Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

INTRODUCTION TO SCILAB 6.0.1

Scilab Overview

Scilab is a programming language associated with a rich collection of numerical

algorithms covering many aspects of scientific computing problems. Scilab is an
interpreted language. The Scilab language can dynamically compile and link other
languages such as Fortran and C: this way, external libraries can be used as if they
were a part of Scilab built-in features. Scilab also interfaces LabVIEW, a platform
and development environment for a visual programming language from National
Instruments.

The following is a short list of capabilities of Scilab :

• Linear algebra, sparse matrices,

• Polynomials and rational functions,
• Interpolation, approximation,
• Linear, quadratic and non linear optimization,
• Ordinary Differential Equation solver and Differential Algebraic Equations
solver,
• Classic and robust control, Linear Matrix Inequality optimization,
• Differentiable and non-differentiable optimization,
• Signal processing,
• Statistics.

We will focus on signal processing in the present laboratory session to accomplish

the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) experiments prescribed in the syllabus.

Introduction to the User Interface (UI)

The use of user interface icons to manage your work can help you become more
productive with Scilab. You can use Scilab predefined functions to perform the
equivalent of most of the features found in the UI icons. The following illustration
shows the default configuration of the Scilab UI. You can modify the appearance
in a way that pleases you. The user interface is on display in the next page.

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Arranging the Console UI

These are some common ways to customize the User Interface (UI):
 Resize any particular browser (File Browser, Variable Browser, Command
History or the News feed) by dragging one of its edges.
 Dock or undock a tool outside of the UI by clicking the undock button in the
tool's title bar.
 Customize the UI by clicking the Scilab Preferences icon in the console
menu bar. The Scilab Preferences icon is located third from right of the
menu bar. Use the tool tip displayed as you move your mouse over the menu
bar to figure out the icon.

Scilab Demonstration icon

The Scilab Demonstration icon provides easy access to tools, demos, shortcuts.
Click the Scilab Demonstration icon to see the options.

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Console Window and Command History

Console Window

Use the Command Window to enter variables and to run Scilab functions and
scripts. Scilab echoes the results. To avoid the echoing terminate the
command/function by semi-colon (;).
The results of last performed operation are by default stored in variable called ans.

Press the up arrow key ↑ to recall a statement you previously typed. Edit the
statement as needed, and then press Enter to run it. To get help about various
functions and toolboxes of Scilab use the “help” command. The syntax is provided
here: help <command>. This will result in popping up of help browser with
suitable documentation help.

Command History

Statements you enter in the console Window are logged with a timestamp in the
Command History. From the Command History, you can view and search for
previously run statements, as well as copy and execute selected statements. You
can also create a file from selected [Link] save the input and output from a
Scilab session to a file, use the diary function.

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Getting Help

The various ways of finding help are discussed here. Click the help browser icon to
see the help browser pop. The icon is found on extreme right of the menu bar
showing question mark symbol (?). The help browser would look this:

The help browser is divided into two parts. The left half the help browser has two
icons at the top. The two icons are the table of contents icon and the search icon.
To the left half of the help browser window you have various nodes corresponding
to various capabilities of scilab. Expand the necessary node and look for
corresponding topic. Else you can click on search icon of the browser window and
give appropriate search string. By doing so you can see that the help browser
window will show the corresponding command/function and the suitable
navigation in the table of contents.

Variable Browser

The Scilab UI consists of variables browser. The variable browser houses variables
defined during a Scilab session and stored in memory. You add variables to the
variable browsers by using functions, running function and script files. The view of
the browser when undocked would look this way. It displays variable name, type
of variable and memory occupied in system.

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To delete variables from the variable browser, select the variables, and then right
click on the variable and choose delete <variable name>. Alternatively, use clear
function in console window.

Using the Folder Browser to Manage Files

The Current Folder browser is a key tool for managing files. Open the Folder
where your pieces of code are placed click the ‘select a directory’ icon in file
browser. Then a pop box would appear which would help you choose the folder.
The screen shot of the pop box that would appear is on display in the next page.
The necessary commands are explained as and when required.

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[Link] Operation on Matrices

Aim: To perform basic operation on matrices

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Pre-requisites: Basic understanding of matrix operation.
Theory: Basic operation of matrix is calculated. Predefined functions are discussed
below. Functions discussed here will not be discussed to avoid redundancy.
Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code
Clc Clear the console window
Clear Clear variables in variable browser
Close Close all graphic windows if open.
Disp Display variables

Program:
clc;
clear;
close;
A = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
disp('Elements of Matrix A');
disp(A);
disp('Transpose of A is :');
disp(A');
B = A(:,$:-1:1);
disp('Flipping Elements of A');
disp(B);
C = eye(3,3);
disp('Defining a Identity Matrix of 3 by 3');
disp(C)
D = [3 4 5;1 6 5;2 5 9];
disp('Elements of Matrix D');
disp(D);
E = inv(D);
disp('Inverse of Matrix D');
disp(E);
disp('Determinant of Matrix of D');
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F = det(D);
disp(F);
disp('Accessing only first Two rows of Matrix D');
disp(D(1:2,1:$));
disp('Accessing only first two Columns of Matrix D');
disp(D(:,1:2));
a = [1 2;3 4];
b = [3 4;1 2];
disp('Product Matrix');
c = a*b;
disp(c);
e = a./b;
disp('Elements wise division');
disp(e);
disp('Eelment wise division of a/b');
f = a.\b;
disp(f);

Result: The basic operations on matrices are performed.

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[Link] Of Various Signals and Sequences, such as Unit Impulse, Unit

step, Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc

Aim: To generate various Signals and Sequences, such as unit impulse, unit step,
Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp and Sinc.
Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Pre-requisites: Mathematical relations of various signals.
Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code
Subplot Used for partitioning the given graph
Plot Interpolated version of the curve is plotted using this function
Plot2d3 Plain graph is plotted.
Xtitle Used to set the labels and titles for the graph
Gca Returns object of axis used to set axis properties.
Squarewave Used to generate square signal of period 2*π

Program:
clc;
clear;
close;
t = 0:0.1:10;
x1 = 1;
y1 = x1.*(t>=0);
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(t,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Unit Step Signal','t Axis','U(t)')
y2 = t;
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y2);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y2);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Ramp Signal','t Axis','R(t)');

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subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,cos(t));xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,cos(t));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Cos Signal','t Axis','Cos(t)')

t2 = -10:0.1:10;
y4 = zeros(1,length(t2));
for k = 1:1:(length(t2)-1)
y4(k) = (sin(t2(k))/t2(k));
end;
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t2,y4);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t2,y4);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Sinc Curve','t Axis','Sinc(t)')

t = -10:1:10;
y5 = x1.*(t==0);
subplot(5,1,5);
//plot(t,y5);xgrid(color("green"));
plot2d3(t,y5);xgrid(color("green"));

Graph

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clc;
clear;
close;
t = (0:0.001:10*%pi);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot((7*t/44),squarewave(t,50));xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3((7*t/44),squarewave(t,50));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";a.data_bounds =
[0,-2;5,2];
xtitle('Square Signal','t Time','Amplitue');
t = -1:0.001:1;
n = 1:1:length(t);
y = [1,zeros(1,length(t)-1)]
for n = 1:length(t)
if t(n)<=0
y(n) = 1 + t(n);
end
if t(n)>=0
y(n) = 1 - t(n);
end
end
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,y);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin"; a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Triangular Signal','t Time','Amplitue' );
t = -5:0.001:5;
y = t - floor(t);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin"; a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Sawtooth Signal','t Time','Amplitude');

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Graph:

Result: Generation various signals is accomplished and graph plotted.

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3. Operation on Signals and Sequences such as Addition, Multiplication,

Scaling, Shifting, Folding, Computation of Energy and Power

Aim: To perform basic operation of Addition, Multiplication, Scaling, Shifting,

Folding on Signals and Computation of Energy and Power of Signals.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Pre-requisites: Understanding of basic operation of Addition, Multiplication,
Scaling, Shifting, Folding of signals and their mathematical relations. Basic
formulae for calculating energy and power of signals.

Program:
clc;
clear;
close;
t = 0:0.1:10;
y1 = ones(1,length(t));
subplot(5,1,1)
plot(t,y1);xgrid(color("gray"));
//plot2d3(t,y1);xgrid(color("gray"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Unit Step Signal','t Axis','U(t)')

y2= ones(1,length(t));
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y2);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y2);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Unit Step Signal','t Axis','U(t)');

y3 = y1 + y2;
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,y3);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y3);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Sum Of Signals','t Axis','y1 + y2');

y4 = t;

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y5 = y4.*y1;
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,y5);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t,y5);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Multiplication Of Signals','T Axis','Ramp signal');

a = 0.5;
t1 = (1/a)*t;
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(t1,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t1,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Scaling Of Signal','t1 Time','Amplitude');

Graph

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clc;
clear;
close;
t = 0:0.1:10;
y1 = ones(1,length(t));
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,y1);xgrid(color("gray"));
//plot2d3(t,y1);xgrid(color("gray"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Unit Step Signal','t Axis','U(t)')
t1 = t + 1
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t1,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t1,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Delayed Version','T Time Axis','U(t-1)');
t2 = t - 1;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t2,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(t2,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Advanced Version','T Time Axis','U(t-1)');
tp = t(:,$:-1:1);
tp = -1*tp;
y1 = y1(:,$:-1:1);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(tp,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(tp,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Folding Operation','t Time','Amplitude');

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Graph

clc;
clear;
close;
n = 0:1:5;
x = [0 1 2 3 4 5];
plot2d3(n,x);xgrid(color("green"));
xtitle('Input Signal','n Time','Amplitude');
En=0;
for l = 1:length(x)
En = En + x(l)*conj(x(l));
end
disp('The energy of the signal is = ');
disp(En);
disp('The power of the signal is = ');
disp(En/length(x));

Result: Basic operations on Signals are performed and the average energy and
power of a signal are calculated.

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4. Finding the Even and Odd Parts of Signal/Sequence and Real and
Imaginary Parts of Signal

Aim: To decompose the given signal into even and odd parts, real and imaginary
parts.
Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Pre-Requisites: Basic understanding of even and odd signals.

Theory: Any signal can be decomposed into even and odd parts. Let us consider a
signal x(t) which we can decompose as x e(t) and xo(t), denoting even and odd part
of the signal. So

x(t)= xe(t) + xo(t).

The relations for even and odd parts are given below

xe(t) = 0.5*{ x(t) + x(-t)}

xo(t) = 0.5*{ x(t) - x(-t)}
Program

clc;
clear;
close;
x = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10];
xn = [zeros(1,length(x)-1),x];
n = -(length(x)-1):1:length(x)-1;
subplot(4,1,1);
//plot2d3(n,xn);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,xn);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Input Signal','n Time','Amplitude');
xnf = xn(:,$:-1:1);
subplot(4,1,2);
//plot2d3(n,xnf);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,xnf);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Folded Signal','n Time','Amplitude');

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xe = 0.5*(xn + xnf);
subplot(4,1,3);
//plot2d3(n,xe);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,xe);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Even Part','n Time','Amplitude');
xo = 0.5*(xn - xnf);
subplot(4,1,4);
//plot2d3(n,xo);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,xo);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Odd Part','n Time','Amplitude');

Graph

clc;
clear;
close;
x = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10];
n = 0:1:length(x)-1;
subplot(3,1,1);
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//plot2d3(n,x);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,x);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Input Signal','n Time','Amplitude');
xn = hilbert(x);
xr = real(xn);
subplot(3,1,2);
//plot2d3(n,xr);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,xr);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Real Part of Signal','n Time','Aplitude');
xi = imag(xn);
subplot(3,1,3);
//plot2d3(n,xi);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n,xi);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Imaginary Part','n Time','Amplitude');

Graph

Result: Given signal is decomposed to even and odd parts, real and imaginary
parts.

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5. Convolution of Signals and Sequences

Aim: To find the convolution of two signals.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Theory: The time domain relation between input x(n), impulse response h(n) and
output y(n), is given by convolution. The convolution relation can only be applied
to linear time invariant (LTI) systems only. The relation is provided below.

y(n) = ∑x(k)h(n-k) k varying from –infinity to +infinity

or
y(n) = ∑x(n-k)h(k) k varying from –infinity to +infinity

Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code

Convol Used to find convolution between signal and impulse response

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
x = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
h = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
n1 = 0:1:(length(x)-1);
n2 = 0:1:(length(h)-1);
n3 = 0:1:(length(x)+length(h)-2);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(n1,x);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(n1,x);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Input Squence','n Axis','x(n)');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(n2,h);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(n2,h);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle("Impulse Respone",'n Axis','h(n)');
y = convol(x,h);
subplot(3,1,3);
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plot(n3,y);xgrid(color("green"));
//plot2d3(n3,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Convolution Output','n Axis', 'y Axis');

Graph

Result: The convolution between signal and impulse response is calculated and
plotted.

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6. Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation for Signals and Sequences

Aim: To find auto correlation and cross correlation for signals and sequences.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Theory: The similarity between two signals is given by correlation expression. If
the measure of similarity is between same signals then it is auto correlation and if it
is between two different signals it is called cross correlation. The mathematical
relation is given below.

y(k) = ∑x(n)h(n+k) n varying from –∞ to +∞

or
y(k) = ∑x(n+k)h(n) n varying from –∞ to +∞

Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code

Xcorr Used in calculation of cross correlation between signals.

Program:
clc;
clear;
close;
x = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
h = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
xc = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11]
n1 = 0:1:(length(x)-1);
n2 = 0:1:(length(h)-1);
n3 = 0:1:(length(x)+length(h)-2);
subplot(4,1,1)
//plot2d3("gnn",n1,x);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n1,x);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Input Squence','n Axis','x(n)');
subplot(4,1,2);
//plot2d3(n2,h);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n2,h);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
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xtitle("Impulse Respone",'n Axis','h(n)');

y = xcorr(x,h);
subplot(4,1,3)
//plot2d3(n3,y);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n3,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Auto Correlation','n Axis', 'y Axis');
y = xcorr(x,xc);
subplot(4,1,4)
//plot2d3(n3,y);xgrid(color("green"));
plot(n3,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Cross Correlation','n Axis', 'y Axis');

Graph

Result: The auto correlation and cross correlation between two signals is
calculated and corresponding graph plotted.

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7. Verification of Linearity and Time Invariance Properties of a Given System

Aim: To verify if the given system is linear and time invariant (LTI)

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Theory: For a system to be linear it should be additive and homogeneous. For a
system to time invariant the output produced by shift in input should be similar to
shift in the output alone.
Program:
//Program for linearity check.
clc;
clear;
close;
h=[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
x=[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
y = convol(x,h);
n = 0:1:(length(x)+length(h)-2);
x1 = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
x1 = 2*x1;
y1 = convol(x1,h);
y1e = y1-2*y;
if (y1e == 0) then
disp('System is Homogeneous');
else
disp('System is Non Homogeneous');
end
x2 = x + x;
y2 = convol(x2,h);
y2e = y2 - (y+y);
if (y2e == 0) then
disp('System is Additive');
else
disp('System is Non Additive');
end

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if ((y1e == 0) && (y2e == 0)) then

disp('System is Linear');
else
disp('System is Non Linear');
end

Check for Time invariance

clc;
clear;
close;
x = [1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10];
h = [1 2 1 3 5 6 2 4 5];
n = 0:1:length(x)+length(h)-2;
y = convol(x,h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Usual Signal','t Time','Amplitude');
x1 = [0 x];
n1 = 0:1:length(x1)+length(h)-2;
y1 = convol(x1,h);
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(n1,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a=gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Delayed Signal Output','t Time','Amplitude');

Result: The linearity and time invariance check for a given system is performed.

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[Link] of Unit Sample, Unit step and Sinusoidal response of the given
LTI system and verifying its physical realiazability and stability properties

Aim: To find the unit sample, unit step and sinusoidal response of a given system,
and check if the given system is physically realizable, stable.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Pre-Requisite: Through understanding of basic convolution relation between

signal and impulse response of the system.

Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code

Csim Used for calculation of response of system to various inputs.

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
t = 0:0.01:10;
s = %s;
num = 1;
den = s+1;
tf = syslin('c',num,den);
I1 = sin(t);
y1 = csim("impulse",t,tf);
y2 = csim("step",t,tf);
y3 = csim(I1,t,tf);
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Impulse Response of the System','t Time','Amplitued');
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,y2);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Step Response of the System','t Time','Amplitued');
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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,y3);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location="origin";
xtitle('Sinusoidal Response of the System','t Time','Amplitued');
subplot(4,1,4);
plzr(tf);

Graph

Result: The response of the system to various signals is plotted. Stability of the
system can be predicted from the location of ploes and zeros. Since the systems are
causal they are realizable.

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

9. Gibbs Phenomenon Simulation

Aim: To observe the Gibbs Phenomenon

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Pre-Requisite : Through understanding of the principle of Fourier series is must

for performing the experiment. Here we consider an odd square signal of period
four units. The Fourier series is given below.

F(t) = (4/)*∑ (1/n)*sin(n*π*t/(T/2)) n takes values 1,3,5,7…….

Program:
clc;
clear;
close;
t = 0:(1/10):(8*%pi);
x = sin(t);
xfs = 0;
for k = 1:2:80
xfs = xfs + (4/%pi)*(1/k)*sin(k*%pi*t/2);
end
plot(t,xfs);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
a.data_bounds = [0,-2;30,2];
xtitle('Gibbs Phenomenon','t Time','Amplitude');

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

Graph

Result: The Gibbs phenomenon is observed in the given graph.

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

10. Finding the Fourier Transform of a given signal and plotting its
magnitude and phase spectrum

Aim: To find the Fourier Transform of a given signal and plotting its magnitude
and phase spectrum

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Pre-Requisite: Through understanding of Fourier Transform and plotting

magnitude and phase spectrum.

Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code

Fft Used to find the Fourier Transform of the given signal.
Abs Used to find the magnitude of the given signal.
Atan Used to find the phase associated with given coefficient.

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
sample_rate=8000;
N = 1024;
t = (0:N-1)*1/(sample_rate);
s=sin(2*%pi*100*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,s);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Sine Signal','t Axis','sin(t)');
y=fft(s);
f=sample_rate*(0:(N-1))/N;
n=size(f,'*')

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(f,abs(y(1:n)));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Magnitude Spectrum','f Frequency','|y| Magnitude')
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(f,(180/%pi)*atan(real(y(1:n)),imag(y(1:n))));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Phase Spectrum','f Frequency','<y Phase Angle');

Graph

Result: The Fourier Transform of given signal is calculated and its magnitude and
phase spectrum plotted.

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

11. Waveform Synthesis using Laplace Transform

Aim: To synthesis time domain waveform of signal, given its Laplace Transform

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Pre-Requisite: Through understanding of Laplace Transform and its inverses.

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
t = 0:0.01:10;
s = %s;
num = 1;
den1 = s;
tf1 = syslin('c',num,den1);
y1 = csim('impulse',t,tf1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,y1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Unit Step Signal', 't Time','Amplitude');
den2 = s^2 + 1;
tf2 = syslin('c',num,den2);
y2 = csim('impulse',t,tf2);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,y2);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Sinusoidal Signal', 't Time','Amplitude');
y3 = csim('step',t,tf1);

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y3);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Ramp Signal', 't Time','Amplitude');

Graph

Result: The various waveforms are synthesized using Laplace Transform.

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

12. Locating the Zeros and Poles and Plotting the Pole-Zero Maps in S-Plane
and Z-Plane for the given transfer function.

Aim: To plot pole-zero plot of given function in Laplace and Z domains.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Theory: The point where the given function turns to zero is zero of the function. A
point where the function turns to infinity is called pole. The zero value could be
found by equation the numerator to zero. The pole is found by equating the
denominator to zero.

Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code

Plzr Used to plot the pole-zero plot for the given transfer function.

Program

clc;
clear;
close;
s = %s;
z = %z;
num = 1 + s;
den = (s+2)*(s+3);
p = syslin('c',num,den);
pd = syslin('d',1,z-0.5);
disp(pd);
subplot(2,1,1);
plzr(p);
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

subplot(2,1,2);
plzr(pd);
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";

Graph

Result: The pole-zero plot of a given transfer is plotted.

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

13. Generation of Gaussian noise, Computation of its mean, Mean Square,

Skew, Kurtosis and PSD Probability Distribution Function

Aim: To generate Gaussian noise and measure its statistical parameters and its
PSD and Probability Distribution Function

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
Pre-Requisite : Through understanding of concepts of Random Variables and
mathematical relations for the calculations of statistical parameters.

Inbuilt functions used in this piece of code

Rand Used for generation of random numbers
Histplot Used for plotting the histogram for the data
Mean Used for calculating the mean
Variance Used for calculating the variance.

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
rand('normal');
x = rand(1,1000);
y = 10*x + 5;
subplot(2,1,1);
histplot(20,y);;xgrid(color("green"));
a=gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Histogram','x Axis','y Gaussian Density Function');
disp(mean(y));
z = variance(y);
disp('The standard deviation is : ')
disp(z^0.5);
l = mean(y)*ones(1,length(x));
m = (y - l).^3;
sk = mean(m)

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

disp('The value of skew is : ');

disp(sk);
n = (y-l).^4;
kur = mean(n);
disp('The Kurtosis is :');
disp(kur);
acy = xcorr(y);
ffacy = fft(acy);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(abs(ffacy));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('PSD Of Gaussian Noise','','');

Graph

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
mu = 0;sigma = 1.0;
x = [-5:0.1:5];
y = exp(-x.^2 /2) ./ sqrt(2.*%pi);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x,y);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Gaussian Density Function','x','f(x)');
F = zeros(1,length(x));
for i = 1:length(x)
F(i) = cdfnor('PQ',x(i),mu,sigma);
end
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(x,F);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Distribution Funciton','x','F(x)')

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

Graph

Result: Gaussian statistical parameters are calculated and its density and
distribution function found and its graph plotted.

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

14. Verification of Sampling Theorem

Aim: To verify the sampling theorem.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Pre-Requisite: Through understanding of Sampling Theorem. It iterates that the

signal sampled at rate twice the highest frequency of the signal can be used for
faithful reconstruction of the signal itself.

Program
//Sampling Theorem Program
clc;
clear;
close;

t = 0:0.01:10;
x = 4*sin(2*%pi*1*t);
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,x);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Simple Signal','T Axis','Sinusoidal Signal');

//Under Sampling The Signal

fs1 = 1.6*1;
ts1 = 1/fs1;
n1 = 0:ts1:10;
x1 = 4*sin(2*%pi*1*n1);
subplot(4,1,2)
plot2d3(n1,x1);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Under Sampled','T Axis','x1 Signal');

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

//Nyquist Sampling The Signal

fs2 = 2*1;
ts2 = 1/fs2;
n2 = 0:ts2:10;
x2 = 4*sin(2*%pi*1*n2);
subplot(4,1,3)
plot2d3(n2,x2);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Critical Sampling','T Time Axis','x2 Signal');
//Over Sampling The Signal
fs3 = 4*1;
ts3 = 1/fs3;
n3 = 0:ts3:10;
x3 = 4*sin(2*%pi*1*n3);
subplot(4,1,4)
plot2d(n3,x3);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location="origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Over Sampling','T Time Axis','x2 Signal');

Graph

Result: The Sampling Theorem is verified

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

15. Verification of Weiner-Khinchine Relation

Aim: To Verify Weiner-Khinchine Relation.

Software: Scilab 6.0.1 and system loaded with Linux flavor of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.

Pre-Requisite: Through understanding of Random Process and mathematical

relation of Weiner-Khinchine

Program
clc;
clear;
close;
sample_rate=1000;
N = 1024;
t = (0:N-1)*1/(sample_rate);
s=sin(2*%pi*50*t) + sin(2*%pi*100*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,s);xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Sine Signal','t Axis','sin(t)');
//Generating 1024 equally spaced points between 0 and 1000;
//Distance between the points is (1000/1024)
f=sample_rate*(0:(N-1))/N;
n=size(f,'*')
y=fft(s);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(f,abs(y(1:n)));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Magnitude Spectrum','f Frequency','|y| Magnitude');
scorr = xcorr(s,s);
maxData = max(scorr);
[i,j] = find(scorr==maxData);
scorr = scorr(j:$);
fscorr = fft(scorr);

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Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology Basic Simulation Lab Manual

subplot(3,1,3);
plot2d(f,(abs(fscorr).^2));xgrid(color("green"));
a = gca();a.x_location = "origin";a.y_location = "origin";
xtitle('Magnitude Spectrum','f Frequenc','|y| Magnitude');

Graph

Result: The Weiner-Khinchine Relation is verified.

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