Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Optimization of composition parameter of Banana-Areca fiber epoxy based

composite material for impact strength using Taguchi method
Zeeshan Akil Shaikh a, *, Anil S. Maheshwari b, c
a
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sandip University, Nashik 422213 MH, India
b
Former Professor, Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sandip University, Nashik 422213 MH, India
c
Professor, School of Engineering and Technology, Ajeenkya [Link] University, Pune 412105 MH, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The use of natural fibers in various automotive, aerospace, marine, domestic, and electronic applications is
Banana increasing day by day for various reasons such as availability, high tensile, flexural, and impact strength, ease of
Areca fabrication, and abrasion-resistant properties. These fibers are replacing synthetic fibers due to harmless envi­
Impact Strength
ronmental risks. Natural fibers are commonly used as reinforcement materials in various thermoplastics.
Taguchi Analysis
Therefore, in this study, a bio composite was prepared using a mixture of banana fiber and areca fiber. In this
experimental work, various combination of Banana and areca fiber is used to prepare the composite for the
impact strength of the material. The impact strength is performed for three different levels of volume of banana
fiber, areca, and epoxy resin. Parameter optimization is performed using Taguchi analysis which forms an L9
orthogonal meshing of an array and the signal-to-noise ratio is used to optimize the control factors affecting the
impact resistance of the material. For each group, the impact resistance is measured according to the ASTM D256
standard. Analysis of variance is done to determine the most significant factor influencing the impact strength of
the material. The composition of banana fiber layer 1 turned out to be the most significant factor in achieving the
high-impact strength of the material. A confirmation test was conducted to validate the predicted results of
Taguchi analysis and experimental testing.

1. Introduction: applications, piping production, low-load marine components, and

aerospace applications such as stealth mode [5].
The change in materials from pure metals to alloys is driven by ex­ Banana is a type of leaf fiber that is a light natural fiber with rela­
pectations such as strength-to-weight ratio, availability, manufactur­ tively high strength, very high moisture absorption, repellency, and low
ability and cost-reducing factors, lightweight, high specific strength, elongation. Banana fiber is a material of great interest because it is
strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, strong ductility, and high abundant, has a low production cost, and is highly disposable [6]. Ba­
specificity [1–3]. Natural fibers of plant origin include agricultural nana fiber is extracted from the pulp of the banana plant. These fibers
wastes, agro-industrial wastes, and plant materials [2]. Therefore, cur­ are lignocellulose fibers. Banana fiber contains cellulose, hemicellulose,
rent research work focuses on the implementation of composite mate­ lignin, extract, ash, and moisture [7-9]. In India, banana production is
rials reinforced with natural fibers. Natural fiber materials are widely largely grown in the state of Karnataka whereas states like Andhra
used in the aerospace industry, sports equipment, electronic products, Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu also
bridges, walkways, window frames, and molded panel components, grow bananas. Banana fiber is a waste material obtained after banana
which use plastic/wood fiber composites [3]. Natural fiber-reinforced cultivation. So it can be used as raw material for industrial purposes
vinyl polymer composites are widely used in various fields due to without any investment. It has huge potential to be used in various fields
their biodegradability, environmental friendliness, high strength, stiff­ like automobiles, construction, machinery, etc. Due to low density, high
ness, high impact resistance, low electrical conductivity, excellent strength, biodegradability, fire resistance, and low cost. The addition of
corrosion resistance, low density, and low cost [4]. Natural fiber com­ banana fibers as reinforcement improved the mechanical properties and
posites are commonly used in exterior and interior automotive wear properties of the composites [10]. India is the world’s largest

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shaikhzeeshan@[Link] (Z.A. Shaikh).

[Link]
Received 19 February 2024; Received in revised form 29 April 2024; Accepted 3 May 2024
2214-7853/© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference
on Materials Science and Engineering.

Please cite this article as: Zeeshan Akil Shaikh, Anil S. Maheshwari, Materials Today: Proceedings, [Link]
Z.A. Shaikh and A.S. Maheshwari Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

producer of bananas accounting for approximately 25.7 % of total 2. Materials and methods:
production. After wheat, rice, and maize, banana is the fourth most
important food crop. Banana fibers have great potential for use as 2.1. Materials:
reinforcement in many virgin and recycled polymer matrices. The
developed compounds can be used in various applications like floor and In the current research study, the natural fiber composite material is
wall tiles, pen holders, etc. [11] Banana fiber composites are used as an been prepared using the composition of Banana and Areca fiber bonded
insulating material and as a substitute for wood in decking, flooring, and with epoxy resin. The Epoxy resin used in the research work is Epoxy
roofing applications. Packaging made from banana fiber composites is (LY556) with Hardener (HY951) (Fig. 1a), and the ratio of Resin to
biodegradable, making it an environmentally friendly alternative to hardener is 10:1 [22]. The Epoxy resin is bought from Herenba In­
conventional packaging materials [12]. Banana fibers are used to make struments, Tamil Nadu. The fibers of Banana (Fig. 1b), and areca
things like channel paper, paper bags, greeting cards, light stands and (Fig. 1c) are bought from the fiber region of Andhra Pradesh. The pro­
pen holders, decorative paper, ropes, mats, composite materials, etc. cess of alkalization is done using sodium hydroxide (Fig. 1d) which is
Banana fibers are also used in banknotes in Germany and primary tests bought in powder form.
in India. Banana fiber is a high-strength natural fiber that can be easily
blended with cotton or synthetic fibers to create composite materials.
Alkaline solution was used to treat the fibers because it increases their 2.2. Alkalisation:
mechanical strength [13]. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) treatment which
is also called Alkalization of fiber, especially banana fiber increases the Alkalization is the process in which fibers are dipped in the alkaline
thermal stability of the material [14]. solution. The main objective of the process is to remove all the dirt and
Areca nut, obtained from the betel nut palm, constitutes 15 to 30 % debris that are present in the fibers and to clean them. For the process of
of the weight of raw betel nut. Areca nut shell fiber is a non-toxic and Alkalization, 10 % of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is mixed in water,
environmentally friendly material. Areca fiber weighs less than syn­ and the solution is prepared [23]. The fibers of areca and banana are
thetic fiber. Areca nut shell fiber contains 53.2 % cellulose, 32.98 % dipped in the solution for 2 Hours. After removal, the fibers are then kept
hemicellulose, and 7.2 % lignin [15]. A study of the tensile properties of in sunlight for drying and removal of all the moisture.
untreated areca sheath composites found that the longer the fibers, the
stronger the composite. Considering that chemical treatment of fibers 2.3. Preparation of composite:
changes their mechanical properties, it has been observed that alkali
treatment of betel nut fibers shows improved mechanical strength Natural fiber can be prepared using Injection Moulding, Compression
compared to untreated fibers [16]. Paul [Link]. Performed an experiment Moulding, and Hand Layup technique of Manufacturing. Hand-layup
using areca fibers reinforced with a polypropylene polymer matrix to technique is manual processing of manufacturing which is suitable for
analyze the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer composites short and long length fibers [1], hence in this process the hand layup
and concluded that 5 % fiber content in the composite showed high technique is used for preparation of composite material. The hand layup
mechanical properties [17]. Areca is one such natural fiber, which be­ technique of manufacturing is used for the preparation of composite
longs to the Arecaceae family and is widely used in the construction, materials. In this process, the wooden mould is prepared of size 400 mm
sports equipment manufacturing, marine structures, and packaging in­ x 400 mm with a depth of 8 mm. The Wooden mould is first cleaned and
dustries. Areca kenaf has a balance between glassy and rubbery behavior wax is spread all over the mould so as to avoid sticking to the material.
at high temperatures, making this composite material an ideal choice for The Fiber is prepared in three different layers (as shown in Fig. 2) which
applications requiring high strength as well as high flexibility, such as comprise Banana layer 1, followed by a layer of areca fiber, and followed
automotive parts and components [18]. Areca catechu is also known as by Banana Fiber Layer 2. The banana fiber is taken in a unidirectional
betel palm, betel nut palm, and betel palm. Areca catechu fibers should form which is cut into sizes 30 mm in length. The mould is first covered
be used as an alternative reinforcement in composites based on natural with transparent paper (Fig. 3a) followed by resin (Fig. 3b) and then
fibers because they offer properties comparable to other representatives banana layer 1(Fig. 3c) followed by areca fiber (Fig. 3d) and the last
of the areca/palm family in terms of strength and thermal stability [19]. layer of banana fiber (Fig. 3e) is applied. After adding the fiber in
Areca when combined with fillers like alumina, enhances the wear rate random type reinforcement of each layer, epoxy resin is poured and
characteristics of the material [20] Areca/betel fiber reinforced com­ rolled gently so that the resin can entrap to the overall mould cavity.
posites are gaining more advantages in the latest development of com­ After that, the mixture is kept at the pressure of 10 kg and kept for curing
posite materials and some applications such as electrical insulation for about 24 h the composite is removed from the mould, and specimens
applications [21]. are cut from the composite plate (Fig. 3f) for testing of impact strength.
India is one of the leading cultivators in the market of banana fiber
whereas areca is been grown in southern parts of India Bananas provide
Promising flexural strength and areca possess good reinforcing and ab­ 2.4. Design of experiment:
sorption properties.. Many researches has been conducted varying the
composition of bamboo or sisal fiber due to its prominent strength. A An experimental design based on well-defined guidelines uses a
lack of research has been conducted on banana fiber using areca fiber in Taguchi method. This procedure uses a special array known as an
the form of a triple-layer stacking sequence. Natural fibers exhibit po­ orthogonal arrays. Such standard sets provide the means to carry out the
tentiality due to their lightweight and promising strength in various minimum number of tests that could provide all the factors that affect
applications and research has been conducted in the field of natural fiber the output parameter with complete information. Here, the experi­
composite materials precisely of banana and areca fiber. There is scope mental procedure is designed for an L9 orthogonal array with four
for conducting research and analyzing the properties of banana fiber different factors to reduce the number of experiments. The experiment is
with areca fiber. Hence in this study, a novel approach has been initiated carried out to determine the impact strength of the material for various
to prepare a composite using the fibers of banana and areca which triple combinations of banana fiber, areca fiber, and epoxy resins. In this
layer fiber orientation of Banana-Areca-Banana composite. present work, four factors at three levels were selected which are (1)
Banana Fiber Layer A, (2) Areca Fiber, (3) Banana Fiber Layer B, and (4)
Epoxy. The three levels for each of the four variables selected are shown
in Table 1. The number of experiments at various levels of process pa­
rameters forming the L9 orthogonal array layout is shown in Table 2.

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Fig. 1. A. epoxy resin, banana, c. areca, d. sodium hydroxide.

Fig. 2. Stacking Sequence of Fiber Layer Orientation.

2.5. Experimental testing for impact strength: average of impact strength is considered for each batch.

The impact strength is performed on the pendulum drop impact 3. Results and discussions:
tester (Fig. 4a) following the ASTM D256 standards of Izod impact test
following the size of the specimen (Fig. 4b) and the specimens were cut 3.1. Impact test results:
as per standards (shown in Fig. 4c) A batch of three specimens is pre­
pared for each of the combination trial mentioned in Table 2 and the Each specimen is subjected to the Izod test as per ASTM D 256 and

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Fig. 3. Stacking Sequence of Fiber Layer orientation.

average values are obtained for specimen thicknesses ranging from 4

Table 1
mm to 6 mm to obtain the impact strength in Joules. The average impact
Parameter for 4 Factors and 3 Levels.
test results are plotted in Fig. 5. The testing was performed concerning
Levels Weight in Grams the orthogonal layout as shown in Table 2. The maximum strength is
Banana (1) Areca Banana (2) Epoxy resin (D) obtained for the combination of A3B3C2D1 which is obtained for trial
(A) (B) (C) no.9 whereas the lowest strength is obtained in the first trial A1B1C1D1.
Level 1 5 15 5 120
Level 2 10 20 10 130
Level 3 15 25 15 140
3.2. Results of DOE for impact Strength:

To conduct the experimentation for four different factors with three

levels each, many experimental trials were to be required, but using the
Table 2
Taguchi method, the trials were limited to 9 which certainly reduced the
Lay-out of the experiment using L9 orthogonal array for BAN Composite.
cost and time of experimentation. The impact strength is determined in
Trail No. Notation Banana (1) Areca Banana (2) Epoxy resin each trial as explained in Fig. 3 and the response of values is transformed
BAN-1 A1B1C1D1 5 15 5 120 to Signal/Noise ratio. The goal is to achieve higher impact strength,
BAN − 2 A1B2C2D2 5 20 10 130 hence the analysis is performed using the criteria ‘higher the better’ and
BAN − 3 A1B3C3D3 5 25 15 140
following the equation (1) to check the impact strength of the material.
BAN − 4 A2B1C2D3 10 15 10 140
BAN − 5 A2B2C3D1 10 20 15 120
S/NRatioforLargerthebettercharacteristics : { − 10xLog10 [Sum(1/y2 ]/n)}
BAN-6 A2B3C1D2 10 25 5 130
BAN − 7 A3B1C3D2 15 15 15 130 (1)
BAN-8 A3B2C1D3 15 20 5 140
After conducting the experimental trials, the results of the S/N ratio
BAN-9 A3B3C2D1 15 25 10 120
for the respective response of impact strength are mentioned in Table 3.
The larger S/N ratio denotes the most effective combination for the
achievement of the impact strength of the material. The main effects plot
for the S/N Ratio for impact strength for shown in Fig for banana layer

Fig. 4. a. Impact Test Setup b. size of Specimen c. Sample Specimen.

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Z.A. Shaikh and A.S. Maheshwari Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Impact strength for each specimen.

(1) (Fig. 6a), areca (Fig. 6b), and banana layer (2) (Fig. 6c) and epoxy
Table 3
resin (Fig. 6d).
Experimental Results with S/N Values for BAN Composite.
As per the design of the experiment using Taguchi analysis, the
Trail No. Combination Impact Strength (J/cm2) S/N Ratio Mean response table of the S/N ratio is shown in Table 4. The optimized
BAN-1 A1B1C1D1 0.36 − 8.87395 0.36 combination achieved is A3-B3-C2-D1. The optimized parameter of
BAN − 2 A1B2C2D2 0.37 − 8.63597 0.37
BAN − 3 A1B3C3D3 0.37 − 8.63597 0.37
BAN − 4 A2B1C2D3 0.41 − 7.74432 0.41 Table 4
BAN − 5 A2B2C3D1 0.43 − 7.33063 0.43 Response Table for S/N Ratios for Impact Strength.
BAN-6 A2B3C1D2 0.43 − 7.33063 0.43
Level Banana (A) Areca Banana (B) Epoxy resin
BAN − 7 A3B1C3D2 0.46 − 6.74484 0.46
BAN-8 A3B2C1D3 0.48 − 6.37518 0.48 1 − 8.715 − 7.788 − 7.527 − 7.467
BAN-9 A3B3C2D1 0.49 − 6.19608 0.49 2 − 7.469 − 7.447 − 7.525 − 7.570
3 − 6.439 − 7.388 − 7.570 − 7.585
Delta 2.277 0.400 0.045 0.118
Rank 1 2 4 3

Fig. 6. The main effect plot for S/N Ration for Impact Strength.

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Z.A. Shaikh and A.S. Maheshwari Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

composition (shown in Table 5) is obtained with higher the better Table 5

characteristics. In the composition of BAN-1, the weight percentage of Optimized Parameter as per S/N Ratio for BAN Composite.
the banana fiber layer 1 and areca fiber was the least amongst all Level S/N ratio Parameter Value (Gram)
whereas in BAN-9 the weight for both the fibers was maximum which
Banana (A) Level 3 15
indicates that the effect of fiber percentage affects the strength of the Areca Level 3 25
material here. Hence, from Fig. 6, it is evident that fiber volume plays an Banana (B) Level 2 10
important role in enhancing the impact strength of the material. As the Epoxy resin Level 1 120
volume of fiber increases, the strength of the material increases.

3.3. Analysis of variance: Table 6

Analysis of Variance for BAN Composite.
ANOVA analysis is carried out to determine the significance of each Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value
material which affects the strength of the material and also the contri­
Regression 4 0.018833 0.004708 154.09 0.000
bution of each factor. Anova’s table for impact strength is explained in Banana (A) 1 0.018150 0.018150 594.00 0.000
Table 6 and Table 7 which states that the most significant parameter in Areca 1 0.000600 0.000600 19.64 0.011
the optimized composition in achieving the higher impact strength of Banana (B) 1 0.000017 0.000017 0.55 0.501
the material is Banana Layer 1 followed by Areca fiber and quantity of Epoxy resin 1 0.000067 0.000067 2.18 0.214
Error 4 0.000122 0.000031
epoxy resin respectively.
Total 8 0.018956

3.4. Confirmation test:

Table 7
Taguchi’s analysis defined the optimized composition for achieving
Model Summary for BAN Composite.
the best possible impact strength. The combined derived is A3-B3-C2-A1
in detail mentioned in Table 5. Henceforth, to validate these results with S R-sq R-sq (adj) R-sq (pred)

the experimental results and to conduct the accuracy of analysis a 0.0055277 99.36 % 98.71 % 96.17 %
confirmation test is conducted. As per the analysis of variance for the
banana-areca composite, the mathematical Regression Equation ob­
tained for impact strength is Impact Strength = 0.3189 + 0.011 (Banana Table 8
3) + 0.002 (Areca 3) − 0.000333 (Banana 2) – 0.000333 (Epoxy 1). Comparison of Predicted and Experimental Values.
Hence to conduct the confirmation test, using the optimized composi­
Composition Predicted Value Experimental Value
tion, the impact strength is conducted on the same test using the same
A3-B3-C2-A1 0.49 J/cm2 0.42 J/cm2
standards. The results are mentioned in Table 8.

4. Conclusions: for various components used in household and automotive applica­

tions. Hence in this research work, the scope of composite material of
Banana is produced in abundant quantities in India whereas Areca banana fiber reinforced with areca fiber is conducted.
possesses good reinforcing properties. Hence in the research work the • The combination of materials can be used for manufacturing com­
combination of banana and areca fiber is prepared using the handlay-up ponents where lightweight strength is required as in applications like
technique. The volume contribution of each material along with the electronics, automobiles interior, and household appliances.
resin is optimized using the taguchi analysis technique. Based on the • The research has a future scope in performing the further mechanical
experimental research work the following conclusions are made – properties of material along with physical and chemical properties
like density, water resistivity, and chemical resistivity to define the
• The highest impact strength is achieved for the combination of trail 9 durability of the material for specific applications.
which is A3B3C2D1.
• The least impact strength is achieved for trial 1 which is A1B1C1D1. CRediT authorship contribution statement
• Concerning the experimental testings, it has been observed that
variation in each factor affects the strength of the material but by Zeeshan Akil Shaikh: Writing – original draft, Software, Resources,
increasing the fiber content and resin volume the higher strength of Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Data curation,
the material can be achieved referring to other combinations of Conceptualization. Anil S. Maheshwari: Writing – review & editing,
materials too. As the fiber volume of Banana and Areca varies and Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Formal analysis.
increases, the increase in the impact strength of the material is
increased.
• Taguchi analysis is performed for higher the better characteristics Declaration of competing interest
and the optimized combination achieved is A3-B3-C2-D1 which is
the volume of 15 g for Banana Layer (1), 25 g for areca fiber, 10 g for The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
banana layer 2, and 120 g for epoxy resin. interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
• As per the Analysis of Variance, the most significant parameter in the work reported in this paper.
achieving the maximum strength of the composite material is banana
layer 1, followed by the composition of Areca and Banana Layer 2. Data availability
• The predicted result of the Taguchi analysis is 0.49 J/cm2. Hence the
confirmation test is conducted which gives the experimental results The data that has been used is confidential.
as 0.42 J/cm2.
• The experimental results are nearly closer to the predicted results References
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