Chapter 4 Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 1 Page 142

4
a) Four of the 52 cards in a standard deck are kings. The probability of selecting a king is ,
52
1
or .
13

b) Twenty-six of the 52 cards in a standard deck are red cards. The probability of selecting a red
26 1
card is , or .
52 2

c) Thirteen of the 52 cards in a standard deck are spades. The probability of selecting a spade is
13 1
, or .
52 4

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 2 Page 142

a) If you were to list all 216 possible outcomes, the possible sums are any natural from 3 to 18.
When three different numbers form a grouping, there are 3! different ways of arranging these
numbers. When two different numbers form the grouping, there are three different ways of
arranging these numbers.
Number of
Sum Possible Groupings Outcomes Probability
1
3 (1,1,1) 1 216
3
4 (1,2,1) 3 216
6
5 (1,3,1), (1,2,2) 6 216
10
6 (1,4,1), (1,3,2), (2,2,2) 10 216
15
7 (1,4,2), (1,3,3), (5,1,1), (3,2,2) 15 216
21
8 (1,4,3), (1,2,5), (1,1,6), (4,2,2), (3,3,2) 21 216
25
9 (6,2,1), (5,3,1), (5,2,2), (4,4,1), (4,3,2), (3,3,3) 25 216
27
10 (6,3,1), (6,2,2), (5,3,2), (5,4,1), (4,4,2), (4,3,3) 27 216
27
11 (6,4,1), (6,3,2), (5,5,1), (5,4,2), (5,3,3), (4,4,3) 27 216
25
12 (6,5,1), (6,4,2), (6,3,3), (5,5,2), (5,4,3), (4,4,4) 25 216
21
13 (6,6,1), (6,5,2), (6,4,3), (5,5,3), (5,4,4) 21 216
15
14 (6,4,4), (6,5,3), (5,5,4), (6,6,2) 15 216
10
15 (6,6,3), (6,4,5), (5,5,5) 10 216
6
16 (6,6,4), (6,5,5) 6 216
3
17 (6,6,5) 3 216
1
18 (6,6,6) 1 216

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 1

b) The sum of the probabilities is 1.

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 3 Page 142

a) Since three of the eight doors are red, the probability that the food was placed behind a red
3
door is .
8

b) Since the food is behind only one of the are eight doors, the probability that the rat will select
1
the correct door is .
8

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 4 Page 142

a) There are 14 marbles with 6 red and 1 green.

For n(S) = 14 and n(A) = 7,
n( A)
P ( A) 
n( S )
7

14
1

2
1
The probability that the marble is red or green is .
2

b) There are 14 marbles with 1 green and 3 yellow (neither red nor blue).
For n(S) = 14 and n(A) = 4,
n( A)
P ( A) 
n( S )
4

14
2

7
2
The probability that the marble is neither red nor blue is .
7

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 5 Page 142

a) Of the 12 face cards, 4 are queens and 4 are kings. The probability of selecting a queen or a
8 2
king is , or .
12 3
b) Of the 12 face cards, 6 are red cards and 1 queen of spades. The probability of selecting a red
7
card or the queen of spades is .
12
c) There are no cards that are red and a spade. The probability of selecting a red card and a
spade is 0.

2 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 6 Page 142

a) Since the outcome of rolling a die does not affect the outcome of rolling another die, these are
independent events.

b) Since the outcome of dealing a first card affects the second card dealt, these are dependent
events.

c) Since the outcome of flipping a coin does not affect the outcome of flipping another coin,
these are independent events.

d) Since the outcome of selecting a first male affects the selecting of a second male, these are
dependent events.

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 7 Page 142

a)

b) Yes. The events (head, tail, tail) are independent. The outcome of flipping a coin does not
affect the outcome of flipping another coin.

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 8 Page 142

a) There are 13 hearts. The probability that a player will select a queen followed by a king is
1 1 1
 , or .
13 12 156

b) Selecting a queen and a king can be done in two ways: queen then king or king then queen.
1 1
The probability that a player will select a queen and a king is  2 , or .
156 78

c) There are 13 hearts with 10 non-face cards. The probability that a player will not select a face
10 9 15
card on either draw is  , or .
13 12 26

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 3

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 9 Page 142

a) There are 12 men and 10 women. Three men and three women are selected.
12! 10!
12 C3  10 C3  
9!3! 7!3!
 26 400
Three men and three women can be selected in 26 400 ways.

b) For more men than women out of six names, select 4, 5, or 6 men.
12! 10! 12! 10! 12! 10!
12 C4  10 C2   12 C5  10 C1   12 C6  10 C0  
8!4! 8!2! 7!5! 9!1! 6!6! 10!0!
 22 275  7920  924
More men than women can be selected in 22 275 + 7920 + 924, or 31 119 ways.

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 10 Page 142

a) There are 3 chocolate chip, 4 peanut butter, and 6 butterscotch cookies.

Select 2 chocolate chip, 2 peanut butter, and 1 butterscotch cookie.
3! 4! 6!
3 C2  4 C2  6 C1   
1!2! 2!2! 5!1!
 108
Two chocolate chips, two peanut butter, and one butterscotch cookie can be selected in 108 ways.

b) There are 3 chocolate chip, 4 peanut butter, and 6 butterscotch cookies.

Select 0 chocolate chips. There are 10 non-chocolate chip.
No chocolate chips cookies can be selected in 10C5, or 252 ways.

c) There are 3 chocolate chip, 4 peanut butter, and 6 butterscotch cookies.

Select at least 1 of each type of cookie.

Case 1: 1 chocolate chip, 1 peanut butter, 3 butterscotch: 3C1×4C1×6C3
Case 2: 1 chocolate chip, 2 peanut butter, 2 butterscotch: 3C1×4C2×6C2
Case 3: 1 chocolate chip, 3 peanut butter, 1 butterscotch: 3C1×4C3×6C1
Case 4: 2 chocolate chip, 1 peanut butter, 2 butterscotch: 3C2×4C1×6C2
Case 5: 3 chocolate chip, 1 peanut butter, 1 butterscotch: 3C3×4C1×6C1
Case 6: 2 chocolate chip, 2 peanut butter, 1 butterscotch: 3C2×4C2×6C1
3C1×4C1×6C3 + 3C1×4C2×6C2 + 3C1×4C3×6C1 + 3C2×4C1×6C2 + 3C3×4C1×6C1 + 3C2×4C2×6C1 = 894

At least one of each type of cookie can be selected in 894 ways.

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 11 Page 142

a) There are 15! ways to assign the books. Order of assignment does not matter. For example,
ABC is the same as BAC, ACB, BCA, CBA, and CAB. So, there are 3! ways for the books to be
assigned to each person.
15!
The number of ways that 15 books can be assigned to five people is , or 168 168 000.
3!3!3!3!3!
This is the same as 15 C3  12 C3  9 C3  6 C3  3 C3 .

4 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) The number of ways that 15 books can be assigned to three people is 15 C5  10 C5  5 C5 , or
756 756.

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 12 Page 143

12! 8! 8!
a) C5  8 C3  
12 C
7!5! 5!3! b) 8 5
 3!5!
12  11  10  9  8 8  7  6 C 12!
  12 7

5! 3! 5!7!
 44 352 
8! 5!7!

3!5! 12!
8 7  65 4

12  11  10  9  8
 0.0707...

7! 9! 5!
 d) C2 (0.6) 2 (0.4)3  (0.6) 2 (0.4)3
7 C3  9 C5
5
c)  4!3! 4!5! 3!2!
16 C8
16! 5 4
 (0.6) 2 (0.4)3
8!8! 2 1

7!

9! 8!8!
  0.2304
4!3! 4!5! 16!
 0.3426...

4 2 4 2
1  2 6!  1   2 
e) 6 C4         
3  3 2!4!  3   3 
6  5  22 
  
2  1  36 
 0.0823...

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 13 Page 143

a) For n = 4,
( x  y )4  4 C0 x 4 y 0  4 C1 x3 y1  4 C2 x 2 y 2  4 C3 x1 y 3  4 C4 x 0 y 4
 1x 4 y 0  4 x3 y1  6 x 2 y 2  4 x1 y 3  1x 0 y 4
 x 4  4 x3 y  6 x 2 y 2  4 xy 3  y 4

b) Use 4x and 3y.

(4 x  3 y )5  5 C0 (4 x)5 (3 y ) 0  5 C1 (4 x) 4 (3 y )1  5 C2 (4 x) 3 (3 y ) 2  5 C3 (4 x) 2 (3 y ) 3  5 C4 (4 x)1 (3 y ) 4  5 C5 (4 x) 0 (3 y ) 5
 1(4 x)5 (3 y ) 0  5(4 x) 4 (3 y )1  10(4 x)3 (3 y ) 2  10(4 x) 2 (3 y ) 3  5(4 x)1 (3 y) 4  1(4 x )0 (3 y )5
 1024 x 5  3840 x 4 y  5760 x 3 y 2  4320 x 2 y 3  1620 xy 4  243 y 5

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 5

c) Use 0.3 and 0.7.
(0.3  0.7)6  6 C0 (0.3) 6 (0.7) 0  6 C1 (0.3) 5 (0.7)1  6 C2 (0.3) 4 (0.7) 2  6 C3 (0.3)3 (0.7)3  6 C4 (0.3)2 (0.7) 4
 6 C5 (0.3)1 (0.7)5  6 C6 (0.3)0 (0.7) 6
 1(0.3)6 (0.7)0  6(0.3)5 (0.7)1  15(0.3) 4 (0.7) 2  20(0.3)3 (0.7)3  15(0.3) 2 (0.7) 4  6(0.3)1 (0.7)5  1(0.3)0 (0.7) 6
 0.000 729  .010 206  0.059 535  0.185 22  0.324 135  0.302 526  0.117 649
1

1 3
d) Use and .
4 4
5 5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
    5 C0      5 C1      5 C2      5 C3      5 C4      5 C5    
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
 1     5      10      10      5      1   
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 15 90 270 405 243
     
1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024
1

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 14 Page 143

Chapter 4 Section 1 Probability Distributions

Chapter 4 Section 1 Example 1 Your Turn Page 147

a) The random variable, X, is the number of rooms in apartments in a particular complex.

b)

c) The area of each bar represents its probability, as a percent. The width of each bar is 1, so the
probability, as a percent is shown on the vertical axis.

6 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

d) Four-room apartments occur most frequently, and the probability decreases as the room value
increases or decreases from four.

e) Sum = 100%. So the sum of the probabilities is 1. This confirms the results in the example.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Example 2 Your Turn Page 149

a)

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 7

Number of Blue, x Distribution of Blue Frequency Probability, P(x)
1
0 RRRR 1 16
1
1 BRRR RBRR RRBR RRRB 4 4
2 RRBB RBRB RBBR 3
6 8
BRRB BRBR BBRR
1
3 RBBB BRBB BBRB BBBR 4 4
1
4 BBBB 1 16

b)

4
1 1 3 1 1
c)  x P( x)  0  16   1 4   2  8   3 4   4  16 
x 0

1 6 3 4
0   
4 8 4 16
4  12  12  4

16
2

The expected number of times the spinner lands on blue is 2.

d) On average, the spinner would land on blue 2 out of the 4 spins.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Example 3 Your Turn Page 150

total value of all prizes

a) E ( X )   price per ticket
number of tickets sold
10 000 000  500 000  10  50 000
 5
4 000 000
 2.75  5
 2.25
The expected value per ticket is –$2.25.

b) Answers may vary. The results of both Example 3 and this question show that you lose
money if you buy a ticket. They are not a good investment.

8 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

c) Answers may vary. To make buying a ticket more attractive, the price could be reduced or
more prizes could be given away.

Chapter 4 Section 1 R1 Page 151

While it is impossible to have 1.8 children, expected values are predicted average values and
should not be rounded.

Chapter 4 Section 1 R2 Page 151

Answers may vary. Two examples of a discrete probability distribution are the number of email
messages you receive each day of the week and the number of students in each mathematics class
at your school. These examples are discrete because each must be a whole number.

Chapter 4 Section 1 R3 Page 151

Answers may vary.

Create a table showing all possible sums of the two 12-sided dice.
Determine the frequency of each sum and its probability.
Then, construct a histogram to illustrate the probability distribution.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 1 Page 151

a) Discrete: The number of points scored in a basketball game must be a whole number.

b) Continuous: The time spent playing a basketball game can be measured in fractions of a
second.

c) Discrete: While mass in general is continuous, the mass of weights in a weight room are
typically whole numbers of kilograms, not fractions.

d) Discrete: The number of windows in a classroom will be a whole number.

e) Continuous: The area of a window in a classroom can be measured in fractions of square

centimetres.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 2 Page 151

n
Expectation can be found using E ( x)   xi P( xi ) .
i 0
It is the predicted average of all possible outcomes.
It does equal the mean of the outcomes weighted according to their respective frequencies.
The sum in the expected value calculations does not equal 1. Answer A.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 3 Page 152

In Example 2, the discrete random variable is the number of girls in a family of three children.
Answer C.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 9

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 4 Page 152

a)

b) For ease of graphing, convert probabilities to decimal values.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 5 Page 152

4
a)  x P( x)  1(0.3)  2(0.2)  3(0.1)  4(0.4)
x 1

 2.6

The expected value of x is 2.6.

1  3 1  1   1  1

b) E ( x)  0    2    4    6    8    10  
5  10   5   10   10   10 
6 4 6 8 10
    
10 5 10 10 10
6  8  6  8  10

10
 3.8
The expected value of x is 3.8.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 6 Page 152

a) The random variable, X, is the diameter of the marbles in a bag.

10 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) Discrete: The number of marbles in a bag is a whole number.

c) First calculate the probabilities.

Diameter (mm) Frequency Probability, P(x)
1
12.0 5 12
11
13.0 11 60
2
14.0 24 5
1
20.0 15 4
1
25.0 5 12

d) The area of each bar represents its probability. The width of each bar is 1, so the probability
is shown on the vertical axis.

12.0(5)  13.0(11)  14.0(24)  20.0(15)  25.0(5)

e) weighted mean 
60
 16.0666...
The weighted mean of the outcomes equals the expectation.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 7 Page 152

a) Create a table showing all possible sums of the two 8-sided dice.
Determine the frequency of each sum.
First Die
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Second Die
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 11

Sum, x Frequency
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 7
11 6
12 5
13 4
14 3
15 2
16 1

b) Use a graphing calculator.

 1   1   3  1  5   3   7  1  7   3  5  1

c) E ( x)  2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10    11   12    13  
 64   32   64   16   64   32   64   8   64   32   64   16 
 3   1   1 
 14    15    16  
 64   32   64 
2 3 12 5 30 21 56 9 70 33 60 13 42 15 16
              
64 32 64 16 64 32 64 8 64 32 64 16 64 32 64
2  6  12  20  30  42  56  72  70  66  60  52  42  30  16

64
9
On average, the expected sum of two dice is 9.

12 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 8 Page 152

Answers may vary. The rectangle has a perimeter of 24 cm.

Rectangle Width Distribution of Frequency Probability,
(cm), x Dimensions P(x)
1
1 1 by 11 1 6
1
2 2 by 10 1 6
1
3 3 by 9 1 6
1
4 4 by 8 1 6
1
5 5 by 7 1 6
1
6 6 by 6 1 6

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 9 Page 152

a) A total of 2000 tickets are old, n(S) = 2000. There are nine prizes, n(A) = 9. The probability
9
of winning a prize is .
2000

total value of all prizes

b) Expected payout 
number of tickets sold
500  3(100)  5(50)

2000
 0.525
The expected payout per ticket is $0.525.

c) Determine the difference between the ticket price and payout per ticket.
$5 – $0.525 = $4.475
The expected profit per ticket is $4.475.

d) A 90% profit per ticket would mean $4.50 per ticket.

Solving x – 0.525 = 4.5, gives x = 5.025. This means the price of a ticket would have to be $5.03.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 13

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 10 Page 153

a) Let F represent a face card and NF represent not a face card.

Number of Probability,
Face Cards, x Distribution of Face Cards Frequency P(x)
1
0 NF,NF,NF 1 8
3
1 F,NF,NF NF,F,NF NF,NF,F 3 8
3
2 F,F,NF F,NF,F NF,F,F 3 8
1
3 F,F,F 1 8

b)

c) Discrete: The number of face cards must be a whole number.

1  3  3 1
d) E ( x)  0    1   2    3  
8 8 8 8
3 63

8
12

8
 1.5
The expected value is 1.5. On average, the expected number of face cards in three trials is 1.5.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 11 Page 153

a) Let D represent rolling doubles and ND represent not rolling doubles. The probability of
1
rolling doubles on two standard dice is . The probability of not rolling doubles on two standard
6
5
dice is .
6

14 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) To calculate the probability of each outcome, multiply the probabilities along each branch.
Number of
Doubles Distribution of Doubles Probability
125
0 ND,ND,ND 216
75
1 D,ND,ND ND,D,ND ND,ND,D 216
15
2 D,D,ND D,ND,D ND,D,D 216
1
3 D,D,D 216

 125   75   15   1 
c) E ( x)  0    1   2   3 
 216   216   216   216 
75  30  3

216
108

216
 0.5
The expected number of doubles in three rolls is 0.5.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 12 Page 153

Refer to question 2 of Prerequisite Skills.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 15

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 13 Page 153

Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 14 Page 153

a) Answers may vary. There are many more values in these data sets that start with one
compared to other digits.

1(30.1)  2(17.6)  3(12.5)  4(9.7)  5(7.9)  6(6.7)  7(5.8)  8(5.1)  9(4.6)

b) E ( x) 
100
344.1

100
 3.441
The expected value is 3.441. On average, the expected first digit is 3.441.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 15 Page 153

4 1
a) The probability of cutting the first ace on the first try is , or .
52 13

b) If the first ace appears on the second try, the card on the first try was anything other than an
ace.
48 4 192
 
52 52 2704
12

169
12
The probability of cutting the first ace on the second try is .
169

c) If the first ace appears on the third try, the card on the first and second try was anything other
than an ace.
48 48 4 9216
  
52 52 52 140 608
144

2197
144
The probability of cutting the first ace on the third try is .
2197

d) If the first ace appears on the n try, the card on the first, second, third, …(n – 1)th try was
anything other than an ace.
n1
 48  4
The probability of cutting the first ace on the nth try is    .
 52  52

16 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 16 Page 153

Divide the circle into a total of 15 equal sectors of 24°. Assign the number 1 to a sector of 24°.
Assign the number 2 to a sector size of 48°, 3 to sector of 72°, 4 to a sector of 96°, and 5 to sector
1 2 3 4 5
of 120°. Then, the probability of each sector is , , , , and , respectively.
15 15 15 15 15

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 17 Page 153

1 2
Let the probability of rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 be
. Then, the probability of rolling a 5 is .
7 7
To calculate the probability of each outcome, multiply the probabilities of rolling each value on
the dice. Then, add results for each sum. For example, probability of a sum of 6 is
11 12
3    2    .
77 77
First Die
1 2 3 4 5 6
Second Die
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 17

 Sum Frequency Probability
1
2 1 49
2
3 2 49
4 3
3
49
4
5 4 49
7
6 5 49
8
7 6 49
7
8 5 49
6
9 4 49
4
10 3 49
4
11 2 49
1
12 1 49

 1   2   3   4   7   8   7   6   4   4   1 
E ( x)  2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10    11   12  
   
49 49      
49 49 49      
49 49 49  
49  
49  49 
2  6  12  20  42  56  56  54  40  44  12

49
 7.020...
The expected sum of the two weighted dice is approximately 7.02.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Uniform Distributions

Chapter 4 Section 2 Example 1 Your Turn Page 156

a) Yes, the probability distribution of areas is uniform. Each randomly generated radius is
equally likely and there is a single trial.

18 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b)
Random Number, x P(x) x • P(x)
1 1
1 8 8
1 2
2 8 8
1 3
3 8 8
1 4
4 8 8
1 5
5 8 8
1 6
6 8 8
1 7
7 8 8
1 8
8 8 8

c)

d) Use the sum of the values of x ∙ P(x).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
E ( x)        
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
36

8
 4.5
The expectation is 4.5. On average, the expected radius length will be 4.5.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 19

Chapter 4 Section 2 Example 2 Your Turn Page 156

Calculate the expectation. Points received indicate a positive value for the random variable, x.
Points lost indicate a negative value for x.

Spin Point Value, x P(x) x • P(x)

1 1
1 –1 8
–
8
1 4
2 4 8 8
1 3
3 –3 8
–
8
1 8
4 8 8 8
1 5
5 –5 8
–
8
1 6
6 −6 8
–
8
1 7
7 –7 8
–
8
1 16
8 16 8 8
Use the sum of the values of x ∙ P(x).
1 4 3 8 5 6 7 16
E ( x)         
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
6

8
 0.75
A fair game will have an expectation equal to 0. This is not a fair game because the player will
win 0.75 point on each turn, on average.

Chapter 4 Section 2 R1 Page 157

Yes, randomly selecting students by their student number is uniform. Each randomly generated
student number is equally likely in a single trial.

Chapter 4 Section 2 R2 Page 157

a) A spinner with a uniform distribution will have equal sectors.

b) A spinner with a non-uniform distribution will have unequal sectors.

20 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 2 R3 Page 157

total value of all prizes

Expected payout 
number of tickets sold
1500

2000
 0.75
The expected payout per ticket is $0.75.

Determine the difference between the ticket price and payout per ticket.
$2 – $0.75 = $1.25
The expected profit per ticket is $1.25 (or loss to the customer of $1.25). This gives an advantage
to the school.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 1 Page 157

a) Since there are different probabilities for different sums in a trial, this is not a uniform
distribution.

b) Since there is an equal probability of selecting each card in a trial, this is a uniform
distribution.

c) Since there is an equal probability of each song being randomly selected in a trial, this is a
uniform distribution.

d) Since there are different probabilities for different numbers of boys in a family of five, this is
not a uniform distribution.

e) Since there is an equal probability of each person being randomly selected in a trial, this is a
uniform distribution.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 2 Page 157

Uniform distribution: In the case of political parties using robo-callers to telephone all
constituents in a riding, the probability is 1 for each person.
Uniform distribution: In the case of three people being selected at random from a group of four
girls and five boys, there is equal probability of each person being randomly selected.
Not a uniform distribution: In the case of dealing one card, face down, to each of five players, the
probability changes with each card dealt.
Uniform distribution: In the case of a school randomly selecting a student to attend a conference,
there is equal probability of each student being randomly selected.
Answer C.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 21

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 3 Page 157

1
The probability of each number is . Use this common fraction to determine the expected value.
10
1
E ( x)  (1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10)
10
1  10(10  1) 
  
10  2 
 5.5
The expected outcome is 5.5. Answer D.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 4 Page 158

Calculate the expectation. Points received indicate a positive value for the random variable, x.
Points lost indicate a negative value for x. Let n represent the number of green balls, n > 4.
Ball Number of Point Value, x P(x) x • P(x)
Colour Balls
4 12
red 4 3 4+n 4+n
n –2n
green n –2 4+n 4+n
Use the sum of the values of x ∙ P(x). Set E(X) = 0 for a fair game.
E ( x)  x1 P ( x1 )  x2 P ( x2 )
12  2n 
0  
4n  4n
12  2n
0
4n
0  12  2n
2n  12
n6
For a fair game, there must be 6 green balls.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 5 Page 158

1
a) The probability of each value is . Use this common fraction to determine the expected
5
value.
1
E ( x)  (5  10  15  20  25)
5
1
 (75)
5
 15
The expected value is 15.

b) The probability of each value is 12.5%, or 0.125. Use this common value to determine the
expected value.

22 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

E ( x)  0.125(0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7)
 7(7  1) 
 0.125  
 2 
 3.5
The expected value is 3.5.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 6 Page 158

a)
Random Number, x P(x) x • P(x)
1 1
1 12 12
1 2
2 12 12
1 3
3 12 12
1 4
4 12 12
1 5
5 12 12
1 6
6 12 12
1 7
7 12 12
1 8
8 12 12
1 9
9 12 12
1 10
10 12 12
1 11
11 12 12
1 12
12 12 12
Use this common fraction to determine the expected value.
1
E ( x)  (1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12)
12
1  12(12  1) 
  
12  2 
 6.5
The expected outcome is 6.5.

b) This does not mean that the time represented by the expectation is most likely. The
expectation is simply the predicted average of all outcomes. Each number between 1 and 12 is
equally likely.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 7 Page 158

a) If you assume that ‘any specific card” means a card, the probability of any specific card in the
1
deck is .
52

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 23

b) Since there is an equal probability of selecting any specific card in a trial, this is a uniform
distribution.

1
c) The probability of any specific card on the second selection is .
51

d) Since the probability of any specific card changes after a card is removed, this is not a
uniform distribution.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 8 Page 158

Let A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4, and E = 5.
Random Answer, x P(x)
1
1 5
1
2 5
1
3 5
1
4 5
1
5 5

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 9 Page 158

a) There are four possible outcomes: P confesses but Q denies, P and Q deny, P and Q confess,
and Q confesses but P denies, corresponding to 0, 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively.
Number of Years in P(x)
Prison, x
1
0 4
1
1 4
1
2 4
1
3 4

24 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) Answers may vary. The only chance of going free is if prisoner P confesses. If Q confesses,
then P should also confess and he will get prison time of 2 years, whereas if P denies, P will go to
jail for 3 years. If Q denies, then P should confess because he will be set free; otherwise P will go
to jail for 1 year.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 10 Page 158

a) Answers may vary. My predictions for the expected outcomes of the dice are 2.5, 3.5, 4.5,
6.5, and 10.5 (the average of the face values for each platonic solid).

b) Use this common fraction to determine the expected value.

For 4 faces, For 6 faces,
1 1
E ( x)  (1  2  3  4) E ( x)  (1  2  3  4  5  6)
4 6
10 1  6(6  1) 
   
4 6 2 
 2.5  3.5
The expected outcome is 2.5. The expected outcome is 3.5.

For 8 faces, For 12 faces,

1 1
E ( x)  (1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8) E ( x)  (1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12)
8 12
1  8(8  1)  1  12(12  1) 
     
8 2  12  2 
 4.5  6.5
The expected outcome is 4.5.
The expected outcome is 6.5.

c) Answers may vary. My findings in part b) confirm my prediction for the icosahedron.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 11 Page 159

1
Calculate the expectation. Each sector is equally likely with a probability of . The total of the
10
winning options is $127 000. The total of the losing options is –$120 000.
Use the sum of the values of x ∙ P(x).

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 25

 1
E ( x)  (127 000  120 000)
10
7000

10
 700
The expected outcome is winning $700.
The amount of risk money that would make this a fair game is $700.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 12 Page 159

a) Find the area of each ring.

For region A, For region B, For region C,
A  π(202  122 ) A  π(122  82 ) A  π82
 256π  80π  64π
Since the areas of the three regions are not equal, this is not a uniform distribution.

b) Answers may vary. To make this a fair game, let region A be worth 5 points, region B be
worth 16 points, and region C be worth 20 points.

c) Answers may vary. A similar target with a uniform distribution would have regions of equal
area. Choose radii of 8 cm, 128 cm, and 192 cm.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 13 Page 159

The total prizes are worth $1.50(50 000) + $1200(2) + $15 000 + $35 000, or $127 400.
total value of all prizes
E( X )   price per coffee
number of coffees sold
127 400
  1.50
1 000 000
 0.1274  1.5
 1.3726
The expected value of a cup of coffee is –$1.3726.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 14 Page 159

Determine the expected payout per ticket for total prizes worth $1 110 000.
total value of all prizes
Expected payout   price per ticket
number of tickets sold
1 110 000

500 000
 2.22
The expected payout per ticket is $2.22.
Let c represent the cost of a ticket. The desired profit is 0.6c. Solve for c.
c  2.22  0.6c
0.4c  2.22
c  5.55
A ticket should cost $5.55 in order for the charity to make a 60% profit.

26 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 15 Page 159

Answers may vary.

a) A spinner with 9 equal sectors, labelled 1 to 9, can be used in a uniform distribution that has
1
P(x) = .
9

b) A spinner with 15 equal sectors, labelled 1 to 15, can be used in a uniform distribution that
has an expected outcome of 8. The expected outcome is the average of the values on the spinner.

c) A scenario similar to the game presented in Example 2 will provide an outcome for an unfair
game. The game involves rolling a die. A player who rolls an even number receives points equal
to three times the face value of the die. If the player rolls an odd number, the player loses five
times the face value of the die.
Roll Point Value, x P(x) x • P(x)
1 5
1 –5 6
–
6
1 6
2 6 6 6
1 15
3 –15 6
–
6
1 12
4 12 6 6
1 25
5 –25 6
–
6
1 18
6 18 6 6
9
Sum –
6
9
E ( x)  
6
 1.5
In this case, the player will lose 1.5 points on each turn, on average.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 16 Page 159

Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 17 Page 159

1
A uniform distribution has possible outcomes from 1 to n. The probability of each outcome is .
n
Use this common fraction to determine the expected value.
1
E ( x)  (1  2  3   n)
n
1  n(n  1) 
  
n 2 
n 1

2
n 1
The expected outcome is .
2

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 27

Chapter 4 Section 2 Question 18 Page 159

Answers may vary. A table of possible winnings is shown.

Midpoint
Number Card 1 Winnings ($) Card 2 Winnings ($) (Expectation)
1 40 + 2(1) = 42 100 – 12 = 99 70.5
2 40 + 2(2) = 44 100 – 22 = 96 70.0
3 40 + 2(3) = 46 100 – 32 = 91 68.5
4 40 + 2(4) = 48 100 – 42 = 84 66.0
5 40 + 2(5) = 50 100 – 52 = 75 62.5
6 40 + 2(6) = 52 100 – 62 = 64 58.0
7 40 + 2(7) = 54 100 – 72 = 51 52.5
8 40 + 2(8) = 56 100 – 82 = 36 46.0
9 40 + 2(9) = 58 100 – 92 = 19 38.5
10 40 + 2(10) = 60 100 – 102 = 0 30.0

If a number from 1 to 6 is chosen, more money is won with card 2. If a number from 7 to 10 is
chosen, more money is won with card 1. Choosing 1 gives the greatest expected outcome at
$70.50.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Binomial Distributions

Chapter 4 Section 3 Example 1 Your Turn Page 162

1
a) The probability of success (an ace) on any individual cut of a deck of cards .
13
12
The probability of failure is . There will be one success and nine failures in 10 tires. So, there
13
9
 1  12 
is some combination of    . The ace can occur on any of the 10 tries, in 10C1 ways. The
 13  13 
nine non-aces can occur in the remaining 9C9 ways. The probability of success on one try and
9
1  12 
failure on the other nine is 10 C1    9 C9   , or approximately 0.3743.
 13   13 

b) There will be three successes and seven failures in 10 tires. So, there is some combination of
3 7
 1   12 
    . The ace can occur on any three of the 10 tries, in 10C3 ways. The seven non-aces
 13   13 
can occur in the remaining 7C7 ways. The probability of success on three tries and failure on the
3 7
1  12 
other seven is 10 C3    7 C7   , or approximately 0.0312.
 13   13 

Chapter 4 Section 3 Example 2 Your Turn Page 165

a) X = the number of occurrences of a girl

b) Each trial is independent, and on each trial the probability of a girl is 0.5.

28 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Number of Girls, x Probability, P(x) x • P(x)
6 C0 (0.5) (0.5)  0.015 625
0 6
0 0
1 6 C1 (0.5)1 (0.5)5  0.093 75 0.093 75
2 6 C2 (0.5) (0.5)  0.234 375
2 4
0.468 75
3 6 C3 (0.5) (0.5)  0.3125
3 3
0.9375
4 6 C4 (0.5) (0.5)  0.234 375
4 2
0.9375
5 6 C5 (0.5)5 (0.5)1  0.093 75 0.468 75
6 6 C6 (0.5) (0.5)  0.015 625
6 0
0.093 75

c) The probabilities sum to 1.

d) Use a graphing calculator.

Compared to the shape of the histogram in Example 2, the probability is more closely bell-shaped
with the mode at x = 3 girls. It is slightly skewed to the left.

e) Use the values from the table in part b).

6

 x  P( x)  0  0.093 75  0.468 75  0.9375  0.093 75  0.468 75  0.015 625

x 0

3
On average, you can expect 3 girls in a family of six children.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Example 3 Your Turn Page 166

a) In this case, the probability of success means conditions for rain, so

p = 40% q = 1 – 0.4
= 0.4 = 0.6
Use the indirect method to determine P(x < 6) = 1 – P(x ≥ 6).
P( x  6)  1  P(6)  P(7)  P(8)
 1  8 C6 (0.4)6 (0.6) 2  8 C7 (0.4)7 (0.6)1  8 C8 (0.4)8 (0.6)0
 0.9502
 95.02%
There is about 95.02% chance that it rained on fewer than six days.

b) E ( X )  np
 8(0.4)
 3.2
On average, there will be 3.2 days of rain out of eight days with the correct atmospheric
conditions.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 29

Chapter 4 Section 3 R1 Page 167

In the binomial distribution, the coefficient nCx represents the number of ways each of the
number of successes can happen.

Chapter 4 Section 3 R2 Page 167

Answers may vary. In a binomial distribution, p and q represent the probability of success and
failure, respectively. They are related by p = 1 – q. For example, the probability of drawing a
heart (success) from a deck of cards is 0.25, while the probability of not drawing a heart (failure)
is 0.75.

Chapter 4 Section 3 R3 Page 167

Answers may vary. The statement that about 11% of Canadians are left-handed means that in a
group of 25 people, the expected number of left-handed people is 2.75. However, the probability
of one person in 25 being left-handed is 25 C1 (0.11)1 (0.89)24 , or about 16.78%.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 1 Page 167

The probability of three successes in seven independent trials in a binomial distribution can be
represented by 7 C3 p3 q 4 . Answer A.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 2 Page 167

For n = 8 and p = 0.5,

E ( X )  np
 8(0.5)
4
Answer B.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 3 Page 167

Look for independent trials whose outcomes are either success or failure. This is not the scenario
in the case of the number of queens in a five-card hand, the sum when two dice are rolled, or each
lane for a 100-m race. An example of a binomial distribution is the probabilities of the number of
times a 5 occurs when spinning a spinner six times. Answer D.

30 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 4 Page 167

a) and b)

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 31

c) Assume a success is a rolling a one. Use a graphing calculator to determine all
P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 4, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, p = 0.75, and q = 0.25.

d) Use p = 0.75 and q = 0.25.

(0.75  0.25) 4  4 C0 (0.75) 4 (0.25) 0  4 C1 (0.75)3 (0.25)1  4 C2 (0.75) 2 (0.25)2  4 C3 (0.75)1 (0.25)3
 4 C4 (0.75)0 (0.25) 4
 1(0.75) 4 (0.25)0  4(0.75)3 (0.25)1  6(0.75) 2 (0.25) 2  4(0.75)1 (0.25)3  1(0.75)0 (0.25) 4
The expansion contains the same terms as determined using the binomial distribution formula, but
in reverse order.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 5 Page 168

a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 6, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

p = 0.3, and q = 0.7.

b) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 8, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

1 8
7, 8, p = , and q = .
9 9

32 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 6 Page 168

1
For n = 2000 and p = ,
6
E ( X )  np
1
 2000  
6
 333.333...
The expected number of times a 6 appears when rolling a die 2000 times is about 333.33.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 7 Page 168

a) The probability of a family of five children having exactly two girls is 5 C2 (0.5)2 (0.5)3 , or
0.3125.

b) The probability of a family of five children having exactly three boys is 5 C3 (0.5)3 (0.5)2 , or
0.3125. This is the same as part a).

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 8 Page 168

a) The probability that two people out of six choose the number 9 is 6 C2 (.05)2 (0.95)4 , or about
0.0305.

b) Use the indirect method to determine P(x ≥ 2) = 1 – P(x < 2).

P( x  2)  1  P(0)  P(1)
 1  6 C0 (0.05)0 (0.95)6  6 C1 (0.05)1 (0.95)5
 0.0328
There is about a 0.0328 chance that at least two people out of six choose the number 9.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 9 Page 168

a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 5, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

1 5
p = , and q = .
6 6

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 33

b) Use a graphing calculator.

c) Use a graphing calculator to calculate the sum of the x ∙ P(x) values.

The expected number of sums of 7 in five rolls is about 0.8333.

1
For n = 5 and p = ,
6
E ( X )  np
1
 5 
6
5

6
5
The expected number of of sums of 7 in five rolls is , or about 0.8333.
6
The two methods agree.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 10 Page 168

a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 8, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, p = 0.45, and q = 0.55.

34 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) Use a graphing calculator to calculate the sum of the x ∙ P(x) values.

The expected number of bull’s-eyes in eight attempts is 3.6.

c) Read the value of P(8) from the table created in part b). Since the probability of eight bull’s-
eyes in eight attempts is 0.00168, it is highly unlikely.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 11 Page 168

2 3
1 5
a) The probability that you roll two 3s when rolling five dice is 5 C2     , or about 0.1608.
6 6

1 5
b) Use and .
6 6
5 5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
    5 C5      5 C4      5 C3      5 C2      5 C1      5 C0    
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
 1     5      10      10      5      1   
   
6 6    
6 6    
6 6    
6 6    
6 6 6 6

2 3
1 5
c) The fourth term: 5 C2     .
6 6

d) The general term, n Cx p x q n x , in the binomial expansion represents the probability of x

successes in n independent trials, where p is the probability of success on an individual trial and q
is the probability of failure on that same individual trial (q = 1 – p).

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 12 Page 168

a) The probability that three bulbs out of 10 do not meet specification is 10 C3 (0.06)3 (0.94)7 , or
about 0.0168.

b) The probability that seven bulbs out of 10 do not meet specification is 10 C7 (0.06)7 (0.94)3 , or
about 2.7901 × 10–7.

c) Interpret between 3 and 7 to mean 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 do not meet specifications.

The probability that between three and seven bulbs out of 10 do not meet specification is
3 7 4 6 5 5 6 4
10 C3 (0.06) (0.94) + 10 C4 (0.06) (0.94) + 10 C5 (0.06) (0.94) + 10 C6 (0.06) (0.94) +

10 C7 (0.06)7 (0.94)3 , or about 0.018 84.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 35

d) Answers may vary. I used the direct method in part c). An alternate method is to use the
indirect method: 1 – P(0) – P(1) – P(2) – P(8) – P(9) – P(10).

e) Answers may vary. The expected number of bulbs that do not meet specification out of 10
bulbs is 10(0.06), or 0.6. Yes, the inspector should be concerned if two bulbs do not meet
specifications.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 13 Page 168

Calculate the expectation. Points received indicate a positive value for the random variable, x.
Each point represents a car given away.
Number of Cars
That Start Point Value, x P(x) x • P(x)
0 5
1 9
0 0 5 C0     0
 10   10 
1 4
1 9
1 0 5 C1     0
 10   10 
2 3
1 9
2 2 5 C2     0.1458
 10   10 
3 2
1 9
3 3 5 C3     0.0243
 10   10 
4 1
1 9
4 4 5 C4     0.0018
 10   10 
5 0
1 9
5 5 5 C5     0.000 05
 10   10 
Sum 0.171 95
A fair game will have an expectation equal to 0. This game favours the contestant, on average.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 14 Page 168

a) The probability that Jamal is successful on eight of ten free-throws is 10 C8 (0.8)8 (0.2)2 , or
about 0.3020. He is 30.2% likely to be successful on 8 of 10 free-throw attempts.

b) Use the direct method to determine P(x ≥ 8).

P( x  8)  P(8)  P(9)  P(10)
 10 C8 (0.8)8 (0.2)2  10 C9 (0.8)9 (0.2)1  10 C10 (0.8)10 (0.2)0
 0.6777...
He is about 67.8% likely to be successful on at least 8 of 10 free-throw attempts.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 15 Page 169

a) The probability that Jean will be successful on two out of eight multiple choice questions is
2 6
8 C2 (0.25) (0.75) , or about 0.3115.

b) Assume that a pass means more than four correct questions.

Use the direct method to determine P(x ≥ 4).

36 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

P( x  4)  P(4)  P(5)  P(6)  P(7)  P(8)
 8 C4 (0.25) 4 (0.75) 4  8 C5 (0.25)5 (0.75)3  8 C6 (0.25) 6 (0.75) 2  8 C7 (0.25)7 (0.75)1  8 C8 (0.25)8 (0.75) 0
 0.113 807...

The probability that Jean will pass is about 0.113 807.

c) The expected number of correct answers on the quiz is 8(.25), or 2.

d) Answers may vary. The probability distribution will be approximately bell-shaped, with the
mode at 2. It will be skewed to the right.

e) Answers may vary. Since the probability of success increases, the probability distribution will
more closely resemble a bell-shape, with the mode at 8(0.4), or about 3.

f) Probability histogram for part d) Probability histogram for part e)

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 16 Page 169

a) The binomial distribution is not a suitable model in the situation because the probability of
success changes with each trial.

b) Answers may vary. Example: A jar contains 12 red balls and eight green balls. Six balls are
removed with replacement. What is the probability that four of the balls are red?

c) Answers may vary. The probability that four of the six balls are red is 6 C4 (0.6)4 (0.4)2 , or
0.311 04.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 17 Page 169

a) Calculate the probabilities of a majority of people approving the transit system.

Sample Size Probability
7 P(x > 3) = 1 – P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)
= 1 – binomcdf(7, 0.35, 3)
≈ 0.1998
100 P(x > 50) = 1 – P(0) + P(1) + P(2) +  + P(50)
= 1 – binomcdf(100, 0.35, 50)
≈ 7.3783 × 10–4
1000 P(x > 500) = 1 – P(0) + P(1) + P(2) +  + P(500)
= 1 – binomcdf(1000, 0.35, 500)
=0

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 37

b) The probability of the majority of people approving the transit system decreases with the
increase in sample size.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 18 Page 169

6  3 1
The expected payout per scratch card is 10    25    50   , or $18.50.
 10   10   10 
Then, the expected cost to the store if it has 200 customers one particular day is 200(18.5), or
$3700.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 19 Page 169

Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 20 Page 169

Answers may vary. Example: 19% of the Canadian population live in rural areas. A group of 30
Canadians is selected at Pearson International Airport.
a) What is the probability that more than two of them live in a rural area?
b) What is the expected number of rural citizens?

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 21 Page 169

n!
a) P(outcome 1, outcome 2, outcome 3)  p a qb r c where
a!b! c!
P is the probability of outcome 1, outcome 2, and outcome 3
a is the number of times outcome 1 occurs
b is the number of times outcome 2 occurs
c is the number of times outcome 3 occurs
p is the probability of outcome 1
q is the probability of outcome 2
r is the probability of outcome 3

1
b) In this situation, n = 10, a = 3, b = 2, c = 5, p = q = r = .
3
n!
P ( X  a , Y  b, Z  c )  p a qb r c
a !b!c !
3 2 5
10!  1   1   1 
P( X  3, Y  2, Z  5)       
3!2!5!  3   3   3 
10
1
P( X  3, Y  2, Z  5)  2520  
 3
P( X  3, Y  2, Z  5)  0.042 676...
The probability of rolling three reds, two greens, and five yellows in 10 rolls of the die is about
0.0427.

38 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 3 Question 22 Page 169
n
E ( X )   xi  P ( xi )
i 1
n
  x  n Cx p x q n x
x 0
n
n!
 x p x (1  p ) n  x
x 0 (n  x)! x !
n
n!
 x p x (1  p ) n  x
x 1 (n  x)! x( x  1)!
n
n!
 p x (1  p) n  x
x 1 ( n  x )!( x  1)!
n
(n  1)!
 np  p x 1 (1  p) n  x
x 1 ( n  x )!( x  1)!
n
(n  1)!
 np  p x 1 (1  p )( n 1)  ( x 1)
x 1 (( n  1)  ( x  1))!( x  1)!
Let m = n – 1 and y = x – 1.
m
m!
 np p y (1  p)m  y
y 0 ( m  y )! y !
This is a form of the binomial theorem (x + y)n with x = p, y = 1 – p, and n = m.
 np( p  (1  p)) m
 np(1) m
 np

Chapter 4 Section 4 Hypergeometric Distributions

Chapter 4 Section 4 Example 1 Your Turn Page 172

There are 15 astronauts with 6 women and 9 men. Four are to be selected: n(S) = 15C4
For the probability of 2 men and 2 women, n(A) = 6C2 × 9C2.
C  C
P ( A)  6 2 9 2
15 C4

540

1365
 0.3956
The probability that 2 men and 2 women are selected is about 39.56%.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Example 2 Your Turn Page 175

Cx  n  a Cr  x
a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 10, r = 4, a = 6,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 39

b) Use a graphing calculator.

c) Compared to the shape of the histogram in Example 2, the probability is less bell-shaped with
the mode at x = 2. It is skewed to the left.

d) P(0) = 0.00476 or 0.476%, which means that getting no green jelly beans is very unlikely.

e) From the graphing calculator, E(X) = 2.4.

On average, there will be 2.4 green jelly beans in four selections.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Example 3 Your Turn Page 177

a) In this situation, n = 24, r = 7, and a = 10. Use the indirect method to determine
P(x ≥ 3) = 1 – P(x < 3).
P( x  3)  1  P(0)  P(1)  P(2)
C  C C  C C  C
 1  10 0 14 7  10 1 14 6  10 2 14 5
24 C7 24 C7 24 C7

 0.6430
The probability that at least three are male is about 0.6430.

b) For r = 7, a = 10, and n = 24,

40 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

 ra
E( X ) 
n
7(10)

24
 2.9167
On average, about 2.9167 males will be chosen in a selection of seven students.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Example 4 Your Turn Page 177

The 80 foxes caught were all different from each other. So, there were no repetitions and the trials
were dependent. If they were tagged, the trial was deemed a success; if not, the trial was deemed
a failure. This is represented by a hypergeometric distribution.
n = size of fox population
a = number originally tagged r = number later caught (sample size)
= 500 = 80
E(X) = number of foxes that had been tagged (expectation from the sample)
= 34
Use the expectation formula.
ra
E( X ) 
n
80(500)
34 
n
80(500)
n
34
n  1176.4706
The fox population is about 1176 foxes.

Chapter 4 Section 4 R1 Page 178

a) The random variable is the number of red marbles selected. The size of the sample space is 5
marbles. The size of the population is 10 marbles. The range of the random variable is 0 to 5.

b) The random variable is the number of hearts selected. The size of the sample space is 7 cards.
The size of the population is 52 cards. The range of the random variable is 0 to 7.

Chapter 4 Section 4 R2 Page 178

Since the trials are independent, this is not a hypergeometric probability situation.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 1 Page 178

From a bag containing five red and six blue blocks, the probability of getting three red blocks in
C  C
four selections is 5 3 6 1 . Answer D.
11 C4

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 41

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 2 Page 178

Look for dependent trials whose outcomes are either success or failure. This is not the scenario in
the case of the probability of each sum when two dice are rolled, the probability of a given
number being randomly chosen from the numbers 1 to 10, or the probability of the number of
times a 3 occurs when rolling a die six times. An example of a hypergeometric distribution is the
probability of the number of aces in a seven-card hand. Answer A.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 3 Page 178

6 C3  9 C2
a) For , n = 6 + 9 , or 15, and r = 3 + 2, or 5.
n Cr

C5  7 Cb
b) For a
, a = 10 – 7 , or 3, and b = 6 – 5, or 1.
10 C6

C3  c C2
c) For 6
, c = 25 – 6 , or 19, and d = 3 + 2, or 5.
25 Cd

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 4 Page 178

Cx  n  a Cr  x
a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 15, r = 4, a = 7,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

Cx  n  a Cr  x
b) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 8, r = 4, a = 4,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

42 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 5 Page 179

Cx  n  a Cr  x
a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 20, r = 5, a = 5,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

b) Use the expectation formula with r = 5, a = 5, and n = 20.

ra
E( X ) 
n
5(5)

20
 1.25
On average, 1.25 hearts will be in a five-card hand of honour cards.

Use a graphing calculator to calculate the sum of the x ∙ P(x) values.

On average, 1.25 hearts will be in a five-card hand of honour cards.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 6 Page 179

a) In this situation, n = 20, r = 3, and a = 5. Use the indirect method to determine

P(x ≥ 1) = 1 – P(x < 1).
P( x  1)  1  P(0)
C  C
 1  5 0 15 3
20 C3

 0.6009
The probability that at least one light bulb is defective is about 0.6009.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 43

b) For r = 3, a = 5, and n = 20,
ra
E( X ) 
n
3(5)

20
 0.75
On average, 0.75 defective light bulbs will be chosen in a selection of 3 light bulbs.

C3  15 C0
c) P(3)  5

20 C3

 0.0088
The probability that all three light bulbs are defective is about 0.88%, which is very unlikely.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 7 Page 179

a) There are 4 aces in a deck of cards.

C  C
P(4 aces)  4 4 48 9
52 C13

 0.0026
The probability of 4 aces in a 13-card hand is about 0.0026.

b) There are 4 kings in a deck of cards. Use the indirect method to determine
P(x ≥ 1) = 1 – P(x < 1).
P( x  1)  1  P(0)
C  C
 1  4 0 48 13
52 C13

 0.6962
The probability of at least one king in a 13-card hand is about 0.6962.

c) There are 13 cards of each suit in a deck of cards.

C  C  C
P(5 clubs, 8 diamonds)  13 5 13 8 26 0
52 C13

 2.6084  106
The probability of 5 clubs and 8 diamonds in a 13-card hand is about 2.6084 × 10–6.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 8 Page 179

There are 30 mice, 8 with a genetic mutation, 10 are selected.

The probability of fewer than three means P(0) + P(1) + P(2).
The probability of more than seven typically means P(8) + P(9) + P(10). However, there are only
8 mice with a defective mutation. So, the probability of more than seven means P(8). Knowing
the shape of the distribution, the ends are highly unlikely.
There is a greater probability of the mice having the genetic mutation in fewer than three.

44 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 9 Page 179

n = size of fox population

a = number originally tagged r = number later caught (sample size)
= 200 = 100

E(X) = number of foxes that had been tagged (expectation from the sample)
= 14
Use the expectation formula.
ra
E( X ) 
n
100(200)
14 
n
100(200)
n
14
n  1428.571 429
The fox population is about 1429 foxes.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 10 Page 179

a) n = size of fox population

= 120
a = number originally tagged r = number later caught (sample size)
= 80 = 25

E(X) = number of deer that had been tagged (expectation from the sample)
Use the expectation formula.
ra
E( X ) 
n
25(80)

120
 16.666...
They would expect to find about 17 deer tagged.

b) Yes. The expected number of tagged deer is 17.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 11 Page 179

a) Answers may vary. I predict that a five-card hand will have a greater probability of no
spades.

b) For a seven-card hand, For a five-card hand,

C  C C  C
P(no spades)  13 0 39 7 P(no spades)  13 0 39 5
52 C7 52 C5

 0.114 967...  0.221533...

My prediction was correct. As the number of cards in a hand increases, so does the possibility
that it contains a spade.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 45

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 12 Page 179

a) There are 20 cars. It is not possible to send four cars from the 1920s or 1930s.
Four from 1940s, Four from 1950s, Four from 1960s,
C  C C  C C  C
P(1940s)  4 4 16 0 P(1950s)  6 4 14 0 P(1960s)  7 4 13 0
20 C4 20 C4 20 C4

 0.000 206...  0.003 095...  0.007 223...

Sending four cars from the 1960s has the greatest probability.

b) There are 13 cars from the 1950s or 1960s. Use a graphing calculator to determine all
C  C
P( x)  a x n  a r  x , where n = 20, r = 4, a = 13, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
n Cr

c) Use the expectation formula with r = 4, a = 4, and n = 20.

ra
E( X ) 
n
4(4)

20
 0.8
On average, 0.8 cars from the 1940s will be selected.

d) Increasing the number of cars from the 1920s changes the value of n to 23 and n – a becomes
10. With more choices from other decades, the mode should shift to the left.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 13 Page 179

a) There are 9 men and 11 women from which 12 are selected. Note: It is not possible to have a
C  C
jury with no men. Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a x n  a r  x , where n = 20,
n Cr
r = 12, a = 9, x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

46 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) Answers may vary.

c) Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 14 Page 179

There are 13 cards of each suit in a deck of cards. The bridge hand has 13 cards.
C  C  C  C
P(4 one suit, 3 of each other suit)  13 4 13 3 13 3 13 3
52 C13

 0.0263
The probability of four cards of one suit and three of each other suit in a 13-card hand is about
0.0263.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Question 15 Page 179

There is only one way for the coins to total 75 cents, selecting three quarters.
C  C
P(75 cents)  4 3 8 0
12 C3

 0.0182
The probability of that the value of three coins is 75 cents is about 0.0182.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Comparing and Selecting Discrete Probability Distributions

Chapter 4 Section 5 Example Your Turn Page 184

a)

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 47

b) There are 5 males and 6 female names from which 4 are selected.
6
Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 4, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, p = ,
11
5
and q = .
11

Cx  n  a Cr  x
Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 11, r = 4, a = 6, x = 0,
n Cr
1, 2, 3, 4.

c) The graphs have the same bell-like shape, with the x = 2 female names being the most likely
outcome. The hypergeometric graph is slightly taller than the binomial graph at x = 2 (0.455 vs
0.369) and x = 3 (0.303 vs. 0.295), and shorter at the other values of x. This occurs due to the
dependent nature of the hypergeometric distribution, causing probabilities to increase when fewer
choices are available.

48 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 5 R1 Page 184

Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 5 R2 Page 184

No. For a binomial distribution, the probability of each success is the same, but with
hypergeometric the probability of success changes with each trial.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 1 Page 185

Look for independent versus dependent trials.

a) Hypergeometric: Trials are dependent.

b) Binomial: Trials are independent and given the probability of failure.

c) Hypergeometric: Trials are dependent.

d) Uniform: Trials are independent and all outcomes are equally likely.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 2 Page 185

If, in a probability distribution, the number of successes is counted, then the distribution may be
binomial or hypergeometric. Answer C.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 3 Page 185

The probability distribution for the number of squares chosen that contain money is
hypergeometric. Answer C.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 49

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 4 Page 185

Answers may vary.

a) Possible random variable is the number of cards of a particular suit or denomination, x = 0 to
5.

b) Possible random variable is the number of grade 11 students or grade 12 students, x = 0 to 4.

c) Possible random variable is the value of the outcome (a particular suit or denomination).

d) Possible random variable is the number of a particular digit, x = 0 to r.

e) Possible random variable is the number of defective bottles, x = 0 to r.

f) Possible random variable is the value of the outcome (winning square).

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 5 Page 185

Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 6 Page 185

a) Since each outcome is equally likely, this is a uniform distribution.

b) Answers may vary. Example: Six people are asked to choose a number between 1 and 15.
What is the probability that two people choose the number 13?

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 7 Page 186

a) Since these are independent success/failure trials, this is a binomial distribution.

b) Answers may vary. Example: At Bill’s Burger Barn, there is a hat with five free hamburger
tickets and ten free fries tickets. If three tickets are drawn, what is the probability of winning a
free hamburger?

50 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 8 Page 186

a) Since these are dependent success/failure trials, this is a hypergeometric distribution.

b) Answers may vary. Example: For a random draw, 20 slips of paper containing people’s
names are placed into a bin, 20% of which are her friends. What is the probability that at least one
friend’s name will be drawn?

c) The probability of at least one friend winning a prize is P(x ≥ 1) = 1 – P(x < 1).
In the first scenario, In the second scenario,
P( x  1)  1  P(0) P( x  1)  1  P(0)
C  C  1  5 C0 (0.2)0 (0.8)5
 1  4 0 16 5
20 C5  0.6723
 0.7183

d) Since there is a higher probability of a friend winning in the first scenario, Barb would be
happier with the hypergeometric distribution.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 9 Page 186

Answers may vary.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 10 Page 186

For the expectation for cutting a card from a deck four times, use np. For dealing four cards from
ra a
a deck, use . However, n = r and p = . So, the results are the same.
n n
1
a) The expected number of aces in four cuts of the cards is 4   , or about 0.3077. The
 13 
4(4)
expected number of aces in four dealt cards is , or about 0.3077.
52

1
b) The expected number of red cards in four cuts of the cards is 4   , or 2. The expected
2
4(26)
number of red cards in four dealt cards is , or 2.
52

1
c) The expected number of hearts in four cuts of the cards is 4   , or 1. The expected number
4
4(13)
of hearts in four dealt cards is , or 1.
52

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 11 Page 186

a) This can be modelled using a hypergeometric distribution because the trials are dependent.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 51

 Cx  n  a Cr  x
b) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 20, r = 6, a = 12,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

c) Use the expectation formula with r = 6, a = 12, and n = 20.

ra
E( X ) 
n
6(12)

20
 3.6
On average, 3.6 girls will win a prize.

Use a graphing calculator to calculate the sum of the x ∙ P(x) values.

On average, 3.6 girls will win a prize.

d) Answers may vary. A basket contains 20 slips of paper, each with a student’s name on it.
Eight of the names are males and 12 are females. Six names are selected at random, with
replacement, and the number of female names is counted.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 12 Page 186

Answers may vary.

a) Show the probability distribution for the number of successful ring-tosses in eight attempts.

b) There are 15 bottles, with five green and ten clear. Show the probability distribution for the
number of successful ring-tosses onto green bottles in four attempts.

c) There are eight bottles numbered 1 to 8, and the probability of a successful ring-toss on any
one is equally likely. Show the probability distribution for the bottle number.

52 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 13 Page 187

Cx  n  a Cr  x
a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 10, r = 6, a = 6,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Cx  n  a Cr  x
Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 200, r = 6, a = 6,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

b) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 6, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

p = 0.6, and q = 0.4.

Let p = 0.6. Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 6, x = 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, p = 0.03, and q = 0.97.

c) The two distributions for n = 10 both have somewhat similar bell shapes, with a mode of
x = 4. The hypergeometric graph is slightly taller than the binomial graph at x = 3 and x = 4, and
shorter at the other values of x.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 53

The two distributions for n = 200 both have almost identical half-bell shapes, with a mode of
x = 0. The hypergeometric graph is slightly taller than the binomial graph at x = 1, and slightly
shorter at the other values of x.

d) The binomial distribution gives a close approximation of a hypergeometric distribution when

r is small in relation to n.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 14 Page 187

e np (np) x
Use a graphing calculator to determine the sum of all P( x)  , where n = 2000,
x!
p = 0.015, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Shown in L2.
Use a graphing calculator to determine the sum of all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 2000, x = 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, p = 0.015, and q = 0.985. Shown in L3.

The Poisson distribution gives approximately 7.1 × 10–6, where as the binomial distribution gives
approximately 6.4 × 10–6.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 15 Page 187

1 n
a) i) E ( X )   xi
n i 1
1  n(n  1) 
  
n 2 
n 1

2

ii) E ( X )  np
a
 n 
n
a

ra
iii) E ( X ) 
n
na

n
a
b) The expected value for the binomial distribution equals that of the hypergeometric
distribution.

54 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Section 5 Question 16 Page 187

a) i) The probability that your first red light will be on your first trip through the intersection is
0.4.

ii) The probability that your first red light will be on your second trip through the intersection is
0.6(0.4), or 0.24.

iii) The probability that your first red light will be on your third trip through the intersection is
0.6(0.6)(0.4), or 0.144.

iv) The probability that your first red light will be on your nth trip through the intersection is
(0.6)n−1(0.4).

b) The probability of an event occurring for the first time after n initial failures, involving
independent trials is (probability of failure)n × (probability of success).

c) The probability of success after a waiting time of x failures is P(x) = qxp, where p is the
probability of success in each single trial and q is the probability of failure.
1
d) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = qxp, where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, p = ,
6
5
and q = .
6

e) All three distributions have two possible outcomes, success or failure. The geometric and
binomial distributions involve independent trials where the probability of success is the same in
every trial. This is in contrast to the hypergeometric distribution, where trials are dependent and
the probability of success is not the same in every trial. Binomial and hypergeometric
distributions involve a fixed number of trials, whereas geometric distributions involve continued
trials until success.

Chapter 4 Review

Chapter 4 Review Question 1 Page 188

a) Continuous: The time spent playing a hockey game can be measured in fractions of a second.

b) Discrete: The number of times you make a basket in basketball must be a whole number.

c) Discrete: The number of candies in a bag must be a whole number.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 55

d) Continuous: The mass of candies can be measured in fractions of a kilogram.

Chapter 4 Review Question 2 Page 188

a) For ease of graphing, convert probabilities to decimal values.

b)

Chapter 4 Review Question 3 Page 188

3
1  5 1 1
a)  x P( x)  0  12   1 12   2  3   3 6 
x 0

5 2 3
0  
12 3 6
586

12
 1.583...
The expected value of x is about 1.58.
b) E ( x)  2(0.05)  4(0.13)  6(0.24)  8(0.38)  10(0.12)  12(0.05)  14(.03)
 7.32
The expected value of x is 7.32.

Chapter 4 Review Question 4 Page 188

A uniform distribution occurs when, in a single trial, all outcomes are equally likely.

56 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Review Question 5 Page 188

a)
Random Number, x P(x) x • P(x)
1 1
1 6 6
1 2
2 6 6
1 3
3 6 6
1 4
4 6 6
1 5
5 6 6
1 6
6 6 6

b) Use the sum of the values of x ∙ P(x) in the table in part a).
1 2 3 4 5 6
E ( x)      
6 6 6 6 6 6
21

6
 3.5
The expectation is 3.5. The predicted average value of the random number will be 3.5.

Chapter 4 Review Question 6 Page 188

a) Calculate the expectation. Amounts received indicate a positive value for the random
variable, x. Amounts lost indicate a negative value for x.
Number of Amount
Green Balls ($), x P(x) x • P(x)
0 –360 0
3 C0 (0.4) (0.6)
3
–77.76
1 –40 3 C1 (0.4)1 (0.6)2 –17.28
2 1
2 280 3 C2 (0.4) (0.6) 80.64
3 0
3 600 C3 (0.4) (0.6)
3 38.40
Sum 24
A fair game will have an expectation equal to 0. This is not a fair game because the player will
win $24 on each turn, on average.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 57

b) Calculate the expectation. Amounts received indicate a positive value for the random
variable, x. Amounts lost indicate a negative value for x.
Number of Amount
Green Balls ($), x P(x) x • P(x)
   
15 14 13
0 –360 3 C0     –71.22
 25  24  23 
 10  15  14 
1 –40 3 C1     –18.26
 25  24  23 
 10  9  15 
2 280 3 C2     82.17
 25  24  23 
 10  9  8 
3 600 3 C3     31.30
 25  24  23 
Sum 23.99
A fair game will have an expectation equal to 0. This is not a fair game because the player will
win $23.99 on each turn, on average.

Chapter 4 Review Question 7 Page 189

Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 6, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

1 5
p = , and q = .
6 6

Chapter 4 Review Question 8 Page 189

a) For type O, n = 120 and p = 0.46.

E ( X )  np
 120  0.46 
 55.2
The expected number of people with type O blood is 55.2.

A binomial distribution has a specific number of identical independent trials in which the result is
success or failure. The binomial distribution is a suitable model in the situation because the
probability of success (type O) does not change with each trial.

b) For type A, n = 120 and p = 0.42. The expected number of people with type A blood is
120(0.42), or 50.4. For type B, n = 120 and p = 0.09. The expected number of people with type B
blood is 120(0.09), or 10.8. For type AB, n = 120 and p = 0.03. The expected number of people
with type AB blood is 120(0.03), or 3.6.

58 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

Chapter 4 Review Question 9 Page 189

a) The probability of winning a prize once in 10 tries is 10 C1 (0.12)1 (0.88)9 , or about 0.3798.

b) Use the indirect method to determine P(x ≥ 3) = 1 – P(x < 3).

P( x  3)  1  P(0)  P(1)  P(2)
 1  10 C0 (0.12)0 (0.88)10  10 C1 (0.12)1 (0.88)9  10 C2 (0.12)2 (0.88)8
 0.1087
The probability of winning a prize at least three times in 10 tries is about 0.1087.

c) The expected number of winning cards in 10 tries is 10(0.12), or 1.2.

Chapter 4 Review Question 10 Page 189

Cx  n  a Cr  x
a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P( x)  a
, where n = 25, r = 7, a = 10,
n Cr
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

b) Use the expectation formula with r = 7, a = 10, and n = 25.

ra
E( X ) 
n
7(10)

25
 2.8
The expected outcome is 2.8.

Use a graphing calculator to calculate the sum of the x ∙ P(x) values.

The expected outcome is 2.8.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 59

Chapter 4 Review Question 11 Page 189

a) There are 56 coins, with 18 being rare. Select 10 coins.

C  C
P(all rare)  18 10 38 0
56 C10

 1.228  106
The probability that all 10 coins are rare is about 1.228 × 10–6.

b) There are 56 coins, with 18 being rare. Select 10 coins.

C  C
P(0 rare)  18 0 38 10
56 C10

 0.0133
The probability that no coins are rare is about 0.0133.

c) Use the indirect method to determine P(x ≥ 2) = 1 – P(x < 2).

P( x  2)  1  P(0)  P(1)
C  C C  C
 1  18 0 38 10  18 1 38 9
56 C10 56 C10

 0.9043
The probability that at least two coins are rare is about 0.9043.

Chapter 4 Review Question 12 Page 189

n = size of seal; population

a = number originally tagged r = number later caught (sample size)
= 420 = 100

E(X) = number of seals that had been tagged (expectation from the sample)
= 42
Use the expectation formula.
ra
E( X ) 
n
100(420)
42 
n
100(420)
n
42
n  1000
The seal population is 1000 seals.

Chapter 4 Review Question 13 Page 189

Look for independent versus dependent trials.

a) Binomial: Trials are independent and given the probability of failure.

b) Hypergeometric: Trials are dependent.

c) None of these

60 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

d) Uniform: Trials are independent and all outcomes are equally likely.

Chapter 4 Review Question 14 Page 189

a) There are 12 faces cards in a deck of 52 cards. The probability that five of seven cards dealt
C  C
are face card is 12 5 40 2 , or about 0.0046.
52 C7

3 10
b) There are 12 faces cards in a deck of 52 cards: p = and q = . The probability that five
13 13
5 2
 3   10 
of seven cards chosen, with replacement are face card is 7 C5     , or about 0.0081.
 13   13 

c) There is a greater probability of five face cards with replacement. This is because the trials
are independent and the probability of a face card does not change.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 1 Page 190

This is a uniform distribution. The expected outcome on a typical roll is

1
(2  4  6  8  10  12  14  16) , or 9. Answer C.
8

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 2 Page 190

The binomial and hypergeometric distributions are similar in that they both involve counting
success. Answer D.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 3 Page 190

1 n
The expectation for a uniform distribution is calculated using  xi . Answer A.
n i 1

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 4 Page 190

Counting the number of tails when a coin is flipped 20 times is an example of a binomial
distribution. Answer A.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 5 Page 190

The probability that exactly two students will be selected when five people are selected from four
C  C
students and three teachers is 4 2 3 3 . Answer B.
7 C5

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 61

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 6 Page 190

This is a binomial distribution with p = 0.4 and n = 2(5), or 10. The expected number of red lights
is 10(0.4), or 4.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 7 Page 190

There are 12 face cards in an honour deck of cards.

C  C
P(2 face)  12 2 8 1
20 C3

 0.4632
The probability that two are face cards is about 0.4632.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 8 Page 190

a) The situation in #7 is modelled by a hypergeometric distribution because the trials are

dependent (without replacement).

b) The situation can be changed to a binomial distribution by making it with replacement.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 9 Page 190

n = size of beaver population

= 452
a = number originally tagged r = number later caught (sample size)
= 200 = 65
E(X) = number of beaver that had been tagged (expectation from the sample)
Use the expectation formula.
ra
E( X ) 
n
65(200)

452
 28.7610...
They would expect to find about 29 beaver tagged.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 10 Page 190

a) Use a graphing calculator to determine all P(x) = nCxpxqn−x , where n = 8, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

1 5
7, 8, p = , and q = .
6 6

62 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

b) Use a graphing calculator.

c) Use a graphing calculator to calculate the sum of the x ∙ P(x) values.

The expected number of sums of 7 in eight rolls is about 1.3333.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 11 Page 191

a) The probability that the line is always busy is 15 C15 (0.95)15 (0.05)0 , or about 0.4633.
Use the direct method to determine P(x ≥ 12).
P( x  12)  P(12)  P(13)  P(14)  P(15)
 15 C12 (0.95)12 (0.05)3  15 C13 (0.95)13 (0.05) 2  15 C14 (0.95)14 (0.05)1  15 C15 (0.95)15 (0.05)0
 0.9945
The probability that the line is busy at least 12 times is about 0.9945.

b) The expected number of times the line should be busy is 15(0.95), or 14.25.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 12 Page 191

There are 10 males and 5 females that have applied for 4 job promotions.
C  C
P(0 women)  5 0 10 4 P(at least 1 women)  1  P(0)
15 C4
C  C
 0.1538  1  5 0 10 4
15 C4

 0.8462
The probability that no females were promoted is about 0.1538, while the probability that at least
one female was promoted is about 0.8462. There is a much greater chance that at least one female
was promoted, so the committee’s claim is unfounded.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 13 Page 191

a) There are 6 people and p = 0.12.

Use the indirect method to determine P(x ≥ 2).

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 63

P( x  2)  1  P(0)  P(1)
 1  6 C0 (0.12)0 (0.88)6  6 C1 (0.12)1 (0.88)5
 0.1556
The probability that at least two of the people will have the disease is about 0.1556.

b) The expected number of people with the disease is 6(0.12), or 0.72.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 14 Page 191

a) There are 30 players with 18 Canadians. Select 7 players.

C  C
P(1 Canadian)  18 1 12 6
30 C7

 0.0082
The probability that only one draft pick is Canadian is about 0.0082.

b) There are 30 players with 18 Canadians. Select 7 players.

C  C
P(all Canadian)  18 7 12 0
30 C7

 0.0156
The probability that all draft picks are Canadian is about 0.0156.
c) Use the direct method to determine P(x ≥ 4).
P(most Canadian)  P(4)  P(5)  P(6)  P(7)
C  C C  C C  C C  C
 18 4 12 3  18 5 12 2  18 6 12 1  18 7 12 0
30 C7 30 C7 30 C7 30 C7

 0.7335
The probability that most of the draft picks are Canadian is about 0.7335.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 15 Page 191

Answers may vary. In Section 4.5, question 13, you saw that the binomial distribution gives a
close approximation of a hypergeometric distribution when r is small in relation to n. If n is very
large, non-replacement of successes will not change the ratio of successes to the population that
much, and a binomial distribution will be a good approximation to the hypergeometric
distribution.

Chapter 4 Test Yourself Question 16 Page 191

a) Four numbers are chosen from six positive and eight negative numbers. A product of four
numbers will be positive when 4 positive, 2 positive and 2 negative, or 4 negative.
C  C C  C C  C
P(positive)  6 4 8 0  6 2 8 2  6 0 8 4
14 C4 14 C4 14 C4

 0.5045
The probability that the product of these four numbers will be positive, given that there is no
repetition of numbers is about 0.5045.

b) Four numbers are chosen from six positive and eight negative numbers. A product of four
numbers will be positive when 4 positive, 2 positive and 2 negative, or 4 negative.

64 MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions

 4 0 2 2 0 4
 3  4  3  4  3  4
P(positive)               
7 7 7 7 7 7
 0.2003
The probability that the product of these four numbers will be positive, given that repetition of
numbers is permitted is about 0.2003.

MHR  Data Management 12 Solutions 65