Structural
Analysis
(using STAAD)
Water Projects Division
Bureau of Design
Outline of Presentation
• Design Considerations
• General Design Criteria
• Software Overview
• STAAD Design Process
Objectives
• To familiarize with
[Link] Software.
• To know the step-by-step
procedures in modeling
concrete slope protection
structure.
• To design concrete slope
protection and pile cap for
steel sheet piles (SSP).
Design
Considerations
Reinforced Concrete Wall/Slope Protection
DGCS Vol. 3 - [Link]
A reinforced concrete wall is designed as a retaining wall to resist
earth pressures.
Key Considerations
• Depth and foundation required to resist overturning
• Strength and thickness of wall. As a general guide:
- Typical thicknesses of concrete are a minimum of 150 to 200
mm
- Typical reinforcement bar or mesh diameter is a minimum of
12.7 mm
Key Considerations
• Contraction and expansion joints to minimize the risk of cracking
and seepage and potential undermining. Vertical expansion
joints should run normal to the bank slope. Joints should be
constructed careful to ensure that no protrusions into the flow
are present, as these may result in the undermining of the
structure. Expansion joints should be provided with a waterstop,
smooth dowels, sponge rubber filler, and sealant.
• Allowance for scour, by either extending the wall below the
maximum scour depth (refer to Section 5.5.5) or in combination
with a sheet pile wall
Key Considerations
• Special consideration for uplift forces will be needed if the
revetment is in a hydraulic jump zone. This will require specialist
engineering input
The maximum average flow velocity of 4 – 5 m/s is recommended
for concrete revetments.
General Design
Criteria
Height of Freeboard
DGCS Vol. 3 - [Link]
A freeboard of 0.6 m should be adopted above the level of the flood
event to be adopted.
Slope
DGCS Vol. 3 - [Link]
• The slope of the revetment will generally be the same as those of a
dike (refer to Section 5.3) at 1V:2H (vertical and horizontal,
respectively) or milder. In the case when the slope of revetment
should be steeper than a dike, the slope should aim to be as gentle
as possible for stability purposes and should aim to align with the
natural slope of the adjacent bank.
• In case of rapid flow stretches wherein floodwater contains a large
quantity of boulders or gravels, the slope shall not be necessarily
gentle but shall be milder than 1V:0.5H.
• In case of joint portion with a rock-strewn slope, the slope of
revetment shall be gradually changed to smoothly connect with the
natural slope.
Slope
DGCS Vol. 3 - [Link]
• For the retaining wall type revetment (reinforced concrete, gravity
wall, rubble concrete etc.), a maximum slope of 1V:0.3H shall be
observed considering stability and the resulting residual hydraulic
pressure.
Berms
DGCS Vol. 3 - [Link]
• If the height of revetment is more than 5.0 m, a berm must be
provided in order to separate the revetments into segments. This
should be identified considering site conditions as well.
• A berm is provided for stability, maintenance and construction. The
berm should be at least 1 m in width. Where it is provided for a dike,
then the width will need to be 1 m.
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
• It is a stiffness parameter that is commonly used to define the
support conditions of footings and mat foundations.
• The modulus of subgrade reaction is used as a primary input for
rigid pavement design. It estimates the support of the layers below a
rigid pavement surface course.
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
Basic Load Combinations
NSCP 2015 – 203.3.1
• 1.4 (Dead Load) + 1.4 (Fluid Load)
• 1.2 (Dead Load) + 1.2 (Fluid Load) + 1.6 (Live Load)
When do we require to conduct structural
analysis?
As practice, proposed revetment higher than 5m requires Detailed
Structural Analysis.
Software Overview
[Link]
• Structural analysis design program
software by Bentley Systems
• It is used for 3D model generation,
analysis and multi-material design
• Supports several steel , concrete and
timber design codes
• One of the software applications created
to help structural engineers to automate
their tasks and to remove the tedious and
long procedures of the manual methods
[Link] Structure
• A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements.
STAAD is capable of analyzing and designing structures consisting
of both frame, and Finite elements. Almost any type of structure
can be analyzed by STAAD.
Frame elements – Beam elements – 2 nodes
Finite elements – 1.) Plate – 3 or 4 nodes
2.) Solid – 4 to 8 nodes
• In case of STAAD
Node becomes Joint it has a number and xyz coordinates
Beam becomes Member it has a number and nodes at its ends
Plate becomes Element it has a number and node at its
corners
Getting Started
Getting Started - STAAD Window
Controls
Page Control
Types of Cursors
Nodes cursor
Beam cursor
Plates cursor
Surface cursor
Solids cursor
Geometry cursor
STAAD Design
Process
STAAD Design Process
Geometric Modeling
-Nodes Analyze
-Beams
-Plates
Assign Material and Design Parameters
Section Properties -Concrete
Assign Supports Assign Loadings
Workshop
Given:
8m high concrete slope protection
Side slope is 1:2
Initial thickness of concrete protection : 200mm
Initial copping beam dimensions: 500mm x 500mm
Determine the required reinforcement for concrete protection and
copping beam.
Geometric Modeling
(0,8,-18) . (0,8,-17) X Y Z
Node
• • m m m
1 0 0 0
(0,5,-11) (0,5,-10) 2 0 5 -10
• • 3 0 5 -11
4 0 8 -17
5 0 8 -18
y
x
z (0,0,0)
•
Design Parameters
Concrete
• ACI 318 2008 or ACI 318 2011
Parameter Value
Clear cover for outermost bottom reinforcement, Clb 0.075 m
Clear cover for outermost side reinforcement, Cls 0.075 m
Clear cover for outermost top reinforcement, Clt 0.075 m
Compressive Strength of Concrete, Fc 21,000 kN/m3
Yield Strength for Main Reinforcement, Fymain 414,000 kN/m3
Yield Strength for Secondary Steel,Fysec 276,000 kN/m3
Minimum main reinforcement bar size, Minmain 16 mm
Minimum secondary reinforcement bar size, Minsec 12 mm
Design Command
• Design Beam, Design Slab/Element, Take Off
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Water Projects Division
Bureau of Design