‭10.

6 Notes‬
‭Euler’s Formula (well, one of them)‬
‭By the end of today’s lesson you will be able to:‬
‭‬
● ‭ eview Sigma notation‬
R
‭●‬ ‭Explore Power Series‬ ‭‬ A
● ‭ pply Euler’s formula‬
‭●‬ ‭Review the Exponential series‬ ‭●‬ ‭Write complex numbers in their exponential form‬
‭●‬ ‭Apply the power series for sine and cosine‬ ‭●‬ ‭Explore logarithms of negative numbers‬

‭4‬
‭Review:‬‭Sigma Notation:‬ ‭Ex.)‬ ∑ (‭3‭𝑛
‬ ‬ − ‭1)‬
‭𝑛‬=‭1‬

‭Power Series‬
‭∞‬
‭𝑛‬ ‭2‬ ‭3‬
‭An infinite series of the form‬ ∑ ‭𝑎‬‭𝑛‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭𝑎‬‭0‬ + ‭𝑎‬‭1‬‭𝑥‬ + ‭𝑎‬‭2‬‭𝑥‬ + ‭𝑎‬‭3‭𝑥
‬
‬ +..., ‭where‬‭𝑥‬‭and‬‭𝑎‬‭𝑛‬ ‭can take on any values for‬
‭𝑛‬=‭0‬
‭𝑛‬ = ‭0,‬ ‭1,‬ ‭2‬,...‭, is called a power series in x.‬

‭Notice that each partial sum is a polynomial function so the series can be thought of as an “infinite” polynomial.‬

‭Taylor Series -‬‭A power series where the‬‭𝑎‬‭𝑛‬ ‭are calculated using derivatives to approximate a function by using a polynomial‬

‭Derivative -‬‭A function that calculates the slope‬‭of another function.‬

‭2‬
‭Ex.) Find the slope of‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) = ‭𝑥‬ + ‭𝑥‬ − ‭4‬‭when‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭2‬‭using a derivative.‬

‭𝑥‬
‭Below are the Taylor series that can be used to approximate‬‭𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥‬, ‭‬‭𝑠𝑖𝑛‬‭‬‭𝑥,‬ ‭and‬‭𝑒‬ ‭:‬
‭2‬ ‭4‬ ‭6‬ ‭8‬
‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥
‭𝑐𝑜𝑠‬‭‭𝑥
‬ ‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭1‬ − ‭2‬!
+ ‭4!‬
− ‭6!‬
+ ‭8‬!
‭. . .‬
‭3‬ ‭5‬ ‭7‬ ‭9‬
‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥
‭𝑠𝑖𝑛‬‭‬‭𝑥‭‬‬ = ‭‬‭𝑥‬ − ‭3‬!
+ ‭5‬!
− ‭7‬!
+ ‭9!‬
‭. . .‬
‭2‬ ‭3‬ ‭4‬
‭𝑥‬ ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥 ‭‬
𝑥
‭𝑒‬ = ‭‭1
‬ ‬+ ‭1‬!
+ ‭2!‬
+ ‭3‬!
+ ‭4!‬
‭. . . (also called the exponential series)‬
‭Do you notice any similarities in the taylor series representations of those three functions?‬

‭ relationship is derived by replacing‬‭𝑥‬‭with‬‭i‭θ

A ‬ ‬‭in the exponential series where‬‭i‬‭is the imaginary unit and‬‭θ‬‭is the measure‬
‭of an angle in radians:‬

‭This relationship is called‬‭Euler’s Formula‬‭.‬

‭𝑖‬‭θ‬
‭Euler’s Formula:‬‭For any real number‬‭θ‭,‬‬ ‭𝑒‬ = ‭𝑐𝑜𝑠‬‭‬‭θ‬ + ‭𝑖‭‬‬‭𝑠𝑖𝑛‬‭‬‭θ‬

‭*If we multiply both sides by r, then the right side of the equation yields the polar form of a complex number:‬
‭𝑖‬‭θ‬
‭𝑟𝑒‬ = ‭𝑟‬(‭𝑐𝑜𝑠‬‭‭θ
‬ ‬ + ‭𝑖‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑖𝑛‬‭‭θ
‬ ‬)

‭𝑖‬‭θ‬ ‭2‬ ‭2‬

‭So the exponential form of a complex number‬‭𝑎‬ + ‭𝑏𝑖‬‭is given by:‬‭𝑎‬ + ‭𝑏𝑖‬ = ‭𝑟‬‭𝑒‬ ‭where‬‭𝑟‬ = ‭𝑎‬ + ‭𝑏‬ ‭and‬
−‭1‬ ‭𝑏‬ −‭1‬ ‭𝑏‬
‭θ‬ = ‭𝑡𝑎‬‭𝑛‬ ( ‭𝑎‬ ) ‭for‬‭𝑎‬ > ‭0‬‭and‬‭θ‬ = ‭𝑡𝑎‬‭𝑛‬ ( ‭𝑎‬ ) + ‭π‬‭for‬‭𝑎‬ < ‭0‭.‬‬

‭Ex. 1) Write‬− ‭3‬+ ‭i‬‭in exponential form.‬

‭Ex. 2) Write the following exponents as complex numbers.‬
‭2π‬
‭𝑖‬ ‭3‬
‭a.‬ ‭4‭𝑒
‬‬

‭5π‬
‭ ‬ ‭𝑖‬ ‭4‬
1
‭b.‬ − ‭2‬
‭𝑒‬

‭Ex. 3) Write 5 - 5‬‭i‬‭in exponential form.‬