Dr.
Burhan Zamir
Department of Physics
Government Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
Lahore
Modulus of Rigidity
Within the elastic limit, the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain is called
modulus of rigidity
Units
𝑁/𝑚2
Formula
𝐹/𝐴
𝜂=
tan 𝜃
Modulus of Rigidity
The force applied on unit area to produce any change in the shape or length
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Units
𝑁/𝑚2
Strain
Strain is the measure of deformation of the solid when stress is applied on it. In case
of deformation in one dimension, strain is defined as fractional change in length
∆𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑙
Units
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
Shear Stress
When two equal and opposite forces are applied tangentially to the cross-section
area of a body, the stress induced is called shear stress.
Shear Strain
Shear strain is defined as the strain accompanying a shear action. It is the angle in
radians measure through which the body gets distorted when subjected to an
external shearing action.
To find the modulus of rigidity of a wire by
Maxwell’s Needle
Screw Gauge
Measures the diameter d of the
suspension wire
Maxwell’s Needle Vernier Calipers
Measures the diameter D
of the Solid Cylinder
Meter Rod
To measure the length 𝒍 of
the wire and length 𝐿 of the
Electrical (digital) solid cylinder Stop Watch
Balance
To measure the time
To measure the mass M of
the cylindrical rod. of vibrations
Observations and Calculations
Length of the given wire 𝑙 87 𝑐𝑚
Total length of Maxwell’s needle (tube) 2𝐿 29.2 𝑐𝑚
Half length of needle (tube) 𝐿 14.6 𝑐𝑚
Average mass of hollow cylinder 𝑚1 26.1 𝑔𝑚
Average mass of solid cylinder 𝑚2 168.9 𝑔𝑚
Measured Diameter of wire by screw gauge 𝑑′ 0.086 𝑐𝑚
Corrected Diameter of wire by screw gauge 𝑑 0.052 𝑐𝑚
Radius of wire 𝑟 = 𝑑/2 0.026 𝑐𝑚
Position of Time of 10 vibrations Time period
Solid 𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝟐 𝐭𝟑 Mean time 𝐭 t/10
Cylinders (sec) (sec) (sec) (sec) (Sec)
Outside 158 159 157 158 𝑇1 =15.8
Inside 99 100 100 99.67 𝑇2 =9.967
Observations and Calculations
Modulus of rigidity of wire = 𝜂
8𝜋𝑙 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝐿2
𝜂=
𝑇12 − 𝑇22 𝑟 4
8 3.14 87 (168.9 − 26.1)(14.6)2
𝜂=
(15.82 −9.9672 ) (0.026)4
𝜂 = 9.56 × 1011 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
To find the modulus of rigidity of a wire by
oscillating-rod method (Dynamic Method)
Screw Gauge Vernier Calipers
Measures the Measures the diameter D
Solid cylindrical rod diameter d of the of the Solid Cylinder
suspended with a wire suspension wire
Meter Rod
To measure the length 𝒍 of
the wire and length 𝐿 of the
Electrical (digital) solid cylinder Stop Watch
Balance
To measure the time
To measure the mass M of
the cylindrical rod. of vibrations
Observations and Calculations
Length of the given wire 𝑙 86 𝑐𝑚
Total length of the Oscillating Rod 𝐿 25.5 𝑐𝑚
Average mass of Oscillating Rod 𝑚 715 𝑔𝑚
Measured Diameter of wire by screw gauge 𝑑′ 0.085 𝑐𝑚
Zero error 0.034 𝑐𝑚
Corrected Diameter of wire by screw gauge 𝑑 0.051 𝑐𝑚
Radius of wire 𝑟 = 𝑑/2 0.0255 𝑐𝑚
Mean diameter of Oscillating Rod by Vernier 𝐷 2.22 𝑐𝑚
Calipers
Mean radius of Oscillating Rod 𝑅 1.11 𝑐𝑚
𝑅2 𝐿2
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 = 𝑀 +
4 12
1.11 2 25.5 2
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 = 715 +
4 12
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 = 3.9 × 104 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2
Time Period of Rod
No.
of Time of 10 vibrations Time period
Obs.
𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝟐 Mean time 𝐭 𝑻 = 𝒕/𝟏𝟎 (Sec)
(sec) (sec) (sec)
1. 140 138 139 𝑇 =13.9
Modulus of rigidity of wire = 𝜂
8𝜋𝑙
𝜂 = 4 2𝐼
𝑟 𝑇
8 3.14 86 4
𝜂= × 3.9 × 10
(0.0255)4 (13.9)2
𝜂 = 10 × 1011 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2