter-argument to this view?

Advertising is argued to provide more advantages by promoting consumer interests, informing buyers about products, and stimulating economic activities that benefit providers and consumers alike . The increased popularity of advertising is seen as advantageous in enhancing market competition and innovation . A critical counter-argument is that advertising can be intrusive and manipulative, potentially leading to consumerism and materialism which may not be beneficial in the long term .

Q: What are the pros and cons of flexible work hours in the context of self-employment, and why might someone prefer this work arrangement over a traditional salaried job?

Flexible work hours in self-employment provide the benefit of allowing individuals to organize their daily tasks, such as attending personal appointments or engaging in family activities, leading to a better work-life balance . This flexibility can reduce stress and improve job satisfaction. However, the downside might include irregular income and the challenge of self-discipline in maintaining productivity . Some might prefer this arrangement over traditional salaried jobs because of the autonomy it grants and the potential for a more personalized and fulfilling career path .

Q: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of exposing students to global news, and why do some people believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Exposing students to global news has the advantage of broadening their perspectives and knowledge about global issues, fostering critical thinking skills, and improving communication and social skills when interacting with diverse cultures . These advantages can significantly contribute to students' readiness for international interactions and studies . However, the potential disadvantages include the risk of overwhelming students with complex global issues, which can confuse or distress them . Despite these challenges, the fostering of global awareness and empathy is deemed more significant, leading some to believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages .

Q: Evaluate the argument that global awareness promoted through education can lead to better communication and social skills in students.

Global awareness cultivated through education broadens students' understanding of diverse cultures and global issues, making them more informed and empathetic . This understanding can lead to enhanced communication skills as students become more capable of interacting effectively with people from different backgrounds . Furthermore, exposure to international perspectives fosters critical thinking, enabling students to engage thoughtfully in global discourse. Although it might initially overwhelm some students, the long-term benefits of better social and communication skills present a strong argument for integrating global news into educational curricula .

Q: How can encouraging young people to participate in traditional cultural activities benefit both individuals and society as a whole?

Encouraging young people to participate in traditional cultural activities can nurture a sense of identity and belonging, as individuals establish strong connections with their cultural roots . It promotes intergenerational bonding and preserves cultural heritage, which strengthens community ties . On a societal level, such participation ensures the continuity and dynamization of cultural practices, preventing them from becoming obsolete and ensuring they contribute to a vibrant cultural identity and diversity .

Q: Discuss the implications of banning advertising on society, using arguments from both proponents and opponents of this measure.

Proponents of banning advertising argue that it serves no useful purpose and can even be damaging by promoting unhealthy consumerism and unrealistic ideals . They suggest that a ban would reduce unnecessary expenses and potentially mitigate societal pressures related to consumer culture. Opponents, however, argue that advertising plays a critical role in the information economy, providing necessary information to consumers and supporting media through advertisement revenue . As a result, a ban could lead to economic drawbacks, including reduced market efficiency and a decrease in media content quality. The implications of such a ban hinge on the balance between protecting societal interests and maintaining economic vitality .

Q: To what extent does the integration of modern technology into cultural activities help in making them more appealing to the younger generation?

The integration of modern technology into cultural activities can significantly enhance their appeal to the younger generation by making these activities more relatable and engaging . Using technology, such as incorporating elements of pop culture or interactive digital experiences, can modernize traditional events, sparking interest among youth who might otherwise see them as outdated . This approach can help bridge generational gaps and ensure the continuity of cultural practices .

Q: How do societal perceptions of security and risk impact the preference for traditional employment over self-employment, according to the document?

Societal perceptions of security largely favor traditional employment due to its association with financial stability, regular income, and structured benefits like health insurance and retirement plans . Self-employment is often perceived as riskier because of income unpredictability and the responsibility placed on individuals to manage their own benefits and taxes . These perceptions impact preferences by making traditional jobs more appealing to those who prioritize security and predictability over autonomy and flexibility, which are viewed as primary advantages of self-employment .

The document outlines the requirements and criteria for a writing task, emphasizing the importance of task response, coherence, grammatical accuracy, and vocabulary. It provides various essay types, techniques for paraphrasing, and methods for developing arguments. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises to enhance writing skills, particularly in the context of advertisements and their effects.

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Paraphrasing Techniques in Writing

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TASK 2

- Độ dài tối thiểu: 250 từ

- Chiếm 2/3 tổng điểm Writing
- Tiêu chí chấm điểm:
+ Task Response (Mức độ hoàn thành yêu cầu đề)
+ Coherence and Cohesion (Độ trôi chảy và mạch lạc)
+ Grammatical Range and Accuracy (Ngữ pháp)
+ Lexical Resources (Từ vựng)
- Các dạng bài thường gặp:
+ Opinion essay: “To what extent do you agree/ disagree?”
+ Discuss both view and give your opinion.
+ Advantage/ Disadvatage essay: “Do the advantages outweigh the disadvatages?”
+ Problem-Solution essay: “What are the reasons? Waht are the solutions?”
+ Kết hợp 2 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau. VD: “What are the reasons? Do the
advantages outweigh disadvantages?”

BÀI 8 - KỸ NĂNG CƠ BẢN

I. PARAPHRASING
Có 4 cách paraphrasing:
- Dùng từ đồng nghĩa
- Đổi dạng từ
- Đổi bị động – chủ động
- Đổi trật tự từ trong câu
1. Dùng từ đồng nghĩa
VD:
- More and more = increasingly (adv): càng
- Often = frequently (adv): thường xuyên
- Advertisements = promotional campaigns = commercials: chiến dịch quảng cáo
- Convince = persuade (v): thuyết phục
- Allocation of significant fund = spend a lot of money: chi nhiều tiền
- Hold a great attraction (v): hấp dẫn = draw a lot of attention
2. Đổi dạng từ
Đổi động từ thành danh từ, trạng từ thành tính từ,… để diễn đạt cùng 1 ý nghĩa. Khi dùng
phương pháp này, cần xác định loại từ của từ gốc (danh từ, động từ, tính từ, trạng từ) và
tìm kiếm các dạng từ khác trong cùng 1 loại.
VD: important (adj)  importance (n)
promote + Ving  the promotion of
NOTE: Với một vài tính từ, ta có thể paraphrase bằng cách đổi thành “of + ADJ + N”
VD: Advertising is important.  Advertising is of great importance.
VD: important  be of importance: quan trọng
3. Đổi bị động sang chủ động
Diễn đạt lại câu bị động sang chủ động (hoặc ngược lại) sao cho ngữ cảnh và nghĩa của
câu vẫn giữ nguyên.
HTĐ: am/is/are + V3/ed
QKĐ: was/ were + V3/ed
HTTD: am/is/are + being + V3/ed
HTHT: have/ has + been + V3/ed
QKHT: had + been V3/ed
Modal verb: will/ can/ shall + be + V3/ed
VD: People working in publicity often use several marketing gimmicks to make their
adverts more attractive to propestive customers.
 Several marketing gimmicks are often used by people working in publicity to make
their adverts more attractive to propestive customers.
VD: Advertising provides information about a product.
 Information about a product is provided by advertising.
 Từ vựng:
- people working in publicity: người làm trong ngành truyền thông
- marketing gimmicks: mánh khoé tiếp thị
- propestive customers: khách hàng tiềm năng
4. Đổi trật tự từ trong câu
VD: Advertisement can be attractive, so knowing what to buy is important.
 It is crucial to have knowledge about what to purchase since advertisement can be
appealing. (sử dụng chủ ngữ giả)
VD: Advertising helps to create band awareness and built customer loyalty.
 It is advertising that helps to create band awareness and built customer loyalty. (câu
chẻ)
VD: Advertising targeted at children uses various techniques to influence their
preferences and purchaisng behavior.
 If advertising is targeted at children, it often employs various techniques to influence
their preferences and purchaisng behavior. (câu điều kiện loại 1).
 Một số cấu trúc ngữ pháp thường thấy khi đổi trật tự từ trong câu:
(1) Chủ ngữ giả. VD: It is Adj to
(2) Câu chẻ. VD: It is Mary who wants to pursue Mathematics. It is a book that I want
to read.
(3) Câu điều kiện. VD: If I were you, I would study harder and harder.
 Từ vựng:
- Have knowledge about N = be aware of N: có kiến thức về
- Appealing = attractive: thu hút
- Brand awareness: sự nhận diện thương hiệu
- Customer loyalty: sự trung thành của khách hàng
- Impulsively = carelessly: bất cẩn
Bài tập:
1. Advertisements can make people spend money more carelessly.
 It is advertisments that encourage customers allocate money more impulsively.
2. Advertisements can be really annoying.
 Advertisements can be extremely irritating.
3. Advertisements are important as they can provide valuable information to
consumers.
 Promotional compaigns are able to offer useful information to consumbers, so
they are of great importance.
4. Watching too many advertisements can have negative effects on children.
 If children watch advertisments excessively, there are several detrimental
influences on them.
5. Companies can make a lot of money from targeting children.
 Entrepreneurs can generate a large quanity of revenue from targeting children.
6. Children may feel disappointed when they cannot buy the products shown on TV.
 If children cannot purchase the merchandises advertised on TV, they may feel
disappointed.
II. PHÁT TRIỂN LUẬN ĐIỂM
A. BẰNG CÁCH ĐƯA RA NGUYÊN NHÂN
1. Because/ As/ Since + Clause
VD: Advertising helps to create brand awareness as it allows companies to communicate
their message.
2. Due to/ owing to/ thanks to + N-phrase/ Ving
VD: Advertising helps to create brand awareness and build customer loyalty due to its
ability to establish a strong emotional connection with customers.
3. The reason/ cause is + Clause
VD: One clear advantage of advertisments is that they make consumers more well-
informed. The reason is advertisments provide valuable information about products,
services, and promotions, which helps consumers make better choices.
B. BẰNG CÁCH ĐƯA RA KẾT QUẢ
1. As a result, Clause
VD: Adverts, commercials, and promotional videos can inform potential customers about
the products, its features, and its benefits. As a result, businesses may enjoy an increase
in sales.
2. This leads to + N/ Ving
VD: Adverts, commercials, and promotional videos can inform potential customers about
the products, its features, and its benefits. This leads to more sales being generated for the
company.
3. Consequently, Clause
VD: Adverts, commercials, and promotional videos can inform potential customers about
the products, its features, and its benefits. Consequently, people may overspend their
budget, or buy products that they do not need.
4. Therefore, Clause
VD: Nowadays, it is hard to watch a video on a website without interruptions. Instead,
people have to sit through multuple ads before the content they actually want to see starts.
Therefore, viewers can feel annoyed.
 Từ vựng:
- Interruption: sự gián đoạn
- Overspend the budget: chi tiêu vượt quá ngân sách
C. BẰNG CÁCH ĐƯA RA VÍ DỤ
1. For example/ For instance + Clause
VD: Advertising can have negative impacts on children. For example, watching
advertisements for unhealthy food can contribute to an increase in child obesity rates.
2. Such as/ Including + N
VD: There are various forms of advertising, such as billboards and social media ads.
 Từ vựng:
- have negative impacts on: có ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến
- contribute to V-ing/ N: đóng góp vào
- obesity: sự béo phì
D. BẰNG CÁCH ĐƯA RA SO SÁNH
1. Similarly, Clause
VD: Video promotions can deliver compelling messages to a wide audience. Similarly,
social media ads can reach a vast number of users and generate high livels of engagement
and brand awareness.
2. In contrast/ Conversely, Clause
VD: Nowadays, with the help of advertisements, if a person is looking to buy a new
phone, they can easily compare different brands and models based on the information in
advertisments. In contrast, in the past, consumers did not have much access to
information about products and services, but now, with commercials or videos, they can
make better buying decisions.
 Từ vựng:
- Video promotion: video quảng cáo
- Compelling massage: thông điệp hấp dẫn
- Engagement: sự tương tác
- Brand awareness: sự nhận diện thương hiệu
- Have access to…: có thể tiếp cận
- Make a buying decision: quyết định mua hàng
ĐỀ BÀI VÍ DỤ
Advertisements are becoming common in everyday life. Do you think
advertisements bring more advantages or disadvanatges?
- Luận điểm 1: Advertisements are that they make consumers more well-informed.
+ Nguyên nhân: provide information about the product’s features, benefits.
+ Kết quả: increase sales and revenue for businesses and boost local economic
growth.
+ Ví dụ: buy a new phone and compare different brands.
+ Tương phản: in the past, consumers had little information, leading to bad buying
decision.
- Luận điểm 2: Advertising techniques and gimmicks can force people to make
impulsive buying decisions.
+ Nguyên nhân: advertising is so attractive; therefore, people feel like they need to
buy something immediately.
+ Kết quả: regret, overspend, buy useless products.
+ Ví dụ: fans of celebrities may buy things they do not need.
- Luận điểm 3:
+ Nguyên nhân: Promotional videos interrupt the content. Viewers sit through
multiple ads before the content starts.
+ Kết quả: Viewers feel frustrated.
SAMPLE
Nowadays, we are surrounded by advertisements, from billboards, television
commercials, to sponsored posts on social media. In my opinion, advertising brings more
drawbacks than benefits.
On the one hand, advertising can be beneficial. One clear advantage of advertisments is
that they make consumers more well-informed. The reason is that adverts, commercials,
and promotional videos are created to inform potential customers about the products, its
features, and its benefits. For instance, if a person is looking to buy a new phone, they
can easily compare different brands and models based on the information in
advertisements. Consumers, therefore, can make better buying decisions.
However, I believe that the disadvanatges of advertising outweigh the advantages. Firstly,
advertising techiniques and gimmicks can force people to make impulsive buying
decisions. This is because advertising is so attractive that it can make people feel like
they need to buy something immediately. As a result, people may regret their purchasing
decisions, overspend their budget, or buy products that they do not need. For instance,
when companies use celebrity endorsements, people may blindly buy products that are
promoted by their favorite celebrities. This may result in a huge loss of money.
Moreover, advertisements can be annoying. The reason is that nowadays, it is hard to
watch a video on a website without interruptions. Instead, people have to sit through
multiple ads before the content they actually want to see starts. This can be frustrating
and interrupt the viewers’ experience.
In conclusion, while advertising has its advantages, the disadvanatges are stronger.
BÀI TẬP CUỐI CHƯƠNG
I.
1. target audience
2. commercials
3. prospective customers
4. highlight
5. have knowledge of
6. work in publicity
7. marketing gimmicks
8. buying decions
9. endorse
10. promote
11. hefty discounts
12. customer loyalty
II.
1. Nowadays, a large amount of advertising is aimed at children.
 In the present, children are targeted by a vast quanity of promotional
compaigns.
2. Advertising can have negative effects on children.
 Children can suffer from detrimental effects from advertising.
3. Advertising often uses false claims.
 Advertising frequently employs unexact information.
4. Advertising should be banned.
 It is suggest that advertising should be prohibited.
5. Advertising is good for the economy.
 Advertising brings a large number of benefits to the economy.
6. Advertising helps to educate people.
 Advertising contributes positively to the human education.
III.
1. On the one hand, excessive exposure to commercials can negative effects on children.
The reason is that commerical campaigns often make misleading claims, leading children
to make impulsive purchasing buying decisions based on false information. This may
result in unnecessary spending, as well as a financial burden, for their families, especially
for those with limited financial abilities.
2. Children-focused marketing can have positive effects on the economy. This is because
the development of advertisements such as online commercials on social media
networking, billboards, and interactive promotional campaigns boosts customers’
consumption, then generating great revenue for businesses. The more increasingly
products or services are consumed, the higher the amount of tax collected. This may
result in the local economic growth.
IV. There are more advertisements aimed at children. Some people believe that they
have negative effects on children and should be banned. Do you agree or disagree?
SAMPLE:
Nowadays, we often see ads made specially for children. Some argue that this type of
marketing can have negative effects and should be prohibited. However, I believe it is an
essential part of the economy and should not be banned.
On the one hand, excessive exposure to commercials can be harmful to children. Firstly,
advertising campaigns often make misleading claims, leading children to make
purchasing decisions based on false information. This can result in unnecessary spending
for families, which is especially detrimental to those with limited fincances. Secondly,
children may develop an unhealthy obession with the latest toys or gadgets, resulting in
disappointment when they cannot have them.
On the other hand, child-focused marketing can benefit the economy. Companies
targeting children in their advertisements are more likely to generate great revenue
because children influence their parents’ buying decisions. Additionally, this type of
advertising can promote education and raise awareness about products and services. For
example, ads for educational toys or learning apps can provide parents with valuable
information on enhancing their child’s cognitive development. Similarly, ads for healthy
snacks or drinks can also encourage good eating habits and overall wellness for children.
In conclusion, I belive banning advertisements aimed at children is unnecessary. With
appropriate regulations to prevent misleading or exaggerated content, child-focused
marketing can contribute positively to the economy.
 TỪ VỰNG
- Excessive exposure to commercials: tiếp xúc quá nhiều với quảng cáo
- Advertising campaign: chiến dịch quảng cáo
- Child-focused marketing: quảng cáo nhằm vào trẻ em
- Regulations: quy định, quy tắc
- Misleading claims: tuyên bố sai sự thật
- Obsession: sự thích đến mức ám ảnh
- Exaggerate (v): phóng đại

BÀI 9 – INTRODUCTION & CONCLUSION FOR EACH TYPES OF

QUESTIONS
- Phenomenon (n): hiện tượng

I. OPINION-BASED
A. ADVANTAGE – DISADVANTAGES
1. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
MỞ BÀI
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: There has been a trend that (A – paraphrase đề bài)
 C2: An increasing number of people have (A)
 C3: A (vấn đề trong bài) has increasingly become ….
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 C1: In my opinion, this situation represents a positive/ negative development (to +
somebody)…
 C2: In my point of view/ From my perspective, this is a beneficial/ detrimental
development…
KẾT BÀI
 C1: In conclusion, due to the above reasons, I strongly believe that this phenomenon is
a positive/ negative development.
 C2: In conclusion, I firmly opine that the above-mentioned situation undoubtedly
benefits/ does harm to X and Y.
 C3: In conclusion, the overall impacts on X and Y can clearly be seen as a negative/
positive development.

VD: Advertisement is becoming more and more common in our everyday lives. Is it a
positive or negative development?
Mở bài: Advertising has increasingly become an intergral part of our lives. In my
opinion, this situation represents a negative development to both customers and
providers.
Kết bài: In conclusion, the overall impacts on customers and providers can clearly be
seen as a negative development.

Bài tập
Some countries achieve international success by building specialized facilities to train top
athletes instead of providing sports facilities that everyone can use. Do you think it is a
positive or negative development?
 Introduction: There has been a trend that some nations concentrate on constructing
specialized training facilities for talented athletes in order to get worldwide sports
accomplishment rather than offering sports centers for community usage. From my
pespective, this situation represents a negative development to these countries’ citizens.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the overall impacts on community can apparently seen as
a negative development due to the above-mentioned reasons.

2. Do the advantages outweith disadvantages?

MỞ BÀI
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: There has been much controversy about whether (A) brings more benefits or
drawbacks/ merits or demerits.
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 C1: In my opinion, this trend/ situation is more advantageous to [somebody] because
of the aforementioned reasons.
 C2: In my point of view/ From my perspective, the drawbacks of this trend apparently
surpass/ exceed its merits.
 C3: This essay attempts to shed light on both the merits and demerits of this tendency
before concluding that the former/latter is more significant.
KẾT BÀI
 C1: In conclusion, it is apprent that (A - vấn đề) offers a plethora of advantages which
outweigh the disadvanatges [vice versa].

VD: Advertisement is becoming more and more common in our everyday lives. Do the
advanatges of this outweigh the disadvantages?
MB: There has been much controversy about whether the increasing popularity of
advertisment brings more benefits or drawbacks. In my opinion, this situation is more
advantageous to both customers and providers.
KB: In conclusion, it is apprent that advertisement offers more advantages than
disadvanatges.

Bài tập
Being a celebrity, such as a famous film star or sports personality, brings problems as
well as benefits. Do you think the advantages of being a celebrity outweigh its
disadvantages?
MB: There has been much controversy about whether being a famous individual from a
celebrated artists to well-known athletes brings more benefits or drawbacks. From my
perspective, the demerits of this situation clearly surpass its merits.
KB: In conclusion, it is apparent that being a celebrated star offers more advantages than
disadvantages.
B. AGREE – DISAGREE
1. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
 nêu rõ bản thân đồng ý, không đồng ý hoặc trung lập
MỞ BÀI
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: One shool of thoughts hols that (A – ý kiến 1)
 C2: Some people argue that (A – ý kiến 1) while others believe that (B- ý kiến 2)
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 C1: Hoàn toàn đồng ý/ không đồng ý: From my point of view/ In my opinion/ From
my pespective, I (totally/ strongly/ completely) oppose/ support the statement former/
latter (because….)
 C2: Đồng ý hoặc không đồng ý một phần: Although A is justifiable to some extent, I
personally lean toward (B).
KẾT BÀI
C1: Hoàn toàn đồng ý/ không đồng ý: In conclusion, I totally/ completely agree/
disagree with the idea that … (due to ….)
 C2: Đồng ý/ không đồng ý một phần: In conclusion, despite the benefits of A, I
strongly support that B because …
VD: A ban on all forms of advertising is beneficial to society because its services no
useful purpose, and can even be damaging. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Hoàn toàn đồng ý
MB: One school of thought holds that every form of advertisement should be prohibited
as the impacts of which can be detrimental. From my point of view, I totally support this
statêmnt because of the following reasons.
KB: In conclusion, I completely agree with the idea of banning advertising due to its
nagative effects on children and teenagers.
Đồng ý một phần
MB: One school of thoughts holds that every form of advertisement should be prohibited
as the impacts of which can be dentrimental. In my opinion, although a ban on
advertising is justifiable to some extent, I personally lean toward regulations on certain
types of advertisements in the media.
KB: In conclusion, despite the benefits of banning advertising, I strongly support that
some certain forms of advertisement should be allowed with appropriate regulations.

Bài tập
1. Whether or not a person achieves their aims in life is mostly related to luck. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
MB: One school of thoughts hold that an individual’s success in fulfilling their objectives
is mostly fortunate. From my perspective, although luck is one of important factors
influencing on somebody’s accomplishment, I personally suppose that there are several
factors which play a stronger role.
KB: In conclusion, despite the important role of luck, I strongly support that there are
other major factors contributing to people’s achievements such as their determination,
and persistent efforts.
2. Only government action can solve housing shortages in big cities. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
MB: Some people argue that it is only the government that have qualification for
addressing accommodations shortage in developed towns. From my perspective, although
government should be responsible for this housing issue, I personally lean toward both
housing developers and citizens’ accountability.
KB: In conclusion, despite the major responsibilty of political leaders in accommodations
insufficiency, I strongly support that both housing providers and citizens should be in
charge of this issue, especially for the housing prices and demand.

C. DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS

MỞ BÀI
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: Background sentence. A number of people believe that (A - luồng ý kiến 1).
However, many others contend that (B - luồng ý kiến 2)
 C2: Background sentence. Some people argue that (A) while others believe that (B)
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 C1: While both viewpoints are valid, I prefer/ lean towards
 C2: From my perspective, …. Both sides of this argument will be analyzed before a
reasoned conclusion is drawn.
KẾT BÀI
In conclusion, although both views are valid to some extent, I still opine that A/ B
VD:
Some people say that advertising is extremely successful at persuading us to buy things.
Other people think that advertising is so common that we no longer pay attention to it.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
MB: Many people argue that advertisments are currently too common for customers to be
influenced while making their purchasing decisions. However, others still believe in the
great effectiveness of advertiness on customers. Both viewpoints are valid, but I lean
toward the latter.
KB: In conclusion, although both views are valid to some extent, I still opine that
advertising has proven to be effective in engaging consumers in buying items.

Bài tập
Many companies today sponsor sports as a way of advertising themselves. Some people
think that this is a good thing for the world of sports. Others think this has disadvantages.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
MB: Many people argue that the increasingly common form of advertisement via
enterprises’ sponsorship in sports events is a positive trend for sport development in
overall. However, others believe that this phenomonon has its demerits. While both
viewpoints are valid, I lean towards the former due to the following reasons.
KB: In conclusion, although both viewpoints are valid to some extent, I still opine that
advertising in form of sports donation brings more benefits to enterprises.

II. FACT-BASED
MỞ BÀI
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: It is true that (paraphrase đề bài)
 C2: Some individuals hold the belief that (A)
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 There are a plethora of reasons behind this trend/ situation, and several solutions
should be taken into account/ adopted to adress/ tackle it.
KẾT BÀI
In conclusion, it is apparent that there are a wide variety of reasons for this prolem
such as …., and a vast quantity of approaches should be adopted to deal with it.

VD:
Many people believe that international tourism is a bad thing for their country. Why this
is a case? What are some solutions to change negative attitudes?
MB: Some individuals hold the belief that opeing doors to international visitors has
negative impacts on their nation. There are a plethora of reasons behind this trend, and
several solutions should be taken account to address it.
KB: In conclusion, it is apparent that there are a wide variety of reasons for this problem,
and a vast quanity of approaches should be adopted to deal with it.

Bài tập
Some students work while studying. This often results in lacking time for education and
constantly feeling under pressure. What are the causes of this? What are the solutions to
this problem?
MB: Some individuals hold the belief that undergraduates’ employment while studying
can lead to time shortage for learning and create a sense of firmly constant pressure. This
essay will clarify a plethora of reasons behind this phenomonen before suggesting several
solutions which should be taken into account to address it.
KB: In conclusion, it is apparent that there are a wide variety of reasons for this problem,
and several approaches should be adopted to deal with it.

BÀI TẬP CUỐI CHƯƠNG

I.
1. Education should be accessible to people of all economic backgrounds. All levels
of education, from primary school to tertiary education should be free. To what
extent do you agree with this opinion?
 f. One school of thought holds that learners, regardless of their financial resources,
should be able to access every level of education from elementary education to colleges
and universities without paying tuition fees. In my opinion, I completely agree with this
statement.
2. Some people believe that children should not be given homework every day, while
others believe that they must get homework every day in order to be successful at
school. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
 d. A number of people argue that it is necessary to give students daily assignments
after school while others state the contrary. Although both viewpoints are valid, I prefer
the former.
3. Some educationalists think that international exchange visits will benefit
teenagers at school. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
 c. There has been much controversy about whether overseas exchange trips brings
more benefits than drawbacks to students in their teens. From my perspective, the
drawbacks of this trend clearly surpass its merits.
4. Some people think that teachers should be able to ask disruptive children to leave
the class. Do you think it is the best way to deal with a disruptive child in the
classroom? What other solutions are there?
 b. It is true that some young learners have a short attention span and become
disruptive in class. In my opinion, while I agree that excluding the students from the class
is a good solution, there are some better ways to tackle this problem.
5. In some countries, advertisers increase the amount of advertising which tries to
persuade children to buy snacks, toys and other goods. Parents object to such
pressure on children but some advertisers claim that there is useful information in
these advertisements. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
 e. A number of parents believe that the great volume of advertisements targeting
young customers are placing pressure on children while brands argue that their
advertising provides useful information. While both viewpoints are valid, I personally
prefer the former.
6. Global warming is one of the most serious issues facing the world today. What are
some of the causes of global warming? What can the government and individuals do
to solve the problem?
 a. It is true that one of the most alarming problems over the globe has always been
global warming. There are a number of reasons behind this issue, and several solutions
should be taken into account to mitigate it.
II.
1. Nowadays, education overseas has become more accessible and growing
numbers of people send their offspring to study in other countries. Do you
think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
 MB: In the present, the increasingly number of students is able to have much
access to international education, and more and more parents decide to allocate
money to their children’s overseas study. This essay attempts to shed light on both
the merits and demerits of this phenomenon before concluding that the former if
much more significant.
 KB: In conclusion, despite the insignificant drawbacks of sending children to
study abroad, I suppose that this tendancy offers a plethora of advantages which
completely surpass its disadvantages.
2. Nowadays, people are able to use the internet to do an icreasing number of
tasks. Is this a positive or negative development?
 MB: It is apparent that there is a increasingly number of tasks performed by the
internet in accordance with humans’ intructions. From my perspective, this
tendancy represents a beneficial development to both employers and employees.
 KB: In conclusion, despite a number of negative effects in conducting
assignments due to the internets’s abusement, I firmly opine that the above-
mentioned situation strongly benefits both staff and recruiters.
3. As computers are being used more and more in education, there will be soon
no role for teacher in the classroom. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
 MB: One school of thoughts holds that teacher will lose their professional
authority in the classroom due to the increasingly usage of technology including
computers in teaching activities. From my perspective, although I agree that
computers gradually have an important role in educational filed, the contribution
of lecturers cannot be replaced.
 KB: In conclusion, despite the crucial contribution of techonology in teaching
acitivities to some extent, I firmly lean toward teachers’ roles in face-to-face
interacting with learners.
BÀI 10 – ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
KHÔNG NÊN bắt đầu viết ngay sau khi đọc đề.
Trước khi bắt đầu viết bài, ta nên đi qua 4 bước: KIPO
- Keywords: xác định từ khoá và từ đồng nghĩa với từ khoá  tránh lạc đề.
- Idea: suy nghĩ lập luận chính cho bài.
- Position: xem xét bên nào (đồng ý/ phản đối; lợi/ hại) có nhiều luận điểm thuyết
phục hơn  quyết định quan điểm của bài viết nghiêng về bên đó.
- Outline: Lập dàn ý cơ bản cho bài viết, bao gồm: luận điểm, nguyên nhân, kết
quả, ví dụ cho từng phần.
Đề bài: It is suggested that primary school children should learn how to grow
vegetables and keep animals. Do you think the advantages outweigh the
disavantages?
I. KEYWORDS
Primary school children Children in primary school
Elementary school children
Youngsters at the primary level
Kids enrolling in primary education
Pupils in the early grades
Learn Acquire knowledge about sth
Obtain information about sh
Gain an understanding of sth
Be taught about sth
Grow vegetables Cultivate crops
Raise produce
Produce homegrown vegetables
Take care of plants
Garden (v)
Keep animals Care for animals
Tend to animals
Animal care
Bài tập 1
1. cultivate – information
2. knowledge
3. gardening
4. produce
5. taught
Bài tập 2
1. elementary school
2. cultivate
3. take care of
4. grades
5. enrolling
II. IDEA
Các kỹ thuật Brainstorming
 Nhìn từ góc độ của nhiều đối tượng khác nhau. VD đối với đề này: nhìn từ các góc độ
của (1) học sinh, (2) giáo viên, (3) nhà trường để đánh giá có nên cho học sinh tiểu học
học cách trồng rau và nuôi thú cưng không.
Bài tập
Student Teacher School
- Learn valuable life skills - Need to supervise - Demand money for
about farming and students. maintenance and
gardening. equipment.
- Learn about empathy (sự
đồng cảm) and compassion
(lòng trắc ẩn), patience,
and responsibility.
- Undergo strict training.
- Involve potential health
and safety risks.
Mẹo: Ta có thể nhìn vấn đề theo 02 hướng: chiều dọc (vertical brainstorming) và chiều
ngang (horizontal brainstorming)

III. POSITIONS
 Phải nghiêng về quan điểm có nhiều ý và dễ viết hơn.
VD: với đề bài của bài học này, quan điểm của sách là there more advantages than
disadvantages.
IV. OUTLINE
: nguyên nhân
: kết quả
e.g: ví dụ
><: so sánh
Outline
Disadvantages
- School: costly  allocate funds for equipment, materials, etc  challenging for low-
budget schools
- Teachers: supervise and manage students  ensure safety  challenging for teachers
with large class size >< students may cause harm to each other
Advantages (positions)
- Students: learn valuable life skills  grow their food, understand farming practices 
important for students in urban areas
- Students: learn valuable characteristics. E.g. patience, responsibility, empathy,…
V. CÁCH LÀM BÀI
1. Introduction
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 There has been much controversy about whether (A) brings more benefits or
drawbacks/ merits or demerits.
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 C1: In my opinion, this trend/ situation is more advantageous to [somebody] because
of the aforementioned reasons.
 C2: In my point of view/ From my perspective, the drawbacks of this trend apparently
surpass/ exceed its merits as….
 C3: This essay attempts to shed light on both the merits and demerits of this tendency
before concluding that the former/latter is more significant as…
VD:
There has been much controversy about whether making kids enrolling in elementary
education acquire knowledge about cultivate crops and animal care brings more benefits
or drawbacks. This essay attempts to shed light on both merits and demerits of this
situation before concluding that the former is much more significant due to the
aforementioned reasons.
2. Main Body
- Body 1: quan điểm ta không nghiêng về
- Body 2: quan điểm ta nghiêng về
Với mỗi đoạn, ta sẽ có:
- Topic sentence: nêu ra ý chính của cả đoạn văn.
- Luận điểm: nêu rõ lợi/ hại để chứng minh quan điểm.
- Giải thích và mở rộng: cung cấp lập luận, ví dụ để chứng minh luận điểm.
a) Topic sentence
- Quan điểm không nghiêng về: It is understandable why some people think [topic] is
beneficial/ detrimental.
- Quan điểm nghiêng về: However, I believe there are much more significant benefits/
drawbacks to V-ing.
b) Từ nối cho đoạn disadvantages
- Luận điểm:
+ One/ another disadvantage of [topic] is that it [disadvantage].
+ One/ another downside of [topic] is that it [disadvantage].
- Giải thích:
+ This is because/ due to the fact that [reasons].
+ The reason is because [reasons].
+ This leads to/ results in [results].
- Mở rộng:
+ Such a drawback can be especially detrimental to [a specific group of people/ places].
+ This is especially challenging to [a specific group of people/ places].
+ It poses a huge challenge for [a specific group of people/ places].
+ It poses a threat TO [a specific group of people/ places].
VD
- Topic sentence: It is understandable that some people think teaching students to
tend to animals and plants is detrimental.
- Luận điểm: One clear disadvantage of introducing schoolchildren to farming and
gardening is that it can be costly.
- Giải thích: The reason is because schools would need to allocate funds for
equipment, materials, and maintenance of the gardens or farms.
- Mở rộng: This is especially challenging to schools with low budgets, as they may
struggle to afford the necessary resources.
Bài tập
1. Luận điểm: Một nhược điểm nữa trong việc dạy học sinh chăm sóc động vật và trồng
cây là cần có giáo viên giám sát (supervise) và quản lý (monitor) hoạt động của học
sinh.
 Another drawback of teaching students how to take care of animals and cultivate
crops is teachers have to supervise and monitor their students’ activities.
2. Giải thích: Lý do là vì giáo viên cần đảm bảo an toàn cho học sinh trong khi học sinh
tương tác với động vật và làm việc trong vườn.
 The reason is because teachers have to ensure their students’ safety while they
interact with animals and produce homegrown vegetables in the garden.
3. Mở rộng: Điều này đặc biệt có thể gây ra nhiều khó khăn đối với giáo viên đảm nhiệm
lớp học có sĩ số đông (large-sized classes). Nếu thiếu giám sát chặt chẽ (close
supervision), học sinh có thể gây thương tích cho nhau.
 Such a drawback is especially challenging to teachers who monitor large-sized
classes. If there is a lack of close supervision from teachers, some students potentially
injury one another.
c) Từ nối cho đoạn advantages
- Luận điểm:
+ One/ another advantage of [topic] is that it [advantage].
+ One/ another benefit of [topic] is that it [advantage].
- Giải thích:
+ This is because/ due to the fact that [reasons].
+ The reason is because [reasons].
+ This leads to/ results in [results].
- Mở rộng:
+ This is beneficial for [a specific group of people/ places].
+ Such a benefit is especially important for [a specific group of people/ places].
+ This benefit can result in/ lead to [a specific group of people/ places].
VD:
- Topic sentence: However, I believe that there are stronger benifits to teach students
to tend to animals and plants.
- Luận điểm: One advantage of this practice is that students can be taught valuable
life skills.
- Giải thích: This is because students can gain an understanding of how to grow
their own food and the importance of sustainable farming practices.
- Mở rộng: Such a benefit is especially important for students in urban areas, as
elementary school children often have limited exposure to agriculture. By teaching
them to produce homegrown vegetables and care for animals, schools can help
them reconnect with the natural world.
Bài tập
1. teaching
2. raising
3. as
4. well-rounded (toàn diện)
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, it is apprent that (A - vấn đề) offers a plethora of advantages which
outweigh the disadvanatges [vice versa].
VD:
In conclusion, it is apparent that teaching students in primary school how to take care of
plants and animal care offeres a plethora of advantages which completely surpass the
disadvantages.
-------
SAMPLE
There has been much controversy about whether teaching primary school children how to
grow vegetables and care for animals brings more benefits or drawbacks. This essay
attempts to shed light both the merits and demerits of incorporating gardening and animal
care into the curriculum before concluding that the former is much more significant.
Some educators may view tending animals and plants as detrimental. To them, this
practice may be costly. This is because school must allocate funds for equipment,
materials, and garden or farm maintenance. It poses a huge challenge for school with
limited budgets, as they may be struggle to afford the necessary resources. Furthermore,
teaching students to tend to animals and cultivate crops requires close supervision and
management by teachers. This is crucial to ensure the safety of students while they
interact with animals and work in gardens. Inadequate supervision may lead to
mischievous behavior and potential harm among students.
However, I firmly believe that the benefits of teaching students tend to animals and plants
are more significant. One clear advantage is that it teaches valuable life skills. Through
this practice, students gain an understanding of how to grow their own food and develop
an appreciation for sustainable farming practices. This benefit is especially important for
students in urban areas, where elementary school children often have limited exposure to
agriculture. By teaching them to cultivate homegrown vegetables and care for animals,
schools help them reconnect with the natural world.
Additionally, teaching children to farrm and garden teaches important virtues such as
patience, empathy, and compassion. The process of cultivating crops and raising animals
requires patience as student await the growth of seeds. It also fosters empathy and
compassion as they tend to the well-being of living organisms. These experiences
contribute to a more well-rounded development for students at these ages.
In conclusion, it is apparent that introducing farming and gardening to primary school
students offers a plethora of advantages which surpass its disadvantages. With adequate
government funding, we can readily address the challenges faced by schools and
teachers.
 Từ vựng
- Benefit (n): lợi = merit = advantage
- Drawback (n): hại = demerit = disadvantage = downside
- Curriculum: chương trình học, giáo trình
- Funds: ngân quỹ
- Supervision: sự giám sát
- Exposure: sự tiếp xúc
- Virtue: phẩm hạnh
- Empathy: sự đồng cảm
- Compassion: sự thấu hiểu
- Living organisims: sinh vật sống
- Allocate (v): phân bổ
- Pose a huge challenge for: là thách thức lớn cho
- Interact with: tương tác với
- Inadequate (a): không đủ, thiếu >< adequate
- Potential: tiềm năng
- Well-rounded: toàn diện
- Mischievous (a) /ˈmɪs.tʃə.vəs/: tinh nghịch, láu cá
- Foster (v): nuôi dưỡng
Bài tập cuối chương
III.
Some universities now offer their courses on the Internet so that people can study
online. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
Từ vựng:
- Universities = higher-educational institutions
- Offer = provide
- Courses on the Internet = virtual courses = Internet-based courses
- Study online = study remotely = study virtually = study from the comfort of their
homes
Introduction: There has been much controversy about whether virtual courses bring
more benefits or drawbacks. This essay attempts to shed light on both the merits and
demerits of allowing individuals to study from the comfort of their homes before
concluding that the latter is much more significant.
Outline
- Advantages: studying through Internet-bases courses provides flexibility and
convenience  online courses are available anytime and anywhere  students to
schedule their studies around other responsibilites  online courses help working
adults or single moms to access quaity education.
- Disadvantages:
+ students can be distracted  study at home (e.g.) notification from mobile or noises
from construction sites nearby  lack of focus and poorer acedemic performance
+ students have little interaction with other people, e.g. classmates, professors
Conclusion: In conclusion, it is apparent that virtual university courses offer a plethora
of disadvantages which surpass its advantages.
IV. Some schools teach school children to study international news. Do you think the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Outline
- Disadvantages
+ Students are overwhelmed by the vast amount of global news (e.g.) bloody images and
distressing information can be difficult for young students’ emotional process ><
challenge for students having trauma in the past >< solved by teachers’ close preparation
for age-appropriate news.
- Advantages
+ Broaden students’ perspectives and knowledge about global issue (e.g.) diverse culture,
social and political issues from different countries  better understanding about the
world around them  good for students who want to study abroad.
+ Become informed and critical thinkers & improve their communication and social skills
 interact with people from different backgrounds.
There has been much controversy about whether incorporating global news into the
school cirriculum brings more advantages or disadvantages. This essay attempts to shed
light on both the merits and demerits of this educational method before concluding the
former is much more significant.
On the one hand, there are several drawbacks to studying international news. One clear
disadvantage is that it can be overwhelming for some students. For instance, some news
reports may contain bloody images or distressing information that can be difficult for
young students to emotionally process. This drawback may pose a challenge for students
who have experienced trauma in the past, as exposure to such news can lead to further
psychological distress. However, this issue can be easily solved if teachers carefully
prepare age-appropriate news for students to examine.
On the other hand, I firmly believe that the advantages are more significant. One
advantage is that it broaden students’ perspective and knowledge about global issues. Forr
instance, students who read news from different countries can learn about diverse
cultures, social and political issues, and gain a better understanding of the world around
them. This is especially important for students who plan to study abroad. Reading
international news can help students become informed and critical thinkers, and improve
their communication and social skills when interacting with people from different
backgrounds.
In conclusion, it is apparent that introducing global news reading to students may bring
about several drawbacks, such as the risk of overwhelming or confusing students with
complex global issues. However, I believe that the advantgaes, including promoting
global awareness and empathy, as well as critical thinking skills, are much more
significant.
 Từ vựng:
- Incorporate: tích hợp
- Overwhelm: choáng ngợp
- Blood (a): máu me
- Distressing: buồn rầu, lo lắng
- Trauma (n): khủng hoảng
- Broaden (v): mở rộng
- Critical thinking skills: kỹ năng phản biện
- Global awareness: nhận thức toàn cầu

BÀI 11 – AGREE OR DISAGREE

Note: Phân biệt giữa 2 yêu cầu:
- Agree or disagree => fully agree/ completely disagree
- To what extent do you agree or disagree => có thể partly/to some extent
A. PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ
I. Paraphrase Từ Khoá
Having a salaried job - Working for a company
- Being an employee
- Being a salaried worker
- Working for someone
Is better than - Is superior to
- Has more benefits
Being self-employed - Working for oneself
- Being freelancers
- Being one’s own boss
- Working independently
- Working freelance

II. Tìm Từ Vựng Chủ Đề

Bài 2
- Flexibility in work hours = having a freedom to choose when to work
- Arrange their daily tasks = organize everyday tasks
- Workplace schedule = office timetable
- Personal activities = personal tasks that do not relate to work
- Achieve work-life balance = find a balance between professional and personal life
- Subordinates = workers who report to a manager
- Abide by = follow or comply with
- Job satisfaction level = degree of happiness in a job
- Make business decisions = making decisions at work
Bài 3
Verb Noun Adjective
Innovate Innovation Innovative
Free Freedom Free
- Flexibility Flexible
Decide Decision Decisive
Employ Employment Employed
Employer
Employee
Motivate Motivation Motivative
Bài 5
1. A – stability (sự ổn định)
2. C – freedom
3. C – arrangement
4. C – decision
5. B – motivated

B. TÌM IDEA
ĐỀ BÀI: Having a salaried job is better than being self-employed. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
I. Xác Định Quan Điểm
Theo sách: disagree completely because working for oneself is better.
II. Chuẩn Bị Dàn Bài
Phương pháp: đưa ra 02 ý chính, và mở rộng 2 ý đó bằng cách sử dụng 1 trong 2 phương
pháp: (i) nguyên nhân - kết quả, và (ii) so sánh – ví dụ.
1. More flexibility in work hours
- Working for oneself: free
 Don’t have to work a whole day
 Easily arrange daily tasks (e.g. visit the doctor, take children to school, play outdoor
sports)
- Working for a company: restricting
 Have to follow the workplace’s schedule (e.g. whole day, five days per week)
 Working for oneself has more time during the day to do personal activities, work-life
balance
2. More freedom at work
- Being one’s own boss: autonomy + power to make decisions
 important because … more motivation to innovate  more satisfying career
- Work for someone: rules
 follow orders (e.g.) in Vietnamese culture, it is common that subordinates abide by
their boss’s opinion; their own opinion rarely matters
 stressful, loss of work spririt
C. CÁCH VIẾT BÀI
I. Introduction
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: One shool of thoughts hols that (A – ý kiến 1)
 C2: Some people argue that (A – ý kiến 1) while others believe that (B- ý kiến 2)
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 C1: Hoàn toàn đồng ý/ không đồng ý: From my point of view/ In my opinion/ From
my pespective, I (totally/ strongly/ completely) oppose/ support the statement former/
latter (because….)
 C2: Đồng ý hoặc không đồng ý một phần: Although A is justifiable to some extent, I
personally lean toward (B).
VD:
- Some people believe that the benefits of a salaried worker outweigh that of working for
oneself. From my point of view, I disagree with this opinion and would agree that
working freelance has a lot more benefits.
- Some people argue that working for a company is superior to working independently. I
agree with this statement because working for a company is more financially stable and
less stressful.
MẸO: Ở câu nêu quan điểm, ngoài việc nêu rõ bản thân có đồng ý hay không đồng ý với
quan điểm trên, ta có thể mở rộng quan điểm bằng cách:

- Nhắc lại quan điểm một lần nữa và paraphrase

- Tóm tắt lý do vì sao bạn nghiêng về quan điểm đó
II. Main Body
 Mình mới học nên sẽ làm theo completely agree/ disagre.
Cấu trúc 1 đoạn văn thường có 4 phần, theo thứ tự:
- Chủ đề: nhắc lại đề bài và chỉ ra chủ đề sẽ được phân tích trong đoạn văn.
- Giải thích: luận điểm chứng minh cho quan điểm của đoạn văn: Giải thích, Ví dụ,
Nguyên nhân, Kết quả, So sánh.
- Mở rộng: phát triển ý tưởng và dùng lập luận để củng cố. VD: so sánh giữa 2 hình
thức làm việc.
- Kết luận (không bắt buộc): tóm tắt lại nội dung đoạn văn, dùng “In short”
1. Cách viết Topic Sentence
Câu chủ đề ở đoạn 1 sẽ nhắc lại quan điểm chung được chọn và gợi mở chủ đề của đoạn.
Để chuyển sang đoạn 2, ta sẽ mở đầu bằng từ nối tương đồng như “Moreover”,
“Furthermore”, và đề cập chủ đề đoạn 2.
VD:
- Câu chủ đề đoạn 1: I agree with the idea that working for oneself is better than being a
salaried worker because being self-employed has much more flexibility in work hours.
 working for oneself is better than being a salaried worker: khẳng định lại quan
điểm
 self-employed has much more flexibility in work hours: luận điểm 1
- Câu chủ đề đoạn 2: Furthermore, being one’s own boss means he or she will have more
autonomy and power to make decisions in business.
 Furthermore: từ nối
 have more autonomy and power to make decisions in business: luận điểm 2
2. Cách phát triển ý
So sánh Kết quả Giải thích Ví dụ Kết luận
Meanwhile, As a result, Because/ It is Such as In short
because
While, Consequently, This means For example,
that/ This For instance,
means + Noun
In contrast, This results Mệnh đề quan
in… hệ với “which”
VD:
- Chủ đề: I endore the idea that working for oneself is better than being a salaried
worker because being self-employed has much more flexibility in work hours.
- Giải thích: As a result, workers do not have to work the whole day and can easily
arrange their daily tasks (kết quả), such as visiting the doctor, taking their children
to school or playing outdoor sports. (ví dụ)
- Mở rộng: Meanwhile, working for a company means that one has to follow the
schedule of the workplace (so sánh), which usually takes up an entire day, at least
five days per week (giải thích).
- Kết luận: In short, freelance workers have more time during the day to make plans
for personal activities and achieve work-life balance.
Bài tập
- Chủ đề: Furthermore, being one’s own boss means he or she will have more
autonomy and power to make decisions in the business.
- Giải thích: This freedom is important to a person’s work life because it gives him
more motivation to innovate, which could lead to a more satisfying career.
- Mở rộng: In contrast, working for someone means following his or her orders. For
example, in Vietnamese culture, it is common that subordinates completely abide
by what their boss says, which can sometimes cause tension and a loss of work
spirit.
III. Conclusion
C1: Hoàn toàn đồng ý/ không đồng ý: In conclusion, I totally/ completely agree/
disagree with the idea that [khẳng định lại quan điểm] due to/ because [tóm tắt lại 2 luận
điểm]
 C2: Đồng ý/ không đồng ý một phần: In conclusion, despite the benefits of A, I
strongly support that [khẳng định lại quan điểm] because [tóm tắt lại 2 luận điểm]
VD: In conclusion, I completely agree with the idea that working without a boss is better
than being employed because it allows balance in work hours and freedom in making
business decisions, which could improve workers’ mental state and job satisfaction level.

SAMPLE: Having a salaried job is better than being self-employed. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Some people believe that benefits of a salaried worker outweigh those of working for
oneself. I hold a different perspective and would agree that working freelance has a lot of
more benefits.
I think that being a freelancer is better than being a salaied worker because being self-
employed has much more flexibility in work hours. As a result, workers do not have to
work the whole day and can easily arrange their daily tasks such as visiting the doctor,
taking their children to school, or playing outdoor sports. Meanwhile, working for a
company means that one has to follow the workplace schedule, which usually takes an
entire day, at least five days per week. In short, freelancer workers have more time during
the day to make plans for personal activities and achieve work-life balance.
Furthermore, being one’s own boss being means he or she will have more autonomy and
power to make decisions in the business. This freedom is important to a person’s work
life because it gives him more motivation to innovate, which could lead to a more
satisfying career. In contrast, working for someone means following his or her orders. For
example, in Vietnamese culture, it is common that subordinates completely abide by what
their boss says, which can sometimes cause tension and a loss of work spirit.
In conclusion, I support the idea that working independently is better than working for a
company. My reason is that it allows balance in work hours and freedom in making
business decisions, which could improve workers’ mental state and job satisfaction level.
 Từ vựng:
- Autonomy: quyền tự quyết
- Freedom: sự tự do, tình trạng không bị ràng buộc
- Work spirit: thái độ, động lực và nhiệt huyết trong công việc
- Tension: sự căng thẳng tâm lý hoặc cảm xúc xảy ra do xung đột
- Flexibility in work hours: khả năng linh hoạt trong việc lựa chọn và điều chỉnh giờ
làm việc
- Workplace schedule: kế hoạch thời gian tại nơi làm việc
- Make plans for: tạo hoặc phát triển chiến lược
- Subordinates: nhân viên cấp dưới
- Allow: cho phép
- Innovate: đổi mới
- Arrange: sắp xếp
- Abide by: tuân thủ
- Achieve work-life balance: hài hoà công việc và cuộc sống cá nhân
- Make business decisions: đưa ra quyết định liên quan đến hoạt động kinh doanh
Bài tập cuối chương
I.
1. personal activities
2. workplace schedule
3. achieve work-life balance
4. surbodinates
5. abide by
6. autonomy
7. work spirit
8. tension
9. innovate
10. job satisfaction level
II. Have a salaried job is better than being self-employed. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
 Quan điểm: completely agree
Outline
- Much safer financially  working as a employee helps people to be able to expect the
same amount of salary every month  easier to make plan or long-term invest in
property >< working freelance depends on performance, which could alter every month
- Less work pressure to run their own business  only need to take care of his or her own
part of the whole assignment, while their boss or other collegues will take responsibility
for other tasks >< freelance: take responsibility for all aspects of work (e.g.) budgeting to
advertising  overwhelming for workers.
Some people believe that working for a company has more benefits than working for
oneself. I agree with this idea and think that it is better to be employed in a company.
I agree with the idea that being an employee is superior to being one’s own boss because
the former brings more financial stability. This is because workers can expect the same
amount of income every month. Therefore, it is easier for them to make saving plans and
long-term investments such as buying a property. In contrast, working without a boss
sometimes can be financially unpredictale because one’s salary will depend on the
performance of their own business, which can be negative in a low-performing month. In
short, having employment is much safer financially.
Moreover, an employee would bear less work pressure from his busniess. It is because an
employee only needs to take care of his own part, while their boss will take care of other
responsibilities. As a result, there is less stress for workers to keep the business operating.
They can always find a new job when the company performs poorly. Meanwhile, a
freelancer takes responsibility for all aspects of his or her business. For example, running
a shop is doing everything, from budgeting to advertising to working with suppliers. As a
result, it could be overwhelming for workers.
In conclusion, I agree with the opinion above, as I believe being an employee is more
stable and less stressful than working without a boss.

III. Parents should encourage their teenagers to get a part-time job in their free
time. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Paraphrase:
encourage their teenagers - support their teenage children
- accommodate their adolescent (thanh
thiếu niên) kids
- parents of teens can motivate them
get a part-time job - to work part-time
- to engage in part-time employment
- having employment while still in school
in their free time - in their time off
- during their leisure time
- in their spare time
Outline
Strongly agree
- Improve soft skills
+ Working part-time: learn soft skills  communicate with others (managers, colleagues)
and work in a team  become more professional, proficient in interpersonal skills
>< Not working part-time: spend time playing video games or social media  negative
- Learn personally financial management
+ Working part time:  learn moeny management early (save for college, make early
investments)  become responsible and forward thinking (hướng tới tương lai)
>< Not working part-time: might waste money on unecessary purchases when become
adults  unstable life
----
One school of thoughts holds that it is necessary for parents to motivate their teenage
children to engage in part-time employment in their spare time. I strongly agree with the
opinion above because working part-time has multiple benefits.
I suppose that parent of teens should support their children to have a part-time
employment as adolescent kids who have an employment while still in school can
improve their certain important soft skills. This is because while working part-time, they
need to communicate with other people such as their managers or colleagues and work in
a team, which strongly encourages them to develop their teamwork or problem-solving
skills. Therefore, teenagers gradually become more and more professional, proficient in
interpersonal skills. In contrast, if adolescent kids are not allowed to be a part-time
employees in their leisure time, they may spend such time playing video games or surfing
social media networking. This results in several negative effects on both their health and
study performance.
Furthermore, engaging in part-time employment helps teenagers to learn financial
management. During their part-time working experience, they can earn a living at early
ages, and have opportunity to save these amount of money for college or make age-
appropriate investments. As a result, teenage children may become much more
responsible and forward-thinking. Meanwhile, as adolescent kids who do not have a part-
time employment in their spare time may not appreciate the value of employment and
money, they may waste money allocated by their parents on unnecessary purchasing
items. In the future, this negative practice may be stronger and lead to unstable life for
such children.
In conclusion, I agree with the opinion that teenage children should be motivated by their
parents to work part-time. It helps children learn important skilss such as interpersonal
skills and financial management.

BÀI 12 – DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS

Đề bài: Some people say that the main environmental problem of our time is the loss of
particular species of plants and animals. Others say that there are more important
environment problems. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
I. PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ BÀI
1. Paraphrase Từ Khoá
main environmental problem the major/ the key/ the most pressing
environmental issue
the loss of the disappearance of
plants and animals flora and fauna
more important environment problems more concerning
more urgent
2. Tìm Từ Vựng Chủ Đề
Bài 1
- ecosystem: hệ sinh thái
- flora: thực vật
- fauna: động vật
- global warning: báo động ở mức độ toàn cầu
- biodiveristy: sự đa dạng sinh học
- species: loài
- wreak havoc on: tàn phá, gây nhiều thiệt hại
- natural disasters: thiên tai
- catastrophic (a): thảm khốc
Bài 2
Verb Noun Adjective
- environment environmental
opine opinion Opinionated (ngoan cố)
- extinction extinct
- ecology ecological
Bài 3
1. A – pressing
2. A - opine
3. C - biodiversity
4. B – catastrophic
5. A – natural disasters
3. Đưa ra quan điểm
Các từ có thể dùng để đưa ra quan điểm:
- Of the opinion that
- Opine (v)
- Argue (v)
- Agree/ disagree that
- Content that
- Believe that
- Prefer to (v)
1. of the opinion that
2. contented that
3. argue
4. agree that
5. believes that
6. opines
7. prefer

II. TÌM Ý TƯỞNG

1. Xác Định Quan Điểm
Đối với đề bài này, sách chọn quan điểm là “there are more important environmental
problems”
2. Chuẩn Bị Dàn Bài
Trong dạng bài Discussion, ta cần phải bàn luận cả hai quan điểm trong đề bài  cần viết
đều số lượng ý tưởng cho mỗi quan điểm (từ 1-2 ý tưởng cho 1 quan điểm) và đảm bảo
chúng được phân tích cân đối với nhau.
---
1. Plant & animals loss
- Some species affects agricultures
 1/3 of global crops depend on pollinators (thực vật thụ phấn): (bees, butterflies)
 extinction = reduce crop quality & harvest quantity
- Loss of a species likely causes chain extinction
 all species play a role in the food chain
 loss of a species threatens the lives of others
2. More important issues (position)
- Pollution threatens human health
 pollution  serious illnesses: air (respiratory - thuộc hô hấp, cardiovascular - thuộc
tim mạch), noise (sleeping disorders, anxiety)  affect current & future generations
- Global warming worsens natural disasters
 temperature increase  > severe heat waves, > frequent storms, droughts, floods 
property loss, endanger lives
- Plant & animal loss: unclear in short-term & no immediate human health effect  ý
nhỏ so sánh để tăng tính thuyết phục của position (nói đến mặt trái, mặt yếu hơn
của quan điểm còn lại)

III. CÁCH VIẾT BÀI

1. Introduction
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: Background sentence. A number of people believe that (A - luồng ý kiến 1).
However, many others contend that (B - luồng ý kiến 2)
 C2: Background sentence. Some people argue that (A) while others believe that (B)
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 While both viewpoints are valid, I prefer/ lean towards the former/ the latter. Both
sides of this argument will be analyzed before a reasoned conclusion is drawn.
VD:
Some people argue that the most pressing environmental issue recently is the
disappearance of specific flora and fauna while others believe that other issues such as
climate change or pollution are more urgent. While both viewpoints are valid, I lean
towards the latter. Both sides of this argument will be analyzed before a reasonable
conclusion is drawn.
Bài tập: Human activity has had a negative impact on plants and animals around
the world. Some people think that this cannot be changed, while others believe
actions can be taken to bring about a change.
 It is true that flora and fauna all over the world have been detrimentally effected by
human business and household activities. A number of people believe that it is impossible
to change this situation; however, many others contented that human can implement
several solutions to make a change. While both viewpoints are valid, I lean toward the
latter because of some following reasons.
2. Main Body
Cấu trúc 1 đoạn văn 2 quan điểm thường có 03 phần, theo thứ tự sau:
- Câu chủ đề: nhắc lại đề bài và chỉ ra phương diện được phân tích trong đoạn văn
- Luận điểm 1: ý tưởng chứng minh cho quan điểm của đoạn văn.  Giải thích & Mở
rộng
- Luận điểm 2: ý tưởng chứng minh cho quan điểm của đoạn văn.  Giải thích & Mở
rộng
a) Cách viết câu chủ đề
- Ý kiến không đồng tình: There are convincing reasons why some people opine that
[viewpoint A]
- Ý kiến đồng tình: However, I would agree that [viewpoint B]
b) Từ nối phát triển ý
- Luận điểm:
+ Firstly, [point 1]
+ Secondly/ Moreover/ Furthermore, [point 2]
- Giải thích:
+ The main reason for this is that
+ This is because/ due to the fact that
- Mở rộng:
+ This can result in [further explain the idea]
VD:
- Câu chủ đề: There are convincing reasons why some people opine that plant and
animal loss is the most pressing problem.
- Luận điểm 1: Firstly, some species are fundamental for agriculture.
- Giải thích 1: This is because a third of global crops depend on pollinators like
butterflies or bees…
- Mở rộng 1: …so the rapid vanishing of these species may wreck havoc on the
quanity and quality of food production, which may result in food shortage.
(vanish (v): biến mất, tiêu tan)
Bài tập
1. Tuy nhiên, tôi cho rằng có những vấn đề môi trường khác cần được chú ý ngay lập
tức.
 However, I would agree that there are other environmental issues which require
immediate attention.
2. Một trong số đó là sự nóng lên toàn cầu, điều này làm trầm trọng thêm các thảm
hoạ thiên nhiên.
(aggravate (v): làm trầm trọng hơn)
 One of these is global warming, which aggravates natural disasters.
3. Khi nhiệt độ tăng lên, các hiện tượng thời tiết khắc nghiệt như sóng nhiệt hoặc lốc
xoáy, và các thảm hoạ như lũ lụt hoặc hạn hán cũng xảy ra thường xuyên và
nghiêm trọng hơn.
 As temperature rises, extreme weather events, such as heatwaves or cyclones,
as well as natural disasters including floods or droughts take place more frequently
and severely.
4. Những sự kiện thảm khốc này có thể dẫn đến rủi ro thiệt hại về người, ảnh hưởng
từ thế hệ này qua thế hệ khác.
 These catastrophic events can result in potential huge loss of lives, impacting
from the current generations to future generations.
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, although both views are valid to some extent, I still opine that A/ B
VD: In conclusion, although both views are valid to some extent, I still opine that there
are more immediate issues which need humanity’s radical solutions, such as global
warming or pollution.

SAMPLE
A number of people argue that the key environmental issue in modern times is the
disappearance of flora and fauna. While this arguement is understandable to some extend,
I would agree that other issues are more concerning.
There are convincing reasons why some people opine that plant and animal loss is the
most pressing problem. Firstly, some species are fundamental for agriculture. This is
because about a third of global crops depend on pollinators such as butterflies or bees, so
the rapid vanishing of these species may wreck havoc on the quantity and quality of food
production, which may result in food shortage. Secondly, a species extinction may lead to
the extinction of other creatures. The reason is that each species works together in
ecosystems to maintain balance and support life. When Chile sandalwood went extinct in
the early 20th century, for instance, ecological imbalance occurred, causing a reduction in
the number of various insect and bird species that depend on it for food and shelter.
However, I would argue that there are other environmental problems that require
immediate attention. One of these is global warming, which is primary cause for terrible
natural diseases. As temperature rises, extreme weather events, namely heat waves or
cyclones, and disasters, such as floods or droughts also occur more frequently. These
catastrophic events can result in potential loss of lives, affecting generation after
generation. Another more pressing problem than the disappearance of plants and animals
is pollution, due to its direct effects on human’s health. If air pollution may result in
respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, noise pollution can cause sleeping disorders, and
anxiety. While biodiversity loss is certainly a significant environmental problem, its
impacts may be more difficult to see in the short-term and may not have immediate
effects on human well-being.
In conclusion, although both views are valid to some extent, I still opine that we should
focus our attention on alleviating global warming and pollution.
 Từ vựng:
- Cardiovascular diseases: bệnh tim mạch
- Respiratory diseases: bệnh hô hấp
- Sleeping disorders: rối loạn giấc ngủ
- Shelter: chỗ ở, nơi trú ẩn
- Creature: sinh vật
- Food shortage: thiếu lương thực
- Crop: mùa vụ
- Pollinator: loài thụ phấn
- Agriculture: nông nghiệp
- Ecological imbalance: mất cân bằng hệ sinh thái
- Alleviate (v): giảm thiểu
- Aggravate (v): làm trầm trọng hơn
- Vanish (v): biến mất
- Fundamental: cơ bản
- Short-term: ngắn hạn, trong tương lai gần
- Concerning (a): đáng lo ngại
- Genration after generation: từ thế hệ này qua thế hệ khác
- Well-being (n): sức khoẻ

Bài tập cuối chương

I.
Nowadays, people are facing newer environmental challenges. Some people say that the
extinction of particularly species plants and animals is the primary concern. However,
others argue that there are more important problems. Both viewpoints are valid, but I
personally lean toward the former.
Those who say that other environmental problems are more pressing often cite concerns
such as climate change or pollution. Climate change, for instance, has huge effects on
ecosystems, weather patterns, and human livelihoods. Similarly, pollution poses
immediate threats to human health. However, I will say that the loss of plant and animal
species is linked with these problems. My reason is that biodiversity loss worsens the
impact of climate change and weaken ecosystem’s capacity to deal with pollution,
making it a more urgent issue than other environmental challenges.
I would further argue that the loss of plant and animal species is of great importance due
to its unique effects. Biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem stability
and resiliene as each species contributes to the web of life. Therefore, the disappearance
of a single species can lead to catastrophic effects and disrupt ecological balance. For
instance, the extinction of pollinators like bees could jeopardize the pollination process,
leading to decreased crop produce and impacting food security. In other words, the loss of
species has direct effects on human well-being, affecting food security, medicine, and the
overall health of ecosystems we depend on.
In conclusion, while other environmental problems deserve attention, the loss of plant
and animal species, in my opinion, is a more compelling concern.
 Từ vựng
- Livelihood (n): kế sinh nhai
- Unique (a): độc nhất, đặc biệt, riêng biệt
- Resilience (n): khả năng phục hồi
- Disrupt (v): gián đoạn
- Jeopardize (v) / ˈdʒep.ɚ.daɪz / : đặt cái gì đó vào tình huống nguy hại
- Food security: sự ổn định về nguồn cung thức ăn
- Deserve attention: cần nhận được nhiều sự chú ý = require more attention
- Play a crucial role in: đóng vai trò quan trọng trong
- Pose a threat to: gây nguy hại, đe doạ
- Pollination process: quá trình thụ phấn
- Compelling (a): thuyết phục = convincing = attractive
II.
1. loss = disappearance
2. wrecked havoc on = cause destruction
3. vanish = disappear
4. food shortage = not enough edibles
5. cardiovascular diseases = heart diseases
6. respiratory diseases = breathing problems
7. shelter = home
8. appreciate = address
 Từ vựng
- Farming method: phương pháp nuôi trồng
- Wild (a): hoang dã
- Tornado (n): vòi rồng
- Face (v): đối diện, đối mặt với
- Chronic (a): mãn tính, kinh niên
- Edible (a): có thể ăn được
- Breathing problems: vấn đề về hô hấp
III.
A. 1. Ecological balance
2. poaching - nạn săn trộm
3. fossil fuel: nhiên liệu hoá thạch >< renewable energy (e.g. solar energy)
4. waste – sustainable future
5. alleviate
B. 1. release waste: thải chất thải
2. wildlife reserve: khu bảo tồn thế giới hoang dã
3. biodiversity
4. food chain: chuỗi thức ăn
5. poach: săn trộm
6. aquatic creatures: sinh vật dưới nước
C. 1. Ecological
2. food chain
3. poaching
4. wildlife reservse
5. fossil fuels
6. aquatic creatures
7. biodiversity
IV. Human activity has had a negative impact on plants and animals around the
world. Some people think that this cannot be changed, while others believe actions
can be taken to bring about a change.
negative impact plants and animals bring about a change
- detrimental/ adverse - flora and fauna - alleviate the problem of
effects/ consequences - biodiversity - preserve the environment
- wreck havoc on (v)/ cause - ecological imbalance - push for a sustainable
destruction future
- the loss of plant and
animal species
- irreversible (không thể - the vanishing of flora and - implement viable (khả
đảo ngược, không thể thay fauna thi) solutions
đổi) environmental impact
Outline
1. Cannot be changed
- Many species have already disappeared  cannot bring them back.
- Many species are predicted to vanish (e.g. tiger population is declining 
poaching)
2. Actions can still be taken
- Government: implement laws to ban illegal actions
(e.g.) waste management policies
 stop factories from discharging unprocessed waste
 maintain the water biodiversity and protect aquatic creatures
- Individuals: take actions
(e.g.) donate to wildlife reserves/ plant trees/ restore deforested areas
- Protect endangered species
----
It is true that a great number of flora and fauna all over the world has been adversely
affected by human activity from industrial businesses to households. A number of people
opine that these negative impacts are irreversible; however, others argue that people can
still implement several viable solutions to alleviate it. While both viewpoints are valid, I
lean toward the latter.
Some people believe that it may be impossible to address detrimental consequences
caused by human activity to the envinronment. This is because when a single species
have already vanished, no actions could be taken into account to bring them back due to
limitations of the current scientific development level. In addition, preventing the
vanishing of many species which are on the verge of extinction may be extremely
challenging. For instance, owing to the illegal poaching as well as modernization causing
the loss of food and shelter supply, the population of many wild species, such as tigers,
rhinoceroses, and elephants, has been dramatically declining. For short, many adverse
effects caused by human activity may be extremely difficult to be radically prevented.
However, I firmly opine that there are a plethora of approaches which should be taken to
address the negative environmental consequences. Political leaders, for instance, should
be responsible for enacting and implementing strict laws to ban illegal actions to protect
the environmental purity and biodiversity. For instance, effective legal regulations on
waste management significantly contribute to stop factories from discharging
unprocessed waste into water, which could lessen industrial activities’ negative impacts to
maintain the water biodiversity, as well as protect aquatic creatures. Moreover, each
individual can take appropriate actions to alleviate the adverse effects from household
activity to our living environment, such as donate to wildlife reserves, plant trees to
restore deforested areas, and reduce the consumption of plastic items or fossil fuels. In
short, with many collective efforts from the government and each resident, viable
solutions can be taken to address the negative environmental impacts.
In conclusion, while both perspective are valid to some extent, I still personally believe
that a wide range of approaches should be implemented to alleviate the harmful efects of
human activities on the ecosystem and push for the sustainable future.

BÀI 13 – CAUSE – PROBLEM – SOLUTION

Thay vì đưa ra quan điểm cá nhân, ta sẽ chỉ phân tích nguyên nhân, hậu quả và giải pháp
như đề bài yêu cầu.
I. TỪ VỰNG DẠNG CAUSE – PROBLEM – SOLUTION
A. Nguyên nhân - Kết quả
- [Result] be + due to, because of, caused by, brought about by, a result of, attributed to
(là kết quả của, do là) + [Cause]
- [Cause] + result in, cause, give rise to, lead to, bring about (dẫn đến, gây ra) + [Result]
B. Giải pháp
[Solution] + so that, in order to, so as to, with the aim of (để, với mục đích là) + [Aim]
Bài tập
1. Due to
2. Leads to
3. Leads to
4. In order to
5. Brought about by
6. Resulted from
7. So as to
8. So that
ĐỀ BÀI: Many young people today are losing interest in traditional cultural
activities, such as dancing, music, and festivals, What are the cause of this? What
solutions can you suggest to encourage more young people to take part in these
activities?
II. PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ BÀI
Ta nên đi qua 03 bước sau trước khi bắt đầu viết bài: KBO: Keyword – Brainstorm –
Outline
- B1: Keywords: Xác định từ khoá và từ đồng nghĩa
- B2: Brainstorm: Suy nghĩ lập luận chính cho bài viết
- B3: Outline: Lập dàn ý cơ bản cho bài viết, bao gồm luận điểm, nguyên nhân, kết
quả, ví dụ cho từng phần
1. Paraphrase từ khoá
Many Numerouse
A large number of
A multitude of
A vast quantity of
Young people Adolescents
Teenagers
Young generation
Losing interest Become disinterested in
Lose enthusiasm for
Traditional cultural activities Conventional cultural practices
Heritage events
Cultural traditions >< contemporary
(đương đại, hiện tại) entertainment forms
Bài tập
1. B – a great number of
2. A – adolescents
3. A – conventional cultural
4. B – traditional practices
5. A – contemporary
2. Tìm từ vựng chủ đề
Bài tập
Verb Noun Adjective
- Tradition Traditional
Preserve Preservation Preserved
Expose Exposure Exposed
Incorporate Incorporation -
- Culture Cultural
Bài tập
1. preserving
2. incorporate
3. exposuring
4. culture
5. cultural
3. Tìm ý tưởng
Trong quá trình brainstorming, ta có thể phân tích nguyên nhân theo 2 hướng: (1) nguyên
nhân chủ quan, và (2) nguyên nhân khách quan.
VD: Khi đánh giá xem vì sao giới trẻ ngày càng ít quan tâm về các hoạt động văn hoá
truyền thống, ta có thể suy xét nguyên nhân chủ quan từ phía các bạn trẻ (teenagers) hoặc
do tác động của môi trường sống bên ngoài bao gồm gia đình, bạn bè, và xã hội (family,
friends, and society)
 Từ đó, ta có thể suy ra giải pháp tương ứng có tác động tích cực tới các đối tượng trên,
nhằm giải quyết vấn đề trong đề bài.
Bài tập
Problems Causes
Lack of engagement in B. The authorities organize very few cultural activities
cultural festivals
Little information about A. Schools and classes may opt out lessons and activities
local traditions about local culture to focus on âcdemic subjects
Indifference (sự thờ ơ, C. The young may feel forced to join family traditions and
lãnh đạm) of cultural prefer contemporary trends
traditions

III. CHUẨN BỊ OUTLINE

Outline
1. Cause
- Modern technology
 great sources of entertainment
 more fun, less physical interaction
 young people prefer virtual acts
- Disengagement in cultural traditional act
 little exposure to traditions
 unfamiliar to traditional and cultural acts
2. Solutions
- Encourage children to join traditional activities early
 parents and schools hold heritage events
 teach children about traditions
- Make traditions more related and accessible to teenagers
(e.g.) add more elements, apply technology
 spark (châm ngòi) more interest among the young
IV. CÁCH VIẾT BÀI
1. Introduction
Câu 01: Giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase đề bài.
 C1: It is true that (paraphrase đề bài)
 C2: Some individuals hold the belief that (A)
Câu 02: Câu nêu quan điểm.
 There are a plethora of reasons behind this trend/ situation, and several solutions
should be taken into account/ adopted to adress/ tackle it.
VD:
It is true that many teenagers have recently shown a lack of interest in cultural practices,
such as dances, songs, and festivals. There are a plethora of reasons behind this situation,
and several solutions should be taken into account to tacke it.
Bài tập
Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today.
What are the causes of global warming and what measures can governments and
individuals take to tackle the issue?
1. Một số cá nhân tin rằng một trong những vấn đề đáng báo động nhất trên thế giới là
hiện tượng nóng lên toàn cầu.
 Some people hold belief that one of the most alarming global issues is global
warming.
2. Có nhiều nguyên nhân gây ra vấn đề này, và nhiều vấn đề cần được xem xét để giảm
thiểu nó.
 There are a large number of reasons behind this situation, and several approaches
should be taken into account to tackle it.
An increasing number of professionals, such as doctors and teachers, are leaving
their own poorer countries to work in developed countries. Why is this the case?
What solutions can you suggest to deal with this situation?
1. Có một sự thật rằng các chuyên gia trong các nước đang phát triển, bao gồm các bác sĩ
và giáo viên, đang dần chuyển sang làm việc ở các nước phát triển để nâng cao sự
nghiệp.
 It is true that many experts in developing countries, such as physicians and teachers,
are increasingly moving toward working in developed countries for their career
development.
2. Có một vài nguyên nhân dẫn tới tình trạng này, và chính phủ nên áp dụng nhiều biện
pháp để giải quyết chúng.
 There are a number of reasons behind this situation, and the government shoul adopt
muptitude approaches to address it.
2. Main Body
Đề hỏi nguyên nhân & vấn đề
- Body 1: Nguyên nhân
- Body 2: Vấn đề
Đề hỏi nguyên nhân & giải đáp
- Body 1: Nguyên nhân
- Body 2: Giải pháp
a) Cách Viết Câu Chủ Đề
Nguyên nhân
- A range of factors are responsible for/ to blame for [topic].
Vấn đề
- A range of problem resulting from [topic] are worth mentioning.
- [Topic] has given rise to a host of alarming problems.
Giải pháp
- To address this issue, both A and B should take immediate actions.
- To solve this problem, a multi-faceted approach is required.
- To tackle this problem, several solutions should be implemented.
b) Từ Nối Cho Đoạn Nguyên Nhân
- Luận điểm:
+ One reason for the increasing/ decreasing [topic] is (that)…
+ Another factor that contributes to this situation is (that)….
- Giải thích:
+ This is because [reason]
+ This is due to the fact that [reason]
- Mở rộng:
+ As a result, [result]
+ Therefore, [result]
VD:
- Câu chủ đề: A range of factors are responsible for the aforementioned problem.
- Luận điểm: One reason for the decreasing interest of young people in traditional
practices is the influence of modern technology.
- Giải thích: This is because technology is often engaging and does not require
people to move around.
- Mở rộng: As a result, young children, especially those with sedentary lifestyle (lối
sống ít vận động), are more likely to choose technology over traditional games.
Bài tập
1. Luận điểm: Một yếu tố khác góp phần vào tình trạng này là do thiếu tham gia vào các
sự kiện văn hoá.
 Another factor that contributes to this situation is the lack of engagement in cultural
events.
2. Giải thích: Lí do là vì nhiều thanh niên ít khi tiếp xúc với các hoạt động truyền thống
do sự vắng mặt của những hoạt động này trong cuộc sống hằng ngày của họ.
 This is because many adolescents are rarely exposed to traditional practices
3. Mở rộng (ví dụ): Ví dụ, một số thanh niên có thể sống ở khu vực đô thị, tại đây, các trò
chơi hoặc lễ hội văn hoá truyền thống không được tổ chức thường xuyên.
 For instance, a number of teenage children lives in urban areas, in which conventional
games or cultural festivals are not commonly held.
4. Mở rộng (hệ quả 1): Do đó, khi trưởng thành, các thanh niên có thể xa lạ với các hoạt
động văn hoá.
 Therefore, when becoming adults, adolescents may be foreign to (xa lạ với) cultural
practices.
c) Từ Nối Cho Đoạn Vấn Đề
- Luận điểm:
+ First and foremost, [problem] is a direct consequence of [topic]
+ Moreover, the aforementioned phenomenon also brings about [problem]
- Giải thích:
+ This underlying reason is that [reason]
+ This can be attributed to [reason – N phrase]
- Mở rộng:
+ As a result, [result]
+ Consequently, [result]
VD: Phân tích hậu quả của việc giới trẻ mất đi sự quan tâm với phong tục văn hoá
truyền thống
- Câu chủ đề: The lack of interest in traditional pracitces among today’s youth has
given rise to a host of problems.
- Luận điểm: First and foremost, the erosion (sự xói mòn) of cultural heritage is a
direct consequence of this phenomenon.
- Giải thích: This can be atributted to the fact the young people, surrounded by
modern technology and new means of entertainment, are less eager to learn about
the old local pratices and ceremonies.
- Mở rộng: Consequently, valuable customs and knowledge are at risk of (có nguy
cơ) being forgotten and lost forever.
Bài tập
1. moreover
2. result in
3. this is because
4. as a result
5. which
 Từ vựng:
- find + sth + Adj: cảm thấy cái gì đó như thế nào
- establish a strong connection with their cultural roots: có mối liên kết vững chắc với cội
nguồn văn hoá
- a sense of belonging: cảm giác thuộc về, được kết nối, công nhận, trân trọng trong một
nhóm
d) Từ Nối Cho Đoạn Giải Pháp
- Luận điểm:
+ The first way is to [solution]
+ Secondly, [solution]
+ Another solution is that [solution]
- Giải thích (Làm rõ giải pháp – How can it be done?)
+ S + can/should/ought to do V
+ This can be achieved by + Ving
- Mở rộng (Result):
+ This is detrimental to/ critical for [further explain the idea]
+ This can help/ allow + sb + to do sth
+ Such an approach will have a positive effect on …
VD: Để đưa ra giải pháp cho việc giới trẻ mất đi sự quan tâm với phong tục văn hoá
truyền thống
- Câu chủ đề: To encourage young people to participate in traditional cultural
activities, several solutions should be implemented.
- Luận điểm: The first way is to introduce cultural activities to children at an early
age in school and at home.
- Giải thích: Parents and teachers ought to organize cultural events or take children
to festivals to expose them to these traditions.
- Mở rộng: This can help young people to develop a love and appriciation for their
cultural heritage.
Bài tập
1. Secondly
2. This can be achieved by
3. Such an approach
4. their
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, it is apparent that there are a wide variety of reasons for this prolem
such as …., and a vast quantity of approaches should be adopted to deal with it.
VD:
 In conclusion, it is apparent that there are a wide vảiety of reasons for this problem,
and a vast quanitity of approaches should be adopted to deal with it.
 In conclusion, it is apparent that there are various reasons for the decline in cultural
interest among young poeple, and serveral approaches should be taken into account to
address this problem.
SAMPLE
It is true that in recent years, numerous teenagers have been losing interest in traditional
cultural activities such as dances, folk songs, and fetivals. There are a number of reasons
behind this trend, and several solutions should be adopted to address it.
A range of factors are responsible for the problem. One reason for the decreasing interest
of young people in traditional practices is the influence of modern techonology. As
technology is oftsen engaging and does not require people to move around, young
children, especially those with sedentary lifestyles, are more likely to choose technology
over traditional games. Another factor that contributes to this situation is the lack of
cultural events in their local areas. This is especially true to young people in urban areas
where traditional cultural games or festivals are not commonly held. Therefore, these
teenagers, when they grow up to be adults, may be foreign to cultural practices.
To encourage young people’s participation, several solutions can be implemented. The
first way is to introduce cultural activities to children in school and at home. Parents and
teachers, for instance, can organize cultural events or take children to festivals to expose
them to these traditions. This can help young people to develop an appreciation for their
cultural heritage and cherish their local long-lasting traditions. Secondly, the authorities
can make traditional cultural activities more relevant and accessible to adolescents. This
can be achieved by incorporating modern elements such as technology or pop culture into
traditional cultural events, allowing the youth to see the relevance of these practices.
In conclusion, there are various reasons for the cultural disinterest among young people.
By increasing the exposure to and the relevance of cultural activities, more young people
can be encouraged to participate and preserve cultural heritage.
 Từ vựng
- Adolescents (n): thanh thiếu niên
- Cultural disinterest: thiếu quan tâm về văn hoá
- Cultural practices: hoạt động văn hoá
- Exposure: sự tiếp xúc  be exposed to (v): được tiếp xúc với
- Folk songs: nhạc truyền thống
- Heritage: di sản
- Cherish (v): giữ gìn, trân trọng  cherish long-lasting traditions: giữ gìn truyền
thống lâu đời
- Incorporate (v): kết hợp
- Preserve (v): giữ gìn, bảo tồn
Bài tập cuối chương
I.
1. culture diversity
2. cherish long-lasting traditions
3. experience
4. conventional preservation
5. ceremony
6. lead to
7. to blame for
8. invest
9. result in
10. adolescents
II.
Negative Postive
- Rip off (chặt chém) tourist - Organizing local events
- Cummercialize cultural - Organize cultural gatherings (sự tụ
destinations to make profits tập = reunion)
- Disrespect foreign people - Organize free workshops for
- Spread misinformation about the tourists
country on the ãInternet - Set clear regulations on what
tourists can do
- Raise cultural awareness for
families and friends
- Be kind to foreign tourists

III. In some countries, cultural traditions are destroyed when they are used as
money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Why is this the case? What measures
can be taken to prevent this phnomenon?
In some countries cultural traditions are destroyed
- in a number of countries - conventional customs - are being lost/ eroded
- cultural practices
- in some area - cultural traditional - the loss of N
- around the world activities

money-making aimed at tourists

attractions
Profit-driven commercial - targeted at - visitors
attractions - specially for - travellers
- guests
Outline
1. Cause
- tourists prefer fun and new things
 alter cultural pratices to attract tourists
(e.g.) lantern making and silk weaving in Hoi An, Vietnam  weakened the authenticity
and cultural importance
- heavy reliance on tourism for profit
 more focus on profits over cultural preservation
 tradions lose their value
2. Solutions
- governments introduce stricter regulations
(e.g.) a clear limit on commercial activities and stricter control of business in Hoi An,
Vietnam
- local authorities raise awareness of local culture and give warnings to visitors
 free workshops, activities and instructions when first exploring the local culture
 preserve traditions as well as meet the demand (đáp ứng nhu cầu) from tourists
---
It is true that in some areas around the world, commercialization at tourists sites lead to
the loss of cultural traditions. There is a large number of reasons behind this situation,
and several solutions should be adopted to address it.
A range of factors are responsible for the loss of cultural traditional activities. One reason
for the increasing profit-driven commercial attractions is that currently, tourists prefer
amusing and modern contemporary forms of entertainment.
IV. Today is a great increase in anti-social behavior and a lack of respect of others.
What are the cause of this problem? What measures can be taken to reduce the
problem?
Today, there is a significant increase in anti-social behavior and a lack of respect for
others. This problem is a direct consequence of the rapid changes in our society and the
impact of modern technology. To address the problem, there are several solutions that
societies can implement.
The problem of disrespectful behavior can be attributed to a number of factors. The first
reason worth mentiong is the widespread use of social media and online platform. Today,
individuals are spending more time in virtual spaces, where there is a lack of face-to-face
communication. This has led to a decline in genuine connections and a rise in
disrespectful behavior as people may feel less responsible for their actions online. As a
result, these bad behaviors affect how people treat each other in real life, creating a
concerning environment of rudeness and lack of respect. Furthermore, nowadays, the
youth often focus on individual expression. Many view politeness and consideration as a
sign of weakness and therefore prioritize showing their opinions and desires over
adhering to respectful behavior.
To address this problem, a mutifaced approach is required. First and foremost, we need to
emphasize the importance of education and instilling positive virtues from a young age.
Schools and families should focus on teaching empathy, respect, and kidness, building a
culture of understanding and compassion. Secondly, promoting face-to-face interactions
and community engagement is crucial to bringing people together and reducing anti-
social behavior. This can be achived by organizing local events, cultural gatherings, and
community service activities. Such an approach will have a positive effect on building a
sense of belonging and within the community.
In conclusion, the increasing anti-social behavior and lack of respect for others are
consequences of societal changes and technology’s influence. To reduce this problem, it
is essential to prioritize education that promates empathy and kindness, and to foster real-
life interactions and community engagement. By implementing these measures, we can
work towards building a society that cherishes its long-lasting cultural values and treats
other with kindness and consideration.
BÀI 14 – CONSOLIDATION

Common questions