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Approximate Solution of the Kersten-Krasil'shchik Coupled KdV-MKdV

System via Reduced Differential Transform Method

Article in Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering · December 2018

DOI: 10.23918/eajse.v4i2p1

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 Eurasian Journal of Science & Engineering EAJSE
ISSN 2414-5629 (Print), ISSN 2414-5602 (Online)

Approximate Solution of the Kersten-Krasil’shchik Coupled Kdv-Mkdv

System via Reduced Differential Transform Method
Ahmed F. Qasim1 & Mohammed O. Al-Amr2

1,2
Department of Mathematics, College of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of
Mosul, Iraq
Correspondence: Mohammed O. Al-Amr, College of Computer Sciences and Mathematics,
University of Mosul, Iraq. E-mail: malamroo@[Link]

Received: October 7, 2018 Accepted: November 25, 2018 Online Published: December 1, 2018

doi: 10.23918/eajse.v4i2p1

Abstract: In this paper, the approximate solution of the Kersten-Krasil’shchik coupled KdV-mKdV
system is obtained by using the reduced differential transform method (RDTM). This system is regarded
as a classical super-extension of the KdV equation. The obtained results are compared with the exact
solutions to show the efficiency and reliability of the proposed method which can be extended to solve a
large variety of nonlinear partial differential equations.

Keywords: Reduced Differential Transform Method, Kersten-Krasil’shchik Coupled KdV-mKdV

System, Partial Differential Equations

1. Introduction

Nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) are widely used to describe complex phenomena
arising in the real world. It occurs in a diversity of scientific fields such as optical fibers, fluid
dynamics, acoustics, hydrodynamics, plasma physics, solid state physics. Recently, seeking
analytical and approximate solutions of NLPDEs has become of great importance topic in the
scientific milieus. Several groups of researchers have made magnificent exertions in this trend (Al-
Amr & El-Ganaini, 2017; Al-Amr, 2015; Al-Sawoor & Al-Amr, 2012; Wazwaz, 2004). Among the
NLPDEs, The Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation, which is a well-known NLPDE describes a
diversity of physical phenomena, for instance, acoustic waves in a harmonic crystal and ion-acoustic
waves in plasmas (Wazwaz, 2009). Numerous variations of this equation have been introduced
heretofore by several scientists. Among these variations, the coupled KdV–mKdV system;
ut  u xxx  6u u x  3v v xxx  3v x v xx  3u x v 2  6uv v x  0 ,
(1)
v t  v xxx  3v 2 v x  3uv x  3u x v  0,
which was recently introduced by Kersten and Krasil’shchik [12]. The coupled KdV-type equations
usually arise as a description of shallow water waves [21]. In fact, setting v  0 will turn system (1)
into the well-known KdV equation;
ut  u xxx  6u u x  0, (2)
While for u  0 , it becomes the mKdV equation;
v t v xxx  3v 2 v x  0. (3)

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Which appears in multi-component plasmas, traffic flow, electric circuits, electrodynamics and
elastic media (Wazwaz, 2009). In view of that, the system (1) can be considered as a sort coupling
between (2) and (3).

The complete integrability of system (1) was proved by Kersten and Krasil’shchik (2000). Kalkanli,
Sakovich and Yurdusen (2003) utilized the prolongation technique to obtain its Lax pair and
investigated its integrability via the Painlevé test. Hon and Fan (2004) secured its travelling wave
solutions including solitary wave solutions and doubly periodic wave solutions via an auxiliary
equation method. Gepreel, Omran and Elegan (2011) employed the modified truncated expansion
method to obtain its traveling wave solutions. Qin et al. (2012) derive its N-soliton solutions by
means of the Bell polynomials. Rui and Qi (2016) employed the Hirota bilinear method to construct
its quasi-periodic wave solution. To our knowledge, its approximate solution has not been
investigated heretofore. To the best of our knowledge, the approximate solution of the Kersten-
Krasil’shchik coupled KdV-mKdV system has not been investigated earlier by using any existing
method in the literature. This was the motivation of this work. The RDTM is fruitfully employed to
secure the approximate solution of the Kersten-Krasil’shchik coupled KdV-mKdV system.

The pattern of this paper is as follows: Section 2 handles the methodology of the utilized approach.
In section 3, the approximate solution of the underlying system is obtained by using the RDTM.
Finally, we draw some conclusions.
2. Overview of the Method
As one of the most effective solution methods, the RDTM was developed by Keskin and Oturanc in
2009. Since that, it has been widely used for handling different kinds of differential equations by
many scientists (Al-Sawoor & Al-Amr, 2014; Saeed & Muhammad, 2016; Saeed & Mustafa, 2017).
This method minimizes the volume of computations which make it easy to apply. It does not require
additional mathematical operations. The closed form solution of RDTM is constructed as an infinite
power series with straightforwardly computed terms. The more the number of computed terms, the
more accurate a solution will be achieved.

To describe this method, let u (x , t ) be a function of two variables that could be expressed as
u (x , t )  f (x ) g (t ) where f (x ) and g (x ) are single-variable functions. According to the one-
dimensional differential transform, we can write (Keskin & Oturanc, 2009);
     
u (x , t )  

 n 0
F (n) x n 
 
  m 0
G (m) t m 
 
 i 0
U i (x ) t i , (4)

where U i (x ) is called the t -dimensional spectrum function of u (x , t ) .

It is worthwhile to indicate that the notion of this method is followed from the power series
expansion according to the following essential definitions (Keskin & Oturanc, 2009, 2010);
Definition 2.1: Suppose that u (x , t ) is an analytic and differentiated continuously with respect to x
and t in the associated domain, then the transformed function U i (x ) , which is called the t -
dimensional spectrum function, is defined by
1  i 
U i (x )   i u (x , t )  . (5)
i!  t t 0

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Definition 2.2: The differential inverse transform of the transformed function U i (x ) can be defined
as

u (x , t )  U
i 0
i (x ) t i , (6)

By inserting (5) into (6), we have


1  i 
u (x , t )   i!  t
i 0
i
u (x , t )  t i .
 i 0
(7)

The underlying transformations achieved by the RDTM are listed in Table 1. To explain the basic
idea of the method, we consider the nonlinear partial differential equation (Keskin & Oturanc, 2009,
2010);
Lu (x ,t )  Ru (x ,t )  Nu (x ,t )  g (x ,t ), (8)
u (x ,0)  f (x ), (9)

where, L  , R , N are linear and nonlinear operators respectively and g (x , t ) is an
t
inhomogeneous term.
Following the RDTM, the recursive formula of (8) could be easily found as:
(i 1)U i 1 (x , t )  Gi (x )  RU i (x )  NU i (x ) , (10)
where U i (x ), RU i (x ), NU i (x ) and G i (x ) are the transformed functions of the original functions.

Table 1: The underlying transformations by using the RDTM

Function Transformed Function

h(x , t )  u (x , t ) v (x , t ) H i (x )  U i (x ) V i (x )

h(x , t )   u (x , t ) H i (x )   U i (x ) (  is a constant)

h(x , t )  x m t n H i (x )  x m  (i  n )

h(x , t )  x m t n u (x , t ) H i (x )  x m U i  n (x )
i i
h(x , t )  u (x , t ) v (x , t ) H i (x )  
k 0
V k (x ) U i  k (x )  U
k 0
k (x )V i k (x )

i (i  k )!
h(x , t )  u (x , t ) H i (x )  (i  1) (i  k )U i  k (x )  U i  k (x )
t i i!

 
h(x , t )  u (x , t ) H i (x )  U i (x )
x x

The zeroth component could be acquired from the initial condition (9) as
U 0 (x )  f (x ), (11)

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Inserting (11) into (10) and performing iterative calculations, we obtain the following U i (x ) values.
Then, the n-terms approximate solution could be obtained by taking the inverse transformation of the
sequence U i (x )i 0 as
n

n
u n (x , t )  U i (x ) t i , (12)
i 0

consequently, the analytical solution of (10) reads

u (x , t )  lim u n (x , t ). (13)
n 

3. Application
This section comprises the utilization of the RDTM to solve the coupled KdV-mKdV system given
by (1) with initial conditions (Hon & Fan, 2004);
u (x , 0)  c  2 c sech 2  cx ,  (14)
v (x , 0)  2 c sech  cx , 
where c is a constant.
In accordance with the RDTM, Eqs. (1) could be transformed into the following iterative formula:
3
 i  1U i 1  x    U i  x   6 Ai  x   3B i  x   3C i  x   3D i  x   6E i  x  ,
x 3
(15)
3
 i  1V i 1  x    3 V i  x   3 Fi  x   3G i  x   3H i  x  ,
x
where U i (x ) and V i (x ) are the transformed functions of u (x , t ) and v (x , t ) respectively.
Ai  x  , B i  x  , C i  x  , Di  x  , E i  x  , Fi  x  , G i  x  and H i  x  are transformed forms of the
nonlinear terms given by:
i

Ai  x   U
k 0
k x 
x
U i k  x  , (16)

i
3
Bi x   V
k 0
k x 
x 3
V i k  x  , (17)

i
 2
Ci x   
k 0
x
V k  x  2 V i k  x  ,
x
(18)

i k

Di  x    x U
k 0 s 0
i k  x V k s  x V s  x  , (19)

i k

Ei x   U
k 0 s 0
i k  x V k s  x 
x
V s x , (20)

i k

Fi  x   V
k 0 s 0
i k  x V k s  x 
x
V s x , (21)

i

Gi  x   U
k 0
k x 
x
V i k  x  , (22)

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i

H i x    x U
k 0
k  x V i k  x  . (23)

Beginning with initial conditions (14) and by recursive steps, yields

U 0 (x)  c  2 c sech 2  cx , 
U 1 (x) 
8c 5/2 sinh  cx ,
 
3
cosh cx

8  2 cosh c x  3  c 4  
2

U 2 (x)     ,
 
4
cosh c x
(24)
 
c x c 11/2  cosh    3 
2
64 sinh cx
U 3 (x)   
 cx 
5
3 cosh

32  2 cosh  c x   15cosh    15  c 7
4 2
cx
U4 (x)    
3 cosh  c x 
6

and
V 0 (x )  2 c sech  cx , 
V 1 (x )  
4sinh 
cx c2
,
cosh  cx 
2

4c 7/2  cosh c x  2   
2

V 2 (x )   , (25)
 
3
cosh c x

8  cosh    6  c 5 sinh  
2
cx cx
V 3 (x )    
 
4
3 cosh cx

 
 cosh c x
   24 
4 2
4c 13/2   20 cosh cx
V 4 (x )   
 
5
3 cosh cx

and so on, similarly, the rest of components could be secured with the aid of MAPLE. Now, the n-
terms approximate solutions of the system could be acquired by taking the inverse transformation of
the t -dimensional spectrum functions U i (x )i 0 and V i (x )i 0 as
n n

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n 8c 5/ 2 sinh  cx t
u n (x , t )  U (x ) t  c  2 c sech
i 2
 cx 
 
i 3
i 0 cosh cx
(26)
1  
  
n
   n c  2 c sech
2
c  x  2ct   t n ,
n !  t t  0

n 4sinh cx c2
v n (x , t )   V i (x ) t i  2 c sech  cx   t
cosh  cx 
2
i 0
(27)
1  n 
   n 2 c sech
n !  t
  c  x  2ct    t .
t 0
n

Consequently, we can construct the exact solution of the system (1) as

u (x , t )  lim u n (x , t )  c  2 c sech 2
n 
 c  x  2ct  , 
(28)
v (x , t )  lim v n (x , t )  2 c sech
n 
 c  x  2ct  . 

Fig. 1: Profile of the approximate solution Fig. 2: Profile of the approximate solution
when when

Fig. 3: Profile of the absolute error of Fig. 4: Profile of the absolute error of
when when

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To verify the veracity of the obtained solutions, the 4-terms approximate solutions along with their
absolute errors are depicted in Figs. 1-4. From which, we can see that the approximate solutions have
a good precision and the absolute errors start increasing in the nearby area of x  0 as t increases.
This could be interpreted from the behavior of the hyperbolic secant function that has exponentially
decaying wings, which is represented in the soliton solutions (28). In addition, a comparison between
the 4-terms approximate solutions and the exact solutions is presented in Tables 2 and 3. The
numerical results reveal that the approximate solutions with small n are quite enough to give high
accuracy results for small values of t . Moreover, it is noticeable that as x increases, the absolute
errors become smaller.

Table 2: Comparison of the numerical results of u 4 (x ,t ) with the exact solution for c  1

t x u (x , t ) u 4 (x , t ) u ( x , t )  u 4 (x , t )

-2 0.8287801526 0.8287801616 9.00000E-09

-1 0.0261652778 0.02616305337 2.22440E-06
0.05 0 -0.980132582 -0.9801333332 7.51000E-07
1 0.2815973676 0.2815996627 2.29510E-06
2 0.8835539226 0.8835538949 2.77000E-08
-2 0.7928832520 0.7928831806 7.14000E-08
-1 -0.118110335 -0.1181792578 6.89230E-05
0.1 0 -0.922085966 -0.9221333332 4.73670E-05
1 0.3899600076 0.3900335963 7.35887E-05
2 0.9041493116 0.9041481956 1.11602E-06
-2 0.7499802588 0.7499765076 3.75120E-06
-1 -0.269479180 -0.2699783663 4.99186E-04
0.15 0 -0.830273924 -0.8307999999 5.26076E-04
1 0.4851336066 0.4856900046 5.56398E-04
2 0.9211778920 0.9211679022 9.98978E-06

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Table 3: Comparison of the numerical results of v 4 (x , t ) with the exact solution for c  1

t x v (x , t ) v 4 (x , t ) v (x , t ) v 4 (x , t )

-2 0.5851834710 0.5851835896 1.18600E-07

-1 1.395589282 1.395589494 2.12000 E-07
0.05 0 1.990041498 1.990041666 1.68000 E-07
1 1.198668121 1.198667839 2.82000 E-07
2 0.4825890124 0.4825889053 1.07100 E-07
-2 0.6436097390 0.6436137459 4.00690 E-06
-1 1.495399836 1.495405226 5.39000 E-06
0.1 0 1.960655995 1.960666666 1.06710 E-05
1 1.104572309 1.104562423 9.88600 E-06
2 0.4378371578 0.4378339013 3.25650 E-06
-2 0.7071346990 0.7071667816 3.20826E-05
-1 1.593410920 1.593439890 2.89700E-05
0.15 0 1.913255824 1.913375000 1.19176E-04
1 1.014757501 1.014676952 8.05490E-05
2 0.3970443502 0.3970208250 2.35252E-05

4. Conclusion

In this work, the reduced differential transform method is effectively utilized to retrieve the
approximate solution of a coupled KdV-type equations, namely the Kersten-Krasil’shchik coupled
KdV-mKdV system. The solution is expressed as a convergent power series with simply computed
components. This technique does not require additional operations such as linearization,
discretization or perturbation. Therefore, its solution procedure is simpler than other existing
methods. Our results presented in Figs. 1-4 and Tables 2 and 3 reveal the consistency,
straightforwardness and robustness of the RDTM as an elegant mathematical tool for handling
NLPDEs. The Kersten-Krasil’shchik coupled KdV-mKdV system may be investigated further by
other existing approaches in forthcoming works.

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