Unitalthough though even though

113 in spite of despite

A Study this example situation:

Last year Paul and Sarah had a holiday by the sea.

It rained a lot, but they had a good time.
You can say:
Although it rained a lot, they had a good time.
(= It rained a lot, but they …)
or
In spite of ⎫ the rain, they had a good time.
⎬
Despite ⎭

B After although we use a subject + verb:

Although it rained a lot, they had a good time.
I didn’t apply for the job although I had the necessary qualifications.
Compare the meaning of although and because:
We went out although it was raining heavily.
We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.

C After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:

In spite of the rain, we had a good time.
She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she continued working.
In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.
I didn’t apply for the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications.
Despite is the same as in spite of. We say in spite of, but despite (without of):
She wasn’t well, but despite this she continued working. (not despite of this)
You can say ‘in spite of the fact (that) …’ and ‘despite the fact (that) …’ :
⎧ in spite of the fact (that) ⎧
I didn’t apply for the job ⎨ ⎨ I had the necessary qualifications.
⎩ despite the fact (that) ⎩
Compare in spite of and because of:
We went out in spite of the rain. (or … despite the rain.)
We didn’t go out because of the rain.

D Compare although and in spite of / despite:

Although the traffic was bad, ⎧
⎨ we arrived on time. (not in spite of the traffic was bad)
In spite of the traffic, ⎩
⎧
I couldn’t sleep ⎨ although I was very tired.
⎩ despite being very tired. (not despite I was tired)

E though = although:
I didn’t apply for the job though I had the necessary qualifications.
In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence:
The house isn’t so nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden)
I see them every day. I’ve never spoken to them though. (= but I’ve never spoken to them)
Even though (but not ‘even’ alone) is similar to although:
Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep. (not even I was really tired)

226 even ➜ Unit 112

 Unit
Exercises 113
113.1 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box.
I didn’t speak the language well she has a very important job
I had never seen her before we don’t like them very much
it was quite cold the heating was on
I’d met her twice before we’ve known each other a long time

1 Although she has a very important job , she isn’t well-paid.

2 , I recognised her from a photo.
3 Sarah wasn’t wearing a coat .
4 We decided to invite them to the party .
5 , I managed to make myself understood.
6 , the room wasn’t warm.
7 I didn’t recognise her .
8 We’re not close friends .

113.2 Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of.
1 Although it rained a lot, we had a good time.
2 a all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
b we’d planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3 a I went home early I was feeling unwell.
b I went to work the next day I was still feeling unwell.
4 a Chris only accepted the job the salary, which was very high.
b Sam accepted the job the salary, which was rather low.
5 a there was a lot of noise, I slept quite well.
b I couldn’t get to sleep the noise.

Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:

6 a He passed the exam although .
b He passed the exam because .
7 a I didn’t eat much although .
b I didn’t eat much in spite of .

113.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.
1 I couldn’t sleep. I was very tired. (despite)
I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.
2 We played quite well. We lost the game. (in spite of)
In spite
3 I’d hurt my foot. I managed to walk home. (although)

4 I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)

5 We live in the same building. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)

6 They came to the party. They hadn’t been invited. (even though)

113.4 Use the words in brackets to make a sentence with though at the end.
1 The house isn’t very nice. (like / garden) I like the garden though.
2 I enjoyed reading the book. (very long)
3 We didn’t like the food. (ate)
4 Laura is very nice. (don’t like / husband) I

➜ Additional exercise 32 (page 321) 227

Unit
114 in case
A Study this example situation:

Your car should have a spare wheel in case you have

a puncture.
(= because it is possible you will have a puncture)
in case something happens =
because it is possible it will happen

Some more examples of in case:

I’d better write down my password in case I forget it.
(= because it is possible I will forget it)
Shall I draw a map for you in case you have a problem finding our house?
(= because it is possible you will have problems finding it)
I’ll remind them about the meeting in case they’ve forgotten.
(= because it is possible they have forgotten)
We use just in case for a smaller possibility:
I don’t think it will rain, but I’ll take an umbrella just in case. (= just in case it rains)
We do not use will after in case (see also Unit 25):
I’ll write down my password in case I forget it. (not in case I will forget)

B In case and if are not the same. We use in case to say why somebody does (or doesn’t do) something.
You do something now in case something happens later.
Compare:

in case if
We’ll buy some more food in case We’ll buy some more food if Tom
Tom comes. comes.
(= Maybe Tom will come. We’ll buy (= Maybe Tom will come. If he comes,
some more food now, whether he comes we’ll buy some more food. If he doesn’t
or not. Then we’ll already have the food come, we won’t buy any more food.)
if he comes.)
I’ll give you my phone number in case You can call me on this number if you
you need to contact me. need to contact me.
You should insure your bike in case it You should inform the police if your
is stolen. bike is stolen.

C You can use in case + past to say why somebody did something:
I gave him my phone number in case he needed to contact me.
(= because it was possible that he would need to contact me)
I drew a map for Sarah in case she had a problem finding our house.
We rang the doorbell again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time.

D in case of = if there is … (especially on notices, instructions etc.):

In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (= if there is a fire)
In case of emergency, call this number. (= if there is an emergency)

228 if ➜ Units 25, 38–40

 Unit
Exercises 114
114.1 Sophie is going for a long walk in the country. You’re worried about her because:

perhaps she’ll be thirsty she might need to call somebody maybe she’ll get lonely
it’s possible she’ll get lost perhaps she’ll get hungry maybe it will rain

You advise her to take some things with her. Complete the sentences using in case.
1 Take a map in case you get lost .
2 You should take some chocolate .
3 You’ll need an anorak .
4 Take plenty of water .
5 Don’t forget your phone .
6 Shall I come with you ?

114.2 What do you say in these situations? Use in case.

1 It’s possible that Jane will need to contact you, so you give her your phone number.
You say: I’ll give you my phone number in case you need to contact me .
2 A friend of yours is going away for a long time. Maybe you won’t see her again before she
goes, so you decide to say goodbye now.
You say: I’ll say goodbye now .
3 You are buying food in a supermarket with a friend. You think you have everything you need,
but maybe you’ve forgotten something. Your friend has the list. You ask her to check it.
You say: Can you ?
4 You’re shopping with a friend. She’s just bought some jeans, but she didn’t try them on.
Maybe they won’t fit her, so you advise her to keep the receipt.
You say: Keep .

114.3 Complete the sentences using in case.

1 It was possible that it would rain, so I took an umbrella.
I took an umbrella in case it rained .
2 I thought that I might forget the name of the book. So I wrote it down.
I wrote down the name of the book .
3 I thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them.
I phoned my parents .
4 I sent an email to Lisa, but she didn’t reply. So I sent another email because maybe she didn’t
get the first one.
I sent her another email .
5 I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London
one day. I live in London, so I gave them my phone number.
I gave them my phone number .

114.4 Put in in case or if.

1 I’ll draw a map for you in case you have a problem finding our house.
2 You should tell the police if you have any information about the crime.
3 I hope you’ll come to Australia sometime. you come, you must visit us.
4 I made a copy of the document something happens to the original.
5 This book belongs to Kate. Can you give it to her you see her?
6 Write your name and phone number on your bag you lose it.
7 Go to the lost property office you lose your bag.
8 The burglar alarm will ring somebody tries to break into the house.
9 You should lock your bike to something somebody tries to steal it.
10 I was advised to get insurance I needed medical treatment while I was abroad.

➜ Additional exercise 32 (page 321) 229

Unit
115 unless as long as provided
A unless
Study this example situation:

The club is for members only.

You can’t go in unless you are a member.
This means:
You can’t go in except if you are a member.
You can go in only if you are a member.
unless = except if

Some more examples of unless:

I’ll see you tomorrow unless I have to work late.
(= except if I have to work late)
There are no buses to the beach. Unless you have a car, it’s difficult to get there.
(= except if you have a car)
A: Shall I tell Lisa what happened?
B: Not unless she asks you. (= tell her only if she asks you)
Ben hates to complain. He wouldn’t complain about something unless it was really bad.
(= except if it was really bad)
We can take a taxi to the restaurant – unless you’d prefer to walk. (= except if you’d
prefer to walk)
Instead of unless it is often possible to say if … not:
Unless we leave now, we’ll be late. or If we don’t leave now, we’ll …

B as long as / so long as and provided / providing

You can say as long as or so long as (= if, on condition that):
⎧ ⎫
You can borrow my car ⎨ as long as ⎬ you promise not to drive too fast.
⎩ so long as ⎭
(= You can borrow my car, but you must promise not to drive too fast. This is a condition.)
You can also say provided (that) or providing (that):
⎧ provided (that) ⎫
Travelling by car is convenient ⎨ ⎬ you have somewhere to park.
⎩ providing (that) ⎭
(= It’s convenient but only if you have somewhere to park.)
⎧ Providing (that) ⎫
⎨ ⎬ the room is clean, I don’t mind which hotel we stay at.
⎩ Provided (that) ⎭
(= The room must be clean, but otherwise I don’t mind.)

C unless / as long as etc. for the future

When we are talking about the future, we do not use will after unless / as long as / so long as /
provided / providing. We use a present tense (see Unit 25):
I’m not going out unless it stops raining. (not unless it will stop)
Providing the weather is good, we’re going to have a picnic tomorrow.
(not providing the weather will be good)

230 if ➜ Units 25, 38–40

 Unit
Exercises 115
115.1 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.
1 You must try a bit harder, or you won’t pass the exam.
You won’t pass the exam unless you try a bit harder.
2 Listen carefully, or you won’t know what to do.
You won’t know what to do
3 She must apologise to me, or I’ll never speak to her again.

4 You have to speak very slowly, or he won’t understand you.

5 Business must improve soon, or the company will have to close.

6 We need to do something soon, or the problem will get worse.

115.2 Write sentences with unless.

1 The club isn’t open to everyone. You’re allowed in only if you’re a member.
You aren’t allowed in the club unless you’re a member.
2 I don’t want to go to the party alone. I’m going only if you go too.
I’m not going
3 Don’t worry about the dog. It will chase you only if you move suddenly.
The dog
4 Ben isn’t very talkative. He’ll speak to you only if you ask him something.
Ben
5 Today is a public holiday. The doctor will see you only if it’s an emergency.
The doctor

115.3 Which is correct?

1 You can borrow my car unless / as long as you promise not to drive too fast.
(as long as is correct)
2 We’re going to the beach tomorrow unless / providing the weather is bad.
3 We’re going to the beach tomorrow unless / providing the weather is good.
4 I don’t mind if you come home late unless / as long as you come in quietly.
5 I’m going now unless / provided you want me to stay.
6 I don’t watch TV unless / as long as I have nothing else to do.
7 Children are allowed to use the swimming pool unless / provided they are with an adult.
8 Unless / Provided they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.
9 We can sit here in the corner unless / as long as you’d rather sit by the window.
10 A: Our holiday cost a lot of money.
B: Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter unless / as long as you enjoyed yourselves.

115.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1 We’ll be late unless we take a taxi.
2 I like hot weather as long as
3 It takes 20 minutes to drive to the airport provided
4 I don’t mind walking home as long as
5 I like to walk to work in the morning unless
6 We can meet tomorrow unless
7 I’ll lend you the money providing
8 I’ll tell you a secret as long as
9 You won’t achieve anything unless

➜ Additional exercise 32 (page 321) 231

Unit
116 as (as I walked … / as I was … etc.)
A as = at the same time as
You can use as when two things happen together at the same time: LIZ
We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away.
(we waved and she drove away at the same time)
As I walked along the street, I looked in the
shop windows.
Can you turn off the light as you go out, please?
Or you can say that something happened as you were doing
something else (in the middle of doing something else):
Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus.
We met Paul as we were leaving the hotel.
For the past continuous (was getting / were going etc.), see Unit 6. KATE

You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment):

Just as I sat down, the doorbell rang.
I had to leave just as the conversation was getting interesting.
We also use as when two things happen together in a longer period
of time: the day went on
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it. the weather got worse
Compare as and when:

We use as only if two things happen at the Use when (not as) if one thing happens after
same time. another.
As I drove home, I listened to music. When I got home, I had something to eat.
(= at the same time) (not as I got home)

B as = because
As also means ‘because’:
As I was hungry, I decided to find somewhere to eat.
(= because I was hungry)
As it’s late and we’re tired, let’s get a taxi home. (= because it’s late …)
We watched TV all evening as we didn’t have anything better to do.
As I don’t watch TV any more, I gave my television to a friend of mine.
You can also use since in this way:
Since it’s late and we’re tired, let’s get a taxi home.
Compare as (= because) and when:

David wasn’t in the office as he was on David lost his passport when he was
holiday. (= because he was on holiday) on holiday.
(= during the time he was away)
As they lived near us, we used to see When they lived near us, we used to
them quite often. see them quite often.
(= because they lived near us) (= at the time they lived near us)

232 as … as ➜ Unit 107 like and as ➜ Unit 117 as if ➜ Unit 118

 Unit
Exercises 116
116.1 In this exercise as means ‘at the same time as’. Use as to join sentences from the boxes.

1 We all waved goodbye to Liz we were driving along the road.

2 I listened I was taking a hot dish out of the oven.
3 I burnt myself she drove away.
4 The spectators cheered she told me her story.
5 A dog ran out in front of the car the two teams came onto the field.

1 We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away.

2
3
4
5

116.2 In this exercise as means ‘because’. Join sentences from the boxes beginning with as.

1 I was hungry we went for a walk by the canal

2 today is a public holiday I tried to be very quiet
3 I didn’t want to disturb anybody I decided to find somewhere to eat
4 I can’t go to the concert all government offices are shut
5 it was a nice day you can have my ticket

1 As I was hungry, I decided to find somewhere to eat.

2
3
4
5

116.3 What does as mean in these sentences? because at the same

time as
1 As they lived near us, we used to see them quite often. ✓
2 Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus. ✓
3 As I was tired, I went to bed early.
4 Unfortunately, as I was parking the car, I hit the car behind me.
5 As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tired.
6 We decided to go out to eat as we had no food at home.
7 As we don’t use the car very often, we’ve decided to sell it.

116.4 In some of these sentences, as is not correct. Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 Julia got married as she was 22. when she was 22
2 As the day went on, the weather got worse. OK
3 He dropped the glass as he was taking it out of the cupboard.
4 I lost my phone as I was in London.
5 As I left school, I didn’t know what to do.
6 The train slowed down as it approached the station.
7 I used to live near the sea as I was a child.
8 We can walk to the hotel as it isn’t far from here.

116.5 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1 Just as I sat down, the doorbell rang.
2 I saw you as
3 It started to rain just as
4 As she doesn’t have a phone,
5 Just as I took the picture,

➜ Additional exercise 32 (page 321) 233

Unit
117 like and as
A Like = similar to, the same as:
What a beautiful house! It’s like a palace. (not as a palace)
Be careful! The floor has been polished. It’s like walking on ice. (not as walking)
It’s raining again. I hate weather like this. (not as this)
‘What’s that noise?’ ‘It sounds like a baby crying.’ (not as a baby crying)
In these examples, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (like a palace), a pronoun
(like this) or -ing (like walking).
Sometimes like = for example. You can also use such as:
I enjoy water sports, like surfing, scuba diving and water-skiing. or
I enjoy water sports, such as surfing …

B As = in the same way as, in the same condition as.

We use as with subject (S) + verb (V): S+V
I didn’t move anything. I left everything as it was. as it was
You should have done it as I showed you. as I showed
We also use like in this way (+ subject + verb):
I left everything like it was.
Compare as and like. You can say:
You should have done it as I showed you. or … like I showed you.
but You should have done it like this. (not as this)
We say as usual / as always:
You’re late as usual.
As always, Nick was the first to complain.
We say the same as … :
Your phone is the same as mine. (not the same like)

C Sometimes as (+ subject + verb) has other meanings. For example, after do:
You can do as you like. (= do what you like)
They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.)
We also say as you know / as I said / as she expected / as I thought etc. :
As you know, it’s Emma’s birthday next week. (= you know this already)
Andy failed his driving test, as he expected. (= he expected this before)
Like is not usual in these expressions, except with say (like I said):
As I said yesterday, I’m sure we can solve the problem. or Like I said yesterday …

D As can also be a preposition (as + noun), but the meaning is different from like.
Compare:

As a taxi driver, I spend most of Everyone in the family wants me to drive

my working life in a car. them to places. I’m like a taxi driver.
(I am a taxi driver, it’s my job.) (I’m not a taxi driver, but I’m like one.)

As (preposition) = in the position of, in the form of etc. :

Many years ago I worked as a photographer. (I was a photographer)
Many words, for example ‘work’ and ‘rain’, can be used as verbs or nouns.
London is fine as a place to visit, but I wouldn’t like to live there.
The news of the tragedy came as a great shock.

234 as … as ➜ Unit 107 as (= at the same time as / because) ➜ Unit 116 as if ➜ Unit 118
 Unit
Exercises 117
117.1 In some of these sentences, you need like (not as). Correct the sentences where necessary. Write
‘OK’ if the sentence is correct.
1 It’s raining again. I hate weather as this. I hate weather like this.
2 You should have done it as I showed you. OK
3 Do you think James looks as his father?
4 He gets on my nerves. I can’t stand people as him.
5 Why didn’t you do it as I told you to do it?
6 As her mother, Katherine has a very good voice.
7 You never listen. Talking to you is as talking to the wall.
8 I prefer the room as it was, before we decorated it.
9 I’ll phone you tomorrow as usual, OK?
10 She’s a very good swimmer. She swims as a fish.

117.2 Which goes with which?

1 I won’t be able to come to the party. a It was full, as I expected. 1 c

2 I like Tom’s idea. b As I’ve told you before, it’s boring. 2
3 I’m fed up with my job. c As you know, I’ll be away. 3
4 You drive too fast. d You can do as you like. 4
5 You don’t have to take my advice. e Let’s do as he suggests. 5
6 I couldn’t get a seat on the train. f You should take more care, as I 6
keep telling you.

117.3 Complete the sentences using like or as + the following:

a beginner blocks of ice a palace a birthday present
a child a theatre winter a tour guide

1 This house is beautiful. It’s like a palace .

2 My feet are really cold. They’re .
3 I’ve been playing tennis for years, but I still play .
4 Marion once had a part-time job .
5 I wonder what that building is. It looks .
6 My brother gave me this watch a long time ago.
7 It’s very cold for the middle of summer. It’s .
8 He’s 22 years old, but he sometimes behaves .

117.4 Put in like or as. Sometimes either word is possible.

1 We heard a noise like a baby crying.
2 I wish I had a car yours.
3 Hannah has been working a waitress for the last two months.
4 We saw Kevin last night. He was very cheerful, always.
5 You waste a lot of time doing things sitting in cafes all day.
6 you can imagine, we were very tired after such a long journey.
7 Tom showed me some photos of the city it was thirty years ago.
8 My neighbour’s house is full of interesting things. It’s a museum.
9 In some countries in Asia, Japan, Indonesia and Thailand, traffic drives on the left.
10 The weather hasn’t changed. It’s the same yesterday.
11 You’re different from the other people I know. I don’t know anyone else you.
12 The news that they are getting married came a complete surprise to me.
13 This tea is awful. It tastes water.
14 Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was a bomb exploding.
15 Right now I’m working in a shop. It’s not great, but it’s OK a temporary job.
16 Brian is a student, most of his friends.

235
Unit
118 like as if
A We use like or as if to say how somebody/something looks, sounds or feels:
That house looks like it’s going to fall down. or
That house looks as if it’s going to fall down.
Amy sounded like she had a cold, didn’t she? or
Amy sounded as if she had a cold, didn’t she?
I’ve just had a holiday, but I feel very tired. That house looks like it’s
going to fall down.
I don’t feel like I’ve had a holiday. or
I don’t feel as if I’ve had a holiday.
You can also use as though in these examples:
I don’t feel as though I’ve had a holiday.
Compare:
You look tired. (look + adjective)
You look like you haven’t slept.⎧ (look like / as if + subject + verb)
You look as if you haven’t slept. ⎨⎩

B We say: it looks like … or it looks as if … It sounds like they’re

it sounds like … or it sounds as if … having a party next door.
Sarah is very late. It looks like she isn’t coming.
or It looks as if she isn’t coming.
It looked like it was going to rain, so we took
an umbrella.
or It looked as if it was going to rain …
The noise is very loud next door.
It sounds like they’re having a party.
or It sounds as if they’re …
You can also use as though:
It sounds as though they’re having a party.

C You can use like / as if / as though with other verbs to say how somebody does something:
He ran like he was running for his life.
After the interruption, the speaker went on talking as if nothing had happened.
When I told them my plan, they looked at me as though I was mad.

D After as if, we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present.
For example:
I don’t like him. He talks as if he knew everything.
The meaning is not past. We use the past (as if he knew) because the idea is not real: he does not
know everything. We use the past in the same way with if and wish (see Unit 39).
We do not normally use like in this way.
Some more examples:
She’s always asking me to do things for her – as if I didn’t have enough to do already.
(I have enough to do already)
Joe’s only 40. Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he isn’t an old man)
When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was:
Why do you talk about him as if he were an old man?
They treat me as if I were their own son. or … as if I was their own son.
(I’m not their son)

236 if I was/were ➜ Unit 39C look/sound etc. + adjective ➜ Unit 99C like and as ➜ Unit 117
 Unit
Exercises 118
118.1 What do you say in these situations? Use the words in brackets to make your sentence.
1 You meet Bill. He has a black eye and blood on his face. (look / like / be / a fight)
You say to him: You look like you’ve been in a fight.
2 Claire comes into the room. She looks absolutely terrified. (look / as if / see / a ghost)
You say to her: What’s the matter? You
3 You have just run one kilometre, but you are exhausted. (feel / like / run / a marathon)
You say: I
4 Joe is on holiday. He’s talking to you on the phone and sounds happy.
(sound / as if / have / a good time)
You say to him: You

118.2 Make sentences beginning It looks like … or It sounds like … .

you should see a doctor there’s been an accident they’re having an argument
it’s going to rain she isn’t coming they don’t have any
1 Sarah said she would be here an hour ago.
You say: It looks like she isn’t coming.
2 The sky is full of black clouds.
You say: It
3 You hear two people shouting at each other next door.
You say:
4 You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the road.
You say:
5 You and a friend are in a supermarket. You’re looking for bananas, but without success.
You say:
6 Dave isn’t feeling well. He tells you all about it.
You say:

118.3 Complete the sentences with as if. Choose from the box, putting the verbs in the correct form.

she / enjoy / it I / be / crazy he / not / eat / for a week

he / need / a good rest she / hurt / her leg he / mean / what he / say
I / not / exist she / not / want / come
1 Mark looks very tired. He looks as if he needs a good rest .
2 I don’t think Paul was joking. He looked .
3 What’s the matter with Lisa? She’s walking .
4 Paul was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly.
He ate .
5 I looked at Sarah during the movie. She had a bored expression on her face.
She didn’t look .
6 I told my friends about my plan. They were amazed.
They looked at me .
7 I phoned Kate and invited her to the party, but she wasn’t very enthusiastic.
She sounded .
8 I went into the office, but nobody spoke to me or looked at me.
Everybody ignored me .

118.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence using as if.
1 Andy is a terrible driver. He drives as if he were the only driver on the road.
2 I’m 20 years old, so please don’t talk to me a child.
3 Steve has never met Nicola, but he talks about her his best friend.
4 We first met a long time ago, but I remember it yesterday.

237
Unit
119 during for while
A during
during = at a time between the start and end of something:
I fell asleep during the movie. (= at a time between
the start and end of the movie)
We met some really nice people during our holiday.
The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.
With ‘time words’ (the morning, the night, the summer etc.),
you can usually say in or during:
It rained in the night. or … during the night.
I fell asleep during the movie.
It’s lovely here during the summer. or … in the summer.

B for and during

We use for (+ a period of time) to say how long something goes on:
We watched TV for two hours last night.
Jess is going away for a week in September.
How are you? I haven’t seen you for ages.
Are you going away for the weekend?
We do not use during to say how long something goes on. We do not say ‘during two hours’,
‘during five years’ etc. :
It rained for three days without stopping. (not during three days)
We use during to say when something happens (not how long). Compare during and for:
‘When did you fall asleep?’ ‘During the movie.’
‘How long were you asleep?’ ‘For half an hour.’

C during and while

Compare:

We use during + noun: We use while + subject + verb:

I fell asleep during the movie. I fell asleep while I was watching TV.
noun subject + verb

We met a lot of interesting people We met a lot of interesting people

during our holiday. while we were on holiday.
Robert suddenly began to feel ill Robert suddenly began to feel ill
during the exam. while he was doing the exam.

Some more examples of while: ALEX AMY

We saw Clare while we were waiting for the bus.
While you were out, there was a phone
call for you.
Alex read a book while Amy watched TV.
When we are talking about the future, we use the present
after while. Do not use ‘will’ (see Unit 25):
I’m going to Moscow next week. I hope the weather
will be good while I’m there. (not while I will be)
What are you going to do while you’re waiting? Alex read a book while Amy
(not while you’ll be waiting) watched TV.

238 for and since ➜ Unit 12A while + -ing ➜ Unit 68B
 Unit
Exercises 119
119.1 Put in for or during.
1 It rained for three days without stopping.
2 I fell asleep during the movie.
3 I went to the theatre last night. I met Sue the interval.
4 I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything three days.
5 The traffic was bad. We were stuck in a traffic jam two hours.
6 Production at the factory was seriously affected the strike.
7 Sarah was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me a week.
8 I don’t have much free time the week, but I relax at weekends.
9 I need a break. I think I’ll go away a few days.
10 The president gave a short speech. She spoke only ten minutes.
11 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t eaten anything the journey.
12 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t eaten anything eight hours.

119.2 Put in during or while.

1 We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday.
2 We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.
3 I met Mike I was shopping.
4 I was on holiday, I didn’t use my phone at all.
5 I learnt a lot the course. The teachers were very good.
6 There was a lot of noise the night. What was it?
7 I’d been away for many years. Many things had changed that time.
8 What did they say about me I was out of the room?
9 When I fly anywhere, I never eat anything the flight.
10 Please don’t interrupt me I’m speaking.
11 the festival, it’s almost impossible to find a hotel room here.
12 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t eaten anything we were travelling.

119.3 Put in during, for or while.

1 I used to live in Berlin. I lived there five years.
2 One of the runners fell the race but managed to get up and continue.
3 Nobody came to see me I was in hospital.
4 Try to avoid travelling the busy periods of the day.
5 I was very tired. I slept ten hours.
6 Can you hold my bag I try on this jacket?
7 I’m not sure when we’ll arrive, but it will be sometime the afternoon.
8 I wasn’t well last week. I hardly ate anything three days.
9 My phone rang we were having dinner.
10 Nobody knows how many people were killed the war.

119.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1 I fell asleep while I was watching TV.
2 I fell asleep during the movie.
3 Can you wait for me while
4 Most of the students looked bored during
5 I was asked a lot of questions during
6 Don’t open the car door while
7 The lights suddenly went out while
8 What are you going to do while
9 It started to rain during
10 It started to rain while

➜ Additional exercise 33 (page 321) 239

Unit
120 by and until by the time …
A by … = not later than:

I sent the documents today, so they should arrive

by Monday.
(= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)
We’d better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock.
(= at or before 5 o’clock, not later than 5 o’clock)
Where’s Sarah? She should be here by now.
(= now or before now – so she should already be here)

This milk has to be used

by 14 August.

B We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues:

A: Shall we go now?
B: No, let’s wait until it stops raining. or … till it stops raining.
⎧
I was very tired this morning. ⎨ I stayed in bed until half past ten.
⎩ I didn’t get up until half past ten.
Compare until and by:

Something continues until a time in the future: Something happens by a time in the future:
Joe will be away until Monday. Joe will be back by Monday.
(so he’ll be back on Monday) (= not later than Monday)
I’ll be working until 11.30. I’ll have finished my work by 11.30.
(so I’ll stop working at 11.30) (= I’ll finish it not later than 11.30)

C You can say ‘by the time something happens’:

It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed.
(= it will close between now and the time we get there)
You’ll need plenty of time at the airport. By the time you check in and go through security,
it will be time for your flight.
(= check-in and security will take a long time)
Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
You can say ‘by the time something happened’ (for the past):
Karen’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the
other guests had left.
(= it took her a long time to get there and most of the guests left during this time)
I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.
(= it took me a long time to do the work, and I became more and more tired)
We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car.
By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
You can say by then or by that time:
Karen finally got to the party at midnight, but by then most of the other guests had left.
or … but by that time, most of the other guests had left.

240 will be doing and will have done ➜ Unit 24 by (other uses) ➜ Units 42B, 60B, 128
 Unit
Exercises 120
120.1 Complete the sentences with by.
1 We have to be home not later than 5 o’clock.
We have to be home by 5 o’clock .
2 I have to be at the airport not later than 8.30.
I have to be at the airport .
3 Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party.
whether you can come to the party.
4 Please make sure that you’re here not later than 2 o’clock.
Please make sure that .
5 If we leave now, we should arrive not later than lunchtime.
If we leave now, .

120.2 Put in by or until.

1 Steve has gone away. He’ll be away until Monday.
2 Sorry, but I must go. I have to be home 5 o’clock.
3 According to the forecast, the bad weather will continue the weekend.
4 I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not. I have to decide Friday.
5 I think I’ll wait Thursday before making a decision.
6 I’m still waiting for Tom to call me. He should have called me now.
7 I need to pay this bill. It has to be paid tomorrow.
8 Don’t pay the bill today. Wait tomorrow.
9 We haven’t finished painting the house yet. We hope to finish Tuesday.
10 ‘Will you still be in the office at 6.30?’ ‘No, I’ll have gone home then.’
11 I’m moving into my new flat next week. I’m staying with a friend then.
12 I’ve got a lot of work to do. the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.
13 We have plenty of time. The film doesn’t start 8.30.
14 It is hoped that the new bridge will be completed the end of the year.

120.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.
1 David is away at the moment. He’ll be away until Monday .
2 David is away at the moment. He’ll be back by Monday .
3 I’m just going out. I won’t be long. Wait here .
4 I’m just going out. It’s 4.30 now. I won’t be long. I’ll be back .
5 If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received .
6 My passport is valid .
7 I missed the last bus and had to walk home. I didn’t get home .

120.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time … .
1 I was invited to a party, but I got there much later than I intended.
By the time I got to the party , most of the other guests had left.
2 I intended to catch a train, but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
, my train had already left.
3 I wanted to go shopping after work. But I finished work much later than expected.
, it was too late to go shopping.
4 I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. I called the police,
but it was some time before they arrived.
, the two men had disappeared.
5 We climbed a mountain and it took us a long time to get to the top. There wasn’t much
time to enjoy the view.
, we had to come down again.

➜ Additional exercise 33 (page 321) 241