Introduction to Internet

Concepts,Connection and Application of Internet

Internet
●​ Computers that connects millions of computers worldwide.
●​ It allows people to communicate and exchange information or data
with people all around the world.
●​ Through internet, you can send any information or messages to any
part of the world within seconds.
●​ The internet is a giant worldwide network which interconnects
innumerable smaller groups of linked computer networks.
●​ In the way the internet is a network of smaller [Link] small
networks are often called “local area networks”.
●​ Eg: at many colleges,computers are linked to each other through
LANs for the purpose of exchanging files and messages and sharing
equipment such as printers and scanners.
●​ The internet had its origin in 1969 as an experimental project of the
Advanced Research Project Agency “ARPA”.
●​ Fiest called ARPANET ,the network linked computers and computer
networks owned by the military,defense contractors, and university
laboratories conducting defense-related research.
●​ The network later allowed researchers across the country to access
extremely powerful supercomputers located at a few key universities
and laboratories.
●​ As it evolved far beyond its research origins in the United States to
encompass universities,corporations, and individuals around the
world,the ARPANET came to be called the”DARPA internet”,
and finally just the internet”.
HISTORY OF THE WEB

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web while working at CERN in 1989,
applying the concept of hyperlinking that had by then existed for some decades.
He developed the first web server, the first web browser, and set up a website
about the project in 1990. After releasing the source code for public use in 1993,
many other web browsers were soon developed, with Marc Andreessen's Mosaic
(later Netscape Navigator), being particularly easy to use and install, and often
credited with sparking the Internet boom of the 1990s. It was a graphical browser
which ran on several popular office and home computers, bringing multimedia
content to non-technical users by including images and text on the same page.

SOME IMPORTANT DATES IN INTERNET HISTORY

●​ 1968: ARPA goes online connecting 4 major United States

universities.
●​ 1971:email program was invented by ray tomlinson on the
ARPANET system.
●​ 1973: TCP/IP [Link] networking becomes a reality
as the university college of london and royal radar establishment
connect to ARPANET.
●​ 1974: The first internet service provider is born with the
introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET, known as
Telenet.
●​ 1975: the microsoft corporation was founded by bill gates and
paul allen.
●​ 1976: Apple computers was founded by Steve Woznalk and
Steve jobs.
●​ 1983: DNS was created in university of wisconsin
●​ 1993: CERN put the world wide web software in the public
domain.
 ●​ 1994: Beginning of online services such as banking,ordering food
●​ 1995: Java is introduced. amazon .com is founded by jeff bezos.
●​ 1996: Web tv is introduced
●​ 1998: Google was founded by sergey brin and larry page.
●​ 2000: Over 300 millions people have access to the internet
●​ 2001: Wikipedia is created
●​ 2003: Wordpress is launched
●​ 2004: Facebook goes online, and the era of social networking
begins.
●​ 2005: [Link] launches
●​ 2006: Twitter launches

Understanding Hyperlinks

Hyperlink/Link

In a website, a hyperlink (or link) is an item like a word or button that

points to another location. When you click on a link, the link will take
you to the target of the link, which may be a webpage, document or
other online content.

Downloading and Uploading

1. Downloading :Meaning of downloading is that our computer is

receiving data from the Internet. When users are copying any file from
the Internet to their device (computer, mobile, etc.), they download it.
Example is downloading songs or pictures from the Internet.

2. Uploading :Meaning of uploading is that we send data from our

computer to the Internet. In other words, to make a file visible to
everyone on the Internet (like adding a picture on Facebook), you will
need to upload it. Examples are posting photos on Instagram or
Facebook, using a webcam.

WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of

websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local
computers through the internet. These websites contain text pages,
digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of
these sites from any part of the world over the internet using their
devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc.

The building blocks of the Web are web pages which are formatted in
HTML and connected by links called "hypertext" or hyperlinks and
accessed by HTTP. These links are electronic connections that link
related pieces of information so that users can access the desired
information quickly. Hypertext offers the advantage to select a word or
phrase from text and thus to access other pages that provide additional
information related to that word or phrase.
COMPONENTS OF WORLD WIDE WEB

[Link] server- it is a system that delivers contents or services to

end users over the [Link] servers are computers that
deliver web [Link] web server has an IP address and a
domain name.

[Link] server-it is an intermediary server between client and

the [Link] allow to hide,conceal and make your network
anonymous by hiding your IP [Link] are two types of
proxies: forward proxies (or tunnel, or gateway) and reverse
proxies (used to control and protect access to a server for
load-balancing, authentication, decryption or caching)

[Link] Browser: It is application software for accessing the

World Wide Web or a local website. When a user requests a web
page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the
necessary content from a web server and then displays the page
on the user's device.

Types of Web Browsers

a. Google Chrome:Google Chrome is the most popular browser that

people use today. The main reason for this is its speed. It’s a fast
browser. It opens quickly and loads multiple tabs and pages in just one
click. It’s probably the fastest browser available today. If you’re tired of
waiting for your browser to open after clicking on its icon, you should
switch to Chrome.

b. Mozilla Firefox:Firefox was slower than Chrome. And this is why it

stayed the second choice for many people. But that was several
versions ago. The new Firefox is faster and smoother.
c. Opera:Opera is another popular name in the browser industry. While
it has several attractive features (such as an inbuilt ad blocker), it
generally stays behind the two most popular browsers. But this
shouldn’t mean you shouldn’t try Opera.

[Link] Page :A web page is a hypertext document on the World Wide

Web. Web pages are delivered by a web server to the user and
displayed in a web browser.A website consists of many web pages
linked together under a common domain name.

[Link] Site :A Website is a related collection of World Wide Web

(WWW) files that includes a beginning file called a home page. A
company or an individual tells you how to get to their Website by giving
you the address of their home page. From the home page, you can get
to all the other pages on their site.

Website Requirements

●​ Domain name.
●​ Web Hosting.
●​ Business email address.
●​ Logo design.
●​ Images.
●​ Text content.
●​ WebDesigner

DNS-The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet

domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP) [Link]
domain name system maps the name people use to locate a website to the IP
address that a computer uses to locate that website.
ICANN
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is an
internationally organized, non-profit corporation that has responsibility for Internet
Protocol (IP) address space allocation, protocol identifier assignment, generic
(gTLD) and country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domain name system management,
and root server system management functions. These services were originally
performed under U.S. Government contracts by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) and other entities. ICANN now performs the IANA function.

Domain Name
A domain name is a string of text that maps to a numeric IP address, used to
access a website from client software. In plain English, a domain name is the text
that a user types into a browser window to reach a particular website. For instance,
the domain name for Google is ‘[Link]’.

IP Address

An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or

a local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules
governing the format of data sent via the internet or local [Link] IP
address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are
expressed as a set of four numbers — an example address might be
[Link]. Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the full
IP addressing range goes from [Link] to [Link].
URL-Uniform Resource Locator

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the
address of a given unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL
points to a unique resource. Such resources can be an HTML page, a CSS
document, an image, etc. In practice, there are some exceptions, the most
common being a URL pointing to a resource that no longer exists or that has
moved. As the resource represented by the URL and the URL itself are
handled by the Web server, it is up to the owner of the web server to
carefully manage that resource and its associated URL.

WEB ADDRESS

The web address contains information about the location of the webpage. It
is also known as the URL (uniform resource locator). Like the address for
your home, a web address organizes information about a webpage's
location in a predictable way.
Types of Internet Connections
Dial-up Connection
A dial-up is a connection that's established using a modem. To make the
dial-up connection, the modem must connect to an active phone line that is
not in use. When connecting, the modem picks up the phone and dials a
number that's attached to another computer.

Integrated Services Digital Network

Integrated Services Digital Network is a circuit-switched telephone network
system that transmits both data and voice over a digital line. You can also
think of it as a set of communication standards to transmit data, voice, and
signaling. These digital lines could be copper lines.
Direct Internet Access
Direct Internet Access System is a technology used to access the internet
through DSL developed jointly by IIT Madras and Banyan Networks. It offers
a wired solution for high-speed symmetrical Internet access through existing
public switched telephone network lines and provides an " Always On"
Internet Access that is permanently available at the customer's premises. It
uses the existing cabling infrastructure by combining voice and data packets
onto a single twisted-pair wire at the subscriber's premises.
Digital Subscriber Line

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It is an internet connection that is

always “on”. This uses 2 lines so your phone is not tied up when your
computer is connected. There is also no need to dial a phone number to
connect. DSL uses a router to transport data and the range of connection
speed, depending on the service offered, is between 128K to 8 Mbps.

Cable

Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and operates

over cable TV lines. There are different speeds depending on if you are
uploading data transmissions or downloading. Since the coax cable
provides a much greater bandwidth over dial-up or DSL telephone lines, you
can get faster access. Cable speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps.

Satellite

Satellites access the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit. The enormous
distance that a signal travels from earth to satellite and back again, provides
a delayed connection compared to cable and DSL. Satellite connection
speeds are around 512K to 2.0 Mbps.

OSI Model

The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual

framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI
model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and
requirements in order to support interoperability between different products
and software.

Transmission Control Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport protocol, meaning it

dictates the way data is sent and received. A TCP header is included in the data
portion of each packet that uses TCP/IP. Before transmitting data, TCP opens a
connection with the recipient. TCP ensures that all packets arrive in order once
transmission begins. Via TCP, the recipient will acknowledge receiving each packet
that arrives. Missing packets will be sent again if receipt is not acknowledged.

Internet Protocol

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing
packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct
destination. Data traversing the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called
packets. IP information is attached to each packet, and this information helps
routers to send packets to the right place. Every device or domain that connects to
the Internet is assigned an IP address, and as packets are directed to the IP
address attached to them, data arrives where it is needed.​

FTP:File Transfer Protocol is a specification that is purpose-built for accessing,

managing, loading, copying and deleting files across connected IP hosts.

HTTP:Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the specification that enables the modern

web. HTTP enables websites and web browsers to view content. It typically runs
over port 80. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is HTTP that runs with encryption
via Secure Sockets Layer or Transport Layer Security. HTTPS typically is served
over port 443.

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET

Modem:A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that

converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog
transmission medium such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by
modulating one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information, while
the receiver demodulates the signal to recreate the original digital information. The
goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably.
Modems can be used with almost any means of transmitting analog signals, from
light-emitting diodes to radio.

Router: It is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer

networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent
through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A
packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the
networks that constitute an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its
destination node.

ISP:The term Internet service provider (ISP) refers to a company that provides
access to the Internet to both personal and business customers. ISPs make it
possible for their customers to surf the web, shop online, conduct business, and
connect with family and friends—all for a fee.

Browser:A browser is software on your computer which you use to 'surf' the
internet and visit webpages. If you want to view web pages on different websites,
you will need to use a 'browser'. It acts as a door to the internet. Browsers differ
slightly but all do the same job.

How to search the web?

There are many different search engines you can use, but some of the most
popular include Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. To perform a search, you'll need to
navigate to a search engine in your web browser, type one or more keywords—also
known as search terms—then press Enter on your keyboard. In this example, we'll
search for recipes.
After you run a search, you'll see a list of relevant websites that match your search
terms. These are commonly known as search results. If you see a site that looks
interesting, you can click a link to open it. If the site doesn't have what you need,
you can simply return to the results page to look for more options.
Most browsers also allow you to perform a web search directly from your address
bar, although some have a separate search bar next to the address bar. Simply type
your search terms and press Enter to run the search.
Search suggestions

If you don't find what you're looking for on the first try, don't worry! Search engines
are good at finding things online, but they're not perfect. You'll often need to try
different search terms to find what you're looking for.

If you're having trouble thinking of new search terms, you can use search
suggestions instead. These will usually appear as you're typing, and they're a great
way to find new keywords you might not have tried otherwise. To use a search
suggestion, you can click it with your mouse, or select it with the arrow keys on
your keyboard.

Refining your search

If you're still having trouble finding exactly what you need, you can use some
special characters to help refine your search. For example, if you want to exclude a
word from a search, you can type a hyphen (-) at the beginning of a word. So if you
wanted to find cookie recipes that don't include chocolate, you could search for
recipes cookies -chocolate.
You can also search for exact words or phrases to narrow down your results even
more. All you need to do is place quotation marks (" ") around the desired search
terms. For example, if you search for recipes "sugar cookies", your search results
will only include recipes for sugar cookies, instead of any cookies that happen to
use sugar as an ingredient.
These techniques may come in handy in certain cases, but you probably won't
need to use them with most searches. Search engines can usually figure out what
you're looking for without these extra characters. We recommend trying a few
different search suggestions before using this method.

Content-specific searches
There may be times when you're looking for something more specific, like a news
article, picture, or video. Most search engines have links at the top of the page that
allow you to perform these unique searches.

In the example below, we've used the same search terms to look for images
instead of websites. If you see an image you like, you can click to visit the website
it originally came from.
You can use the extra search tools to narrow down your results even more. These
tools will change based on the type of content you're looking for, but in this
example we can filter our images by size, color, image type, and more. So if you
wanted to find cookies with pink frosting, you could search for images that are
mostly pink.
Advertisements

One final thing to note: Most search engines include advertisements with search
results. For example, you can see advertisements at the top of the search results
below.
These ads are based on your search terms, and they often look similar to other
search results. While they may be useful in some cases, it's usually more helpful to
focus on the actual search results.

Types of search engines

●​ Crawlers:these types of search engines use a “spider” or a “crawler” to

search the [Link] crawler digs through individual web pages,pulls out
keywords and then adds the pages to the search engines’s database.

Eg:Google and Yahoo

●​ Directories: These are human powered search engines.A website is
submitted to the directory and must be approved for inclusion by editorial
staff.

Eg:open directory project and the internet public library

●​ Meta: meta search engines are ones that search several other search
engines at once and combine the results into one list.

Eg:Dogpile and clusty

●​ Hybrids: Hybrid are a mix of crawlers and directories

Internet Service and its Application

Address mapping: Address mapping is a process of determining a logical

address knowing the physical address of the device and determining the
physical address by knowing the logical address of the device. Address
mapping is required when a packet is routed from source host to
destination host in the same or different network.

Email- Electronic Mail:email is a way to send and receive message across

the internet.

. We can send or receive personal and business-related messages with

attachments, such as pictures or formatted documents.
. We need an email address to do just about anything online, from online
banking to creating a Facebook account.

. Many web based free e-mail services are available like Gmail, Yahoo and
Hotmail.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to make
voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or
analog) phone line. Some VoIP services may only allow you to call other
people using the same service, but others may allow you to call anyone who
has a telephone number - including local, long distance, mobile, and
international numbers. Also, while some VoIP services only work over your
computer or a special VoIP phone, other services allow you to use a
traditional phone connected to a VoIP adapter.

Video Conferencing

Video conferencing is an online technology that allows users in

different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to
move to a single location together. This technology is particularly
convenient for business users in different cities or even different
countries because it saves time, expenses, and hassles associated
with business travel. Uses for video conferencing include holding
routine meetings, negotiating business deals, and interviewing job
candidates.

Social Media Tools

Social media allows individuals to keep in touch with friends and

extended family. Some people will use various social media
applications to network and find career opportunities, connect with
people across the globe with like-minded interests, and share their
own thoughts, feelings, and insights online.
Chat and instant Messenging

Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat allowing

real-time text transmission over the Internet or another computer
network. Messages are typically transmitted between two or more
parties, when each user inputs text and triggers a transmission to
the recipient(s), who are all connected on a common network.

E-Commerce

The term electronic commerce (ecommerce) refers to a business

model that allows companies and individuals to buy and sell goods
and services over the Internet. Ecommerce operates in four major
market segments and can be conducted over computers, tablets,
smartphones, and other smart devices. Nearly every imaginable
product and service is available through ecommerce transactions,
including books, music, plane tickets, and financial services such
as stock investing and online banking.

Application of Internet

Financial Transaction: It is a term which is used when there is

an exchange of money. With the use of the internet in
financial transactions, the work has become a lot easier.
Payments, Funds transfer, banking transactions can be done
through on-line banking service.
Entertainment: The Internet is also used for entertainment.
Such as chatting with friends, sharing videos, watching
movies, listening to music, live telecast of sports and other
events, playing games, etc.
Cloud computing and Storage
Cloud computing requires higher processing power than cloud storage.
Cloud storage, on the other hand, needs more storage space.
Cloud computing is essentially targeted towards businesses. Cloud
storage, on the other hand, is utilized both for professional and personal
reasons.
Cloud storage is simply a data storage and sharing medium, while
cloud computing gives you the ability to remotely work on and
transform data (for example, coding an application remotely).

Advantages of Cloud Storage

1.​ Cost-Purchasing physical storage can be expensive. Without the

need for hardware cloud storage is exceptionally cheaper per GB
than using external drives.
2.​ Accessibility-Using the cloud for storage gives you access to your
files from anywhere that has an internet connection.
3.​ Recovery-In the event of a hard drive failure or other hardware
malfunction, you can access your files on the cloud. It acts as a
backup solution for your local storage on physical drives.
4.​ Syncing and Updating-When you are working with cloud storage,
every time you make changes to a file it will be synced and updated
across all of your devices that you access the cloud from.
5.​ Security-Cloud storage providers add additional layers of security
to their services. Since there are many people with files stored on
the cloud, these providers go to added lengths to make sure your
files don't get accessed by someone who shouldn't
Web Application

A Web application (Web app) is an application program that is

stored on a remote server and delivered over the Internet
through a browser interface. Web services are Web apps by
definition and many, although not all, websites contain Web apps.

Extranet

An extranet is an organization’s private network and its available

only for selected users. It’s a way to connect to third parties like
vendors, customers, and partners in a secure and controlled way.
 The users typically have a login mechanism such as username
and password to access the network. Extranet in simple terms
provides a secure network for an organization to share
information with relevant people outside the organization. It is
part of an organization’s intranet divided via a firewall.

IOT-The Internet of Things is not a mysterious hype anymore. It’s a

technology that has slowly gained momentum and is now silently
shaping our future. IoT is the result of humankind’s curiosity and
intention to lead a convenient and connected lifestyle, reducing labor
and eliminating the chances of human errors. That’s why we decided to
make devices smart and take care of things that will draw out
efficiency. We’ve figured out that data is the new currency, and tons of
crucial concerns can be addressed and resolved through data, and this
is what drives the concept of the Internet of Things.
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected
computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to
communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of
networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array
of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The
Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services,
such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the
World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.

*Uses of the Internet*

Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send and
receive e-mail. ...
Research.
Downloading files.
Discussion groups. ...
Interactive games. ...
Education and self-improvement. ...
Friendship and dating. ...
Electronic newspapers and magazines.

*Internet Applications*
Sending and receiving email.
Searching and browsing information archives.
Copying files between computers.
Conducting financial transactions.
Navigating (in your car, smart scooter, smart bike, or other)
Playing interactive games.
Video and music streaming.
Chat or voice communication (direct messaging, video conferencing)

*Internet Protocol*
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in
the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network
boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and
essentially establishes the Internet. ... The Internet protocol suite is
therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

*Types of Protocols*
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Post office Protocol (POP)
Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

Electronic Commerce
E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means buying and selling of
goods, products, or services over the internet. E-commerce is also
known as electronic commerce or internet commerce. These services
are provided online over the internet network. Transaction of money,
funds, and data are also considered as E-commerce. These business
transactions can be done in four ways: Business to Business (B2B),
Business to Customer (B2C), Customer to Customer (C2C), Customer
to Business (C2B). The standard definition of E-commerce is a
commercial transaction which happens over the internet. Online stores
like Amazon, Flipkart, Shopify, Myntra, Ebay, Quikr, Olx are examples
of E-commerce websites. By 2020, global retail e-commerce can reach
up to $27 Trillion. Let us learn in detail about the advantages and
disadvantages of E-commerce and its types.
Types of E-Commerce Models
Electronic commerce can be classified into four main categories. The
basis for this simple classification is the parties that are involved in the
transactions. So the four basic electronic commerce models are as
follows,

1. Business to Business

This is Business to Business transactions. Here the companies are

doing business with each other. The final consumer is not involved. So
the online transactions only involve the manufacturers, wholesalers,
retailers etc.

2. Business to Consumer

Business to Consumer. Here the company will sell their goods and/or
services directly to the consumer. The consumer can browse their
websites and look at products, pictures, and read reviews. Then they
place their order and the company ships the goods directly to them.
Popular examples are Amazon, Flipkart, Jabong etc.

3. Consumer to Consumer

Consumer to consumer, where the consumers are in direct contact with

each other. No company is involved. It helps people sell their personal
goods and assets directly to an interested party. Usually, goods traded
are cars, bikes, electronics etc. OLX, Quikr etc follow this model.

4. Consumer to Business

This is the reverse of B2C, it is a consumer to business. So the

consumer provides a good or some service to the company. Say for
example an IT freelancer who demos and sells his software to a
company. This would be a C2B transaction.
Examples of E-Commerce
Amazon
Flipkart
eBay
Fiverr
Upwork
Olx
Quikr

Advantages of E-Commerce
E-commerce provides the sellers with a global reach. They remove the
barrier of place (geography). Now sellers and buyers can meet in the
virtual world, without the hindrance of location.
Electronic commerce will substantially lower the transaction cost. It
eliminates many fixed costs of maintaining brick and mortar shops.
This allows the companies to enjoy a much higher margin of profit.
It provides quick delivery of goods with very little effort on part of the
customer. Customer complaints are also addressed quickly. It also
saves time, energy and effort for both the consumers and the
company.
One other great advantage is the convenience it offers. A customer
can shop 24×7. The website is functional at all times, it does not have
working hours like a shop.
Electronic commerce also allows the customer and the business to be
in touch directly, without any intermediaries. This allows for quick
communication and transactions. It also gives a valuable personal
touch.
There are many advantages of e-commerce. Some of these
advantages are:
●​ Increasing reach. E-commerce allows small businesses to

reach a broad range of consumers. It allows all sellers to be a

part of a global marketplace.

●​ More jobs. As these small e-commerce businesses grow, they

employ more people.

●​ Lower operational costs. E-commerce also helps small

businesses to grow because it can have fewer operational costs.

Without having to pay rent on a shop, many small business

owners can afford to run their e-commerce shops.

●​ Easier and more convenient shopping. One of the major

advantages of e-commerce is that it allows customers to quickly

find and get what they're looking to buy. It also offers consumers

the convenience of not needing to leave their homes to get what

they need, which saves time.

●​ Allows comparison shopping. Consumers also gain power

through the experience of online shopping. They can research

and compare products and companies easily. Websites can offer

things like detailed product descriptions and consumer reviews

that can help consumers make decisions wisely.

Disadvantages of E-Commerce
The start-up costs of the e-commerce portal are very high. The setup
of the hardware and the software, the training cost of employees, the
constant maintenance and upkeep are all quite expensive.
Although it may seem like a sure thing, the e-commerce industry has a
high risk of failure. Many companies riding the dot-com wave of the
2000s have failed miserably. The high risk of failure remains even
today.
At times, e-commerce can feel impersonal. So it lacks the warmth of an
interpersonal relationship which is important for many brands and
products. This lack of a personal touch can be a disadvantage for
many types of services and products like interior designing or the
jewelry business.
Security is another area of concern. Only recently, we have witnessed
many security breaches where the information of the customers was
stolen. Credit card theft, identity theft etc. remain big concerns with the
customers.
Then there are also fulfillment problems. Even after the order is placed
there can be problems with shipping, delivery, mix-ups etc. This leaves
the customers unhappy and dissatisfied.

*Digital Economy*
Digital economy is one collective term for all economic transactions
that occur on the internet. It is also known as the Web Economy or the
Internet Economy. With the advent of technology and the process of
globalization, the digital and traditional economies are merging into
one. Let us learn more about this concept of digital economy.

The Importance of eCommerce

1. eCommerce Helps You Reduce Your Costs
To have an online store it is not necessary that you have all your
products presented in a physical space. In fact, there are different
companies that operate online where they only show all their inventory
through their electronic commerce.
This implies not only saving by not needing a rental or purchase of
premises, but also everything that involves electricity, the Internet, etc.
Or if you want to have one so that customers have a physical space, it
does not have to be as large as everything you offer. In either case,
you will be reducing your costs.

2. eCommerce Helps Businesses Go Global

Directly related to the previous point, this fact allows you to put your
products for sale anywhere in the world. They will not have the explicit
need to travel to where you are to see what you have to offer.
If you are running a physical store, it will be limited by the geographical
area that you can service, but owning an eCommerce website will give
you the opportunity to increase your outreach. It’ll offer your products
& services to customers around the whole world, regardless of the
distance and time zone.
Furthermore, this eliminates all kinds of geographical and linguistic
tango barriers. Your e-commerce translated into different languages
​will allow them to buy from different countries.
With eCommerce and mobile commerce as well, the entire world is
your playground. Your products or services are within reach for a lot of
customers who might be sitting in another corner of the world.
So, if you want to grow your online business worldwide, it is a great
idea to start creating your own online store and localize it in different
languages.

3. eCommerce Can Be Done With Fewer Overheads & Fewer Risk

Starting an online store can mean significantly lower start-up costs
compared to a brick and mortar retailer. The retailer or the online
business owner doesn’t have to take into consideration the high
expenses of shop rental, hiring a salesperson to woo the customer,
utility bills, security measures, etc. This, in turn, will enable you to sell
your products at competitive prices. Also, having an online store
enables you to enjoy increased profitability with less risk.

4. eCommerce Can Broaden Your Brand & Expand Your Business

Having an eCommerce store can be used to broaden your range of
products/services for sale, expanding your business, bringing you more
custom, and diversifying your sales. It’s the ideal way to take your
brand from a traditional brick & mortar store to an innovative,
well-loved one.
With eCommerce, there is no need to have more than one branch, just
one singular online store allowing you to fully reach customers without
having to worry about moving locations, you can just manage your
online business from home.
It’s important to mention that eCommerce will be helpful for Both B2C
and B2B businesses to boost their brand awareness in the market.

5. eCommerce Offers Better Marketing Opportunities

Your eCommerce site is the best marketing tool that you would ever
have. Thanks to the internet, now anyone can market through online
tools like social media marketing, email marketing, search engine
marketing, pay per click ads, and SEO help you build very useful links
and contacts.

6. Your Online Store Will Stay Open 24*7/365:

Also, one of the great importance of eCommerce that eCommerce
retailers can enjoy is store timings are now 24/7/365 as the
eCommerce stores are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, compared
to the regular stores.
In this way, retailers can increase their sales by boosting their number
of orders. However, it is also helpful for customers as they can
purchase products & services whenever they want no matter whether it
is midnight or early morning.

7. eCommerce Is Easier & More Convenient

People’s lives are hectic; getting to a physical store means taking a lot
of time and effort. So, by starting an online store that means you can fit
into your customer’s busy lives, making the products they want
accessible when they want them.
The enjoyable thing about eCommerce is buying options that are
quick, easy, convenient and user-friendly with the ability to transfer
funds online.

8. Personalize Your Shopping Experience

If there is one of the clear advantages of having an online store, that is
to be able to know (and monitor) what your consumer does. Physically,
it would be very uncomfortable for a potential buyer to enter your store
and you were all the time behind him asking what he wants or why he
does not buy your product.
ecommerce allows you, for example, to know at what point in the
process you left the purchase halfway and even remember that you left
it in the middle by sending an email. This, in addition, can help you to
improve your shopping experience for another occasion: shortening
the steps to complete the order or offering those buyer products with
similar characteristics.

9. Improve the Image of Your Business

Among the advantages of having an online store, there is no doubt that
it also includes improving the image of your company. Offering a good
online sales platform to users will give your company a great corporate
appearance.
Not only will it prove to be up-to-date, but it will also show interest in
facilitating consumer purchases. For example, it prevents you from
traveling to the physical place of sale and allows you to compare prices
from home. In addition, thanks to what we have mentioned as loyalty or
feedback, you can even implement improvements in your products that
customers will value positively

10. Easily Receive Feedback on Products

Have you always wanted to know what consumers think of what you
sell in order to offer more or improve it? Well, the online store will allow
you to receive that feedback so you can implement improvements in
your business. Through star ratings, with the possibility of leaving
comments.
In addition, the customer will feel heard after their purchase. There is
no better way to thank you for your confidence in purchasing your
company’s products. What’s more, if you offer the quality you will have
nothing to worry about. Enabling a direct channel where others see
what they can expect from a given asset is a great public exercise of
trust in your business.

11. Maximum Security of Transactions

Today, operating over the Internet is almost safer and more reliable
than doing it in a physical store. From your home, without anyone
spying on your secret number or your credit card. Of course, the
eCommerce website must have an SSL certificate.
This certificate not only allows safe browsing on the web. In addition, it
keeps the data encrypted, in such a way that it is totally safe to enter
keys and passwords. This will not only be necessary for the customer’s
business account but to use even more sensitive data such as credit
card information with complete peace of mind.
It’s worth mentioning that 33% of eCommerce experts identified
security, mobile payments, and mobile apps as the most important
investments in 2019. Security will continue to be one of the greatest
focuses on eCommerce.
With changes in technology, user behaviors, and shopping patterns,
sellers will have to provide solutions ensuring the trust and safety of
shopping processes.

12 Ready for the Trade of the Future

This is another important detail thinking about the long term of your
business. Search patterns and consumer spending, the advancement
of technology, and the latest statistics estimate that by 2040, 95% of
purchases will be made through the internet.
Therefore, we are not only talking about a trend of the present but also
about what the commercial relations of the future will be. And just as if
you are not on the Internet you do not exist, if your business does not
sell on the Internet it is limiting its sales in a massive way.

13. Increase in Sales

Everything seen above is focused on one thing: being able to increase
your sales. At the end of the day, your business is based on being able
to sell more, and therefore it is what it is aimed at.
All the previous points contribute to the fact that the tenth and last
advantage is that there is an increase in the purchases of your
products. Reaching more customers, improving your products thanks
to comments, or being available 24 hours a day will undoubtedly
contribute to all of this.
Web Browsers
Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web,
you need a web browser, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft
Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are
navigating through our site [Link]. On the Web, when you
navigate through pages of information, this is commonly known as
web browsing or web surfing.
There are four leading web browsers − Explorer, Firefox, Netscape,
and Safari, but there are many others browsers available. You might
be interested in knowing Complete Browser Statistics. Now we will
see these browsers in bit more detail.
While developing a site, we should try to make it compatible to as
many browsers as possible. Especially sites should be compatible to
major browsers like Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Netscape, Opera, and
Safari.
 Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This
is the most commonly used browser in the universe. This was
introduced in 1995 along with Windows 95 launch and it has passed
Netscape popularity in 1998.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Internet Explorer

Google Chrome
This web browser is developed by Google and its beta version was
first released on September 2, 2008 for Microsoft Windows. Today,
chrome is known to be one of the most popular web browser with its
global share of more than 50%.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Google Chrome

Mozilla Firefox
Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004
and has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Firefox

Safari
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in Mac
OS X. It was first released as a public beta in January 2003. Safari
has very good support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Safari

Opera
Opera is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is full-
featured. Fast, user-friendly, with keyboard interface, multiple
windows, zoom functions, and more. Java and non Java-enabled
versions available. Ideal for newcomers to the Internet, school
children, handicap and as a front-end for CD-Rom and kiosks.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Opera

Konqueror
Konqueror is an Open Source web browser with HTML 4.01
compliance, supporting Java applets, JavaScript, CSS 1, CSS 2.1, as
well as Netscape plugins. This works as a file manager as well as it
supports basic file management on local UNIX filesystems, from
simple cut/copy and paste operations to advanced remote and local
network file browsing.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Konqueror

Lynx
Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web browser for users on Unix,
VMS, and other platforms running cursor-addressable, character-cell
terminals or emulators.
You can download a latest version of this browser by clicking here →
Download Lynx

Computer network

A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by

network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital
interconnections to communicate with each other.

What is in a network topology?

A network topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a
network. Nodes usually include devices such as switches, routers and software with switch
and router features. Network topologies are often represented as a graph.

Types

1. Bus Topology
Bus topology is the kind of network topology where every node, i.e. every device on the
network, is connected to a solo main cable line. Data is transmitted in a single route, from
one point to the other. We cannot transmit data in both ways. When this topology has
precisely two endpoints, it is known as Linear Bus Topology. It is mostly used for small
networks.
2. Ring Topology
Ring Topology is a topology type in which every computer is connected to another
computer on each side. The last computer is connected to the first, thus forming a ring
shape. This topology allows for each computer to have exactly two neighbouring
computers.

3. Star Topology
Star Topology is the kind of network topology in which all the nodes are connected via
cables to a single node called a hub, which is the central node. The hub can be active or
passive in nature. Active hubs contain repeaters, while passive hubs are considered
non-intelligent nodes. Each node contains a reserved connection to the central node,
which the central node acting as a repeater during data transmission.

4. Mesh Topology
Mesh topology is the kind of topology in which all the nodes are connected with all the
other nodes via a network channel. Mesh topology is a point-to-point connection. It has
n(n-1)/2 network channels to connect n nodes.

5. Tree Topology
Tree topology is the topology in which the nodes are connected hierarchically, with all the
nodes connected to the topmost node or root node. Hence, it is also known as hierarchical
topology. Tree topology has at least three levels of hierarchy.
6. Hybrid Topology
Hybrid Topology is basically a network topology comprising of two or more different types
of topologies. It is a reliable and scalable topology, but simultaneously, it is a costly one. It
receives the merits and demerits of the topologies used to build it.
Configuring the System

1.​ [Link] File

The [Link] file is a text file that contains special commands. These commands
configure your computer’s hardware components so that MS DOS can use them.

2.​ [Link] File

[Link] is a batch file which contains MS DOS external or internal commands.

3.​ Files
Specifies the number of files that MS DOS can access at one time.

4.​ Buffers
Allocate memory for a specified number of disk buffers when your system starts.

5.​ Country
Enables MS-DOS to use country-specific conventions for displaying times,dates,and
currency; for determining the order by which characters are sorted.

6.​ Device
This command installs device drivers.

7.​ Lastdrive
Specifies the largest drive letter to be used by the system.

BATCH FILES COMMANDS

1.​ Echo
Displays or hides the text in batch programs when the program is [Link] indicates
whether the command-echoing feature is on or off.

2.​ Pause
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays a message that prompts the user
to press any key to continue.

3.​ Rem
Enable you to include comments in a batch file in your [Link] [Link] REM
command is also useful for disabling commands.