Puberty
reproductive organs startbecoming active and the body transitsinto an
adult state
Humans
gain primary sex characteristics at birth
Ingirls theovaries and
in
boys the testes
these are primary sex characteristics as theyproduce reproductive hormones
and gametes
puberty occurs at a different time foreveryone and mayproducea variety
of changes
Secondarysex characteristics triggered by
hormone levels in malesandfemales
females
growthspurt armpithair pubic hair developmentofbreastsexternal
genitals skindarkens female pattern of fat deposition on hips
buttocks
thighs braindevelopsand mature matureeggs formeney
month in ovaries uterusgrowths and menstruation
beggs
menstruation
males
growth spurt armpithair pubichair facialhair voicebreaks external
genitaliagrow and skindarkens the testesgrowand
become active
spermthroughout life shoulderand chest broadenas
producing
muscles develop and brain matures
the main female reproductive homoe is oestrogen ovaries
produced
by
the man male reproductivehormone is testosterone produced
by testes
males usually undergo the initial stages of Puberty
slightly laterthan
females
testes scrotum urethra
peas prostate
gland
I
placesspermintothe makespern keepstestes allows urine semen
outofthebody though
seminalvesicle
spermduct
production
for max sperm
carryspermto the
urethra
A add secretions to the sperm to make semen
Shrivelreside
Uterus
Vagina Unethxa Ovary Fallopian tube oviduct
travels
fetusdevelops receives sperm theteggs tothe
egg uterus for
here duringsexual naturehere
intercourse fertilisation
Cervix
entranceto the uterus
Male Female
I
tanal camel I anal canal
2 Urethra 2 urethra
3 vagina
Menstrual
Cycle
female
reaching puberty
has a monthy menstrualcycle
every upon
the menstrual
cycle occurs approximately
every 28days
Every month eggs mature in the ovary and are released this is called
ovulation
Concurrentlythe uterus lining alsothickens to ready the uteryforpregnancy
It the egg is not utilised the lining of the uterus isshed
there are 4 hormones involvedin the menstrual cycle
Folliclestimulatinghormone
FSHis secreted
by thepituitarygland
stimulates the maturation of
It stimulates in
eggs the
follicles inovaries
It the avenues to
produce oestrogen
Luteinisinghormone
LH is screated by thepituitarygland
It stimulates therelease of mature egg fromovary
Mainly responsibleforovulation after which its levels fall
oestrogen
Oestrogenis
secreted the ovaries
by
itstimulates the lining to uterus togrow in preparationforpregnancy
oestrogen inhibits FSH andstimulates LH
Progesterone
is secretedby emptyeggfollicleinovary afterovulation
Progesterone
Maintains the thickening of lining in 2nd half of cycle
Inhibits FSHand LH
14 2
1201
LH
Contraception
to prevent pregnancy there are different contraceptive methods withdifferent
advantages and disadvantages
Barrier methods
Condoms and diaphragms are commonbarrier methods
they prenet
the sperm from
reading the egg
A randomis a thin latex sheath worn over thepen's deeringintercourse
to prevent the semen from meetingthe egg
Noside effects
Gives protection against STDs AIDS syphilis
Adiaphragm is a thinrubber diaphragm placedoverthe cervix before sexto
prevententryofsperm
Intrauterine devices
IUDs are small T shaped structures inserted doctor
by
Can last upto 5years and contain copper prevents implantationof
early
embryoin interes
Some IUDs also contain progesterone whichbuilds up utens liningand
thickers mucusofcervix
Veryeffective but can cause menstrual irregularities andinfections
0 Chemicalmethods
Spermicides are sometimes used to kill or disablesperm
Not helpful in preventing pregnancy
Oral contraceptivepills
pills contain hormones to
prevent pregnancy
Mixedpill
the pills contain low dosesof progesterone and oestrogen which inhibi
FSH hence no
eggsmaturein ovary preventing pregnancy
the pills also p I ng son tuckeng hencepreventingpregnancy
they also make the mucus in cervixthicker pronatingspermfrom
gettingthrough
sideeffects raisedbloodpressure thrombosis breastcancer
Singlehormone
pill
some pills only containprogesterone they have fewersideeffects
These
pills must betaken regularly If not it'll cause hormonal
imbalance and can cause unwantedconception
Alternativeway
contraceptive implants can last for 3 Atubeis insertedunder
the skin years
which slowly releases progesterone
there are also contraceptive injections containingonly progesterone lastingupto
3months
have a mixture of progesterone and oestrogen
Contraceptivepatches
the patchis stuck on skin replaceit week hormones aredirectly
absorbedinto blood every
All OCPs prevent maturation andrelease affectsnthing
and egg
mucus in cervix
lining
Abstinence
Abstinence implies not taking part in intercoursefor a certainperiod
oftime
Obviously if people do not have sex they will not get pregnet
This method is relevantto religions groups and some cultures
which do not accept artificial methods of contraception
Abstaining from during or amend the days of ovulation sothat
intercourse
to fertilise with the sperm
thuggis material the Rhythm method
No side effects but not reliable
Surgical Methods
Surgical sterilisation is another effective alternative
In males spermducts are cut andtied thus sperm cannotbe apart
of the semen vasectomy
In women oviducts are cut or tied this egg cannot reach theuterus
gener shel for gang
these methods are permanent andeffective
Infertility more
and
new
billot in
hormones obesity
eatingdeadlexia
Age
IVF in vitro fertilisation
A B Car A B
1 1
uterus
midnets egg is damaged
Ydesd
biteggis
Yeleased properly
C
surrogate