2021-2022
Fall Semester
Electronics
Dr. Ahmed Abdelreheem
Lecture No.
▪ Chapter 1: Electricity
▪ Chapter 03: Ohm’s Law
▪ Chapter 04: Series Circuits
▪ Chapter 05: Parallel Circuits
▪ Chapter 06: Series-Parallel Circuits
▪ Chapter 07: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers
Outlines ▪
▪
Chapter 09: Kirchhoff ’s Laws
Chapter 10: Network Theorems
▪ Chapter 16: Capacitance
▪ Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance
▪ Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits
▪ Chapter 19: Inductance
▪ Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance
▪ Chapter 21 : Inductive Circuits
▪ Chapter 27 : Diodes and Diode Applications
▪ Chapter 28 : Bipolar Junction Transistors
▪ Chapter 29 : Transistor Amplifiers
2 ▪ Chapter 33 : Operational Amplifiers
Chapter 5
Parallel Circuits
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• 5-6: Total Power in Parallel Circuits.
• 5-7: Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns.
• 5-8: Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits.
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5-1: The Applied Voltage VA Is the Same Across
Parallel Branches 1
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit.
• Voltage is the same across each branch in a parallel circuit.
• The total current is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.
• The equivalent resistance (REQ) is less than the smallest branch resistance. The term
equivalent resistance refers to a single resistance that would draw the same amount of
current as all of the parallel connected branches.
• Total power is equal to the sum of the power dissipated by each branch resistance.
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5-1: The Applied Voltage VA Is the Same Across
Parallel Branches 2
• A parallel circuit is formed when two or more
components are connected across the same two
points.
• A common application of parallel circuits is the typical
house wiring of many receptacles to the 120-V 60 Hz ac
power line.
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Parallel Circuits
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Parallel Circuits
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• The current in a parallel circuit equals the voltage applied across
the circuit divided by the resistance between the two points where
the voltage is applied.
• Each path for current in a parallel circuit is called a branch.
Each branch current equals V R where V is the same
across all branches.
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Parallel Circuits
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Kirchhoff ’s Current Law (KCL)
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• This circuit structure gives the same result as wiring each parallel branch directly to the
voltage source.
• The main advantage of using this structure is that it requires less wire.
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• The pair of leads connecting all the branches to the voltage source terminals is the main
line.
• All the current in the circuit must come from one side of the voltage source and return to
the opposite side for a complete path.
• The amount of current in the main line is equal to the total of the branch currents.
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• The total current IT in the main line is equal to the sum of the branch currents.
• This is known as Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL).
• It applies to any number of parallel branches, whether the resistances in those branches
are equal or not.
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IT = I1 + I 2 + I3 + I 4
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Resistances in Parallel
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• The combined equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit may be
found by dividing the common voltage across all resistances by
the total current of all the branches.
VA
R EQ =
IT
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• A combination of parallel branches is called a bank.
• A combination of parallel resistances REQ for the bank is always less than the smallest
individual branch resistance because IT must be more than any one branch current.
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• The equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit must be less than the smallest branch
resistance.
• Adding more branches to a parallel circuit reduces the equivalent resistance because
more current is drawn from the same voltage source.
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• Total power is equal to the sum of the power dissipated by
the individual resistances of the parallel branches:
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + etc.
• Total power is equal to voltage times total current:
PT = VT IT
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• Determining Power.
102
P1 = = 10 W
10
102
P2 = = 20 W
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PT = 10 + 20 = 30 W
Check: PT = VT IT = 10 V 3 A = 30 W
Figure 5-14: The sum of the power values P1 and P2 used in each branch equals the total power PT
produced by the source.
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• When the voltage across one branch is known, use this
voltage for all branches. There can be only one voltage
across branch points with the same potential difference.
• If the values for IT and one branch current (I1) are
known, the value of I2 can be found by subtracting I1
from IT.
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Opens in Parallel Circuits.
• An open circuit in one branch results in no current
through that branch.
• However, an open circuit in one branch has no effect on
the other branches. This is because the other branches
are still connected to the voltage source.
• An open in the main line prevents current from reaching
any branch, so all branches are affected.
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• Opens in Parallel Circuits.
In Figure 5-16 (b) bulbs 2 and 3 still light. However, the total current is smaller. In
Figure 5-16 (a) no bulbs light.
Figure 5-16: Effect of an open in a parallel circuit. (a) Open path in the main line—no current and no
light for all the bulbs. (b) Open path in any branch—bulb for that branch does not light, but the other
two bulbs operate normally.
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Shorts in a Parallel Circuit.
• A short circuit has zero resistance, resulting in excessive
current in the shorted branch.
• A shorted branch shorts the entire circuit.
• Current does not flow in the branches that are not
shorted. They are bypassed by the short circuit path that
has zero resistance.
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• A Short in a Parallel Circuit.
The other branches are shorted out. The total current is very high.
Figure 5-17: Effect of a short circuit across parallel branches. (a) Normal circuit. (b) Short circuit across
points H and G shorts out all the branches.
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