Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 56 / 77
The Cylindrical Coordinate System
In a cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in space is represented by
an ordered triple (r , θ, z).
(a) (r , θ) is a polar representation of the projection of P in the
xy-plane.
(b) z is the directed distance from (r , θ) to P.
To convert from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates (or vice versa),
use the conversion guidelines for polar coordinates listed below and
illustrated in the figure above.
Cylindrical to rectangular:
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z=z
Rectangular to cylindrical:
y
r 2 = x 2 + y 2, tan θ = , z=z
x
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 57 / 77
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 58 / 77
The spherical Coordinate System
In a spherical coordinate system, a point P in space is represented by
an ordered triple (ρ, θ, ϕ).
(a) ρ is the distance between P and the origin, ρ ≥ 0.
(b) θ is the same angle used in cylindrical coordinates for r ≥ 0..
(c) ϕ is the angle between the positive z-axis and the line segment
OP, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π.
Note that the first and third coordinates, ρ and ϕ, are nonnegative.
The figure above shows how rectangular and spherical coordinates
correspond. Use the following formulas to convert between them..
Spherical to rectangular:
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ
Rectangular to spherical:
y z
ρ2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , tan θ = , ϕ = cos−1 p
x x 2 + y 2 + z2
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 59 / 77
Divergence Theorem- Definitions and Theorems
Let Q be a solid region in space bounded by the surface S
oriented outward by a unit normal N.
Let F(x, y , z) be a vector field whose component functions have
continuous first partial derivatives.
The divergence theorem states that
ZZ ZZZ
F · N dS = divF dV .
S Q
If divF > 0, we say that we have a source. If divF < 0, we have a
sink.
Why the Divergence Theorem?
Connects surface flux of a vector field to its volume divergence.
Simplifies flux integrals over complicated closed surfaces.
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 60 / 77
Example
Find the flux integral ZZ
F · N dS
S
given the vector field F(x, y , z) = xi + y j + zk and the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
Solution
Because divF = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, the divergence theorem says that
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
F · N dS = divF dV = 3 dV = 3 (volume of sphere)
S Q Q
4 3
=3 π (2) = 32π.
3
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 61 / 77
Example
Use divergence theorem by evaluating
ZZ
F · N dS
S
(a) F(x, y , z) = 2xi − 2y j + z 2 k S: cube bounded by the planes x =
0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1
(b) F(x, y , z) = 2xi−2y j+z 2 k S: cylinder x 2 +y 2 = 4, 0≤z≤3
(c) F(x, y , z) =
xy i + zj + (x + y )k S: surface bounded by the planes y =
4 and z = 4 − x and the coordinate planes
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 62 / 77
Solutions
(a)
ZZZ Z 1Z 1Z 1
∇ · F = 2z, div F dV = 2zdzdydx = 1
Q 0 0 0
(b)
ZZZ Z 2π Z 2Z 3
∇ · F = 2z, div F dV = 2zrdzdrdθ = 36π
Q 0 0 0
(c)
ZZZ Z 4 Z 4 Z 4−x
∇ · F = y, div F dV = ydzdydx = 64
Q 0 0 0
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 63 / 77
Exercises
(a) Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the flux integral
ZZZ
F · N dS,
S
where
F(x, y , z) = xi + y 2 j − zk
and S is the surface bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 25, z = 0, and z = 7.
(b) Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the flux integral
ZZZ
F · N dS,
S
where
F(x, y , z) = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k
and S is the cube bounded by the planes
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 64 / 77
(c) Verify the divergence theorem for
F(x, y , z) = xzi + zy j + 2z 2 k
and the surface bounded by z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and z = 0. That is,
calculate the flux integral
ZZZ
F · N dS
S
and the corresponding triple integral
ZZZ
div F dV .
Q
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus May 1, 2025 65 / 77