1.2 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.

com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

—
1. WRITING Explain how XY and XY are different.

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

7 B
3
C
A

Find AC + CB. Find BC − AC.

Find AB. Find CA + BC.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 –6, use a ruler to measure the length of In Exercises 15–22, find FH. (See Example 3.)
the segment to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.
15. 8
(See Example 1.) F
3. G 14

4. H

5. 16. 7
H
19 G
6.

F
CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 7 and 8, use a compass and
straightedge to construct a copy of the segment. 17. 12
H
7. Copy the segment in Exercise 3. 11
G
8. Copy the segment in Exercise 4. F

In Exercises 9–14, plot the points in a coordinate 18.

plane. Then determine whether — AB and —
4
CD are F
congruent. (See Example 2.) G
15
9. A(−4, 5), B(−4, 8), C(2, −3), D(2, 0)
H
10. A(6, −1), B(1, −1), C(2, −3), D(4, −3)
19.
11. A(8, 3), B(−1, 3), C(5, 10), D(5, 3)
37 G
H 13
12. A(6, −8), B(6, 1), C(7, −2), D(−2, −2)
F
13. A(−5, 6), B(−5, −1), C(−4, 3), D(3, 3)

14. A(10, −4), B(3, −4), C(−1, 2), D(−1, 5)

16 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 20. 22 26. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In 2003, a remote-
controlled model airplane became the first ever to fly
F H 15 G nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean. The map shows the
airplane’s position at three different points during its
21. flight. Point A represents Cape Spear, Newfoundland,
F point B represents the approximate position after
42 1 day, and point C represents Mannin Bay, Ireland.
The airplane left from Cape Spear and landed in
H
Mannin Bay. (See Example 4.)
22
G

22. Europe
North C
G America B
A 601 mi
1282 mi
53
40
Atlantic Ocean

H
F a. Find the total distance the model airplane flew.
b. The model airplane’s flight lasted nearly 38 hours.
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 23 and 24, describe and
correct the error in finding the length of —
Estimate the airplane’s average speed in
AB . miles per hour.

A B 27. USING STRUCTURE Determine whether the statements

are true or false. Explain your reasoning.
cm 1 2 3 4 5 6
C
B

✗
23.

AB = 1 − 4.5 = −3.5 A D E H

✗
24.
a. B is between A and C.
AB = ∣ 1 + 4.5 ∣ = 5.5
b. C is between B and E.
c. D is between A and H.

25. ATTENDING TO PRECISION The diagram shows an d. E is between C and F.

insect called a walking stick. Use the ruler to estimate
the length of the abdomen and the length of the 28. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Write an expression
thorax to the nearest —14 inch. How much longer is the for the length of the segment.
walking stick’s abdomen than its thorax? How many —
a. AC
times longer is its abdomen than its thorax?

abdomen thorax A x+2 B 7x − 3 C

—
b. QR

13y + 25

P 8y + 5 Q R
INCH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Section 1.2 Measuring and Constructing Segments 17

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 29. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Point S is between 33. REASONING You travel from City X to City Y. You
—. Use the information to write an
points R and T on RT know that the round-trip distance is 647 miles. City Z, a
equation in terms of x. Then solve the equation and city you pass on the way, is 27 miles from City X. Find
find RS, ST, and RT. the distance from City Z to City Y. Justify your answer.
a. RS = 2x + 10 b. RS = 3x − 16
ST = x − 4 ST = 4x − 8 34. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The bar graph shows the
win-loss record for a lacrosse team over a period of
RT = 21 RT = 60 three years. Explain how you can apply the Ruler
c. RS = 2x − 8 d. RS = 4x − 9 Postulate (Post. 1.1) and the Segment Addition
ST = 11 ST = 19 Postulate (Post. 1.2) when interpreting a stacked
bar graph like the one shown.
RT = x + 10 RT = 8x − 14
Win-Loss Record
30. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to design a table
where no two legs have the same length? Assume Wins Losses
that the endpoints of the legs must all lie in the same
Year 1
plane. Include a diagram as part of your answer.
Year 2

Year 3
31. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You have to walk
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
from Room 103 to Room 117.
Number of games

103 107 113 117

86 ft 35. ABSTRACT REASONING The points (a, b) and (c, b)

22 ft form a segment, and the points (d, e) and (d, f ) form
a segment. Create an equation assuming the segments
101 105 109 111 115 119 121 are congruent. Are there any letters not used in the
equation? Explain.

a. How many feet do you travel from Room 103 36. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In the diagram,
to Room 117? — ≅ BC
AB —, AC— ≅ CD —, and AD = 12. Find the
lengths of all segments in the diagram. Suppose you
b. You can walk 4.4 feet per second. How many
choose one of the segments at random. What is the
minutes will it take you to get to Room 117?
probability that the measure of the segment is greater
c. Why might it take you longer than the time in than 3? Explain your reasoning.
part (b)?
D
32. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend and your cousin C
B
discuss measuring with a ruler. Your friend says that A
you must always line up objects at the zero on a ruler.
Your cousin says it does not matter. Decide who is 37. CRITICAL THINKING Is it possible to use the Segment
correct and explain your reasoning. Addition Postulate (Post. 1.2) to show FB > CB or
that AC > DB? Explain your reasoning.

A D F C B

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Simplify. (Skills Review Handbook)

−4 + 6 — — 7+6
38. — 39. √ 20 + 5 40. √ 25 + 9 41. —
2 2

Solve the equation. (Skills Review Handbook)

3+y −5 + x
42. 5x + 7 = 9x − 17 43. — = 6 44. — = −9 45. −6x − 13 = −x − 23
2 2

18 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 1.3 Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas
Essential Question How can you find the midpoint and length of a
line segment in a coordinate plane?

Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment

Work with a partner. Use centimeter graph paper.

a. Graph AB—, where the points A

and B are as shown.
b. Explain how to bisect AB—, 4
—
that is, to divide AB into two
A(3, 4)
congruent line segments. Then
— and use the result
bisect AB 2

to find the midpoint M of AB—.

c. What are the coordinates of the
midpoint M? −4 −2 2 4

d. Compare the x-coordinates of A,

−2
B, and M. Compare the B(−5, −2)
y-coordinates of A, B, and M.
How are the coordinates of the −4
midpoint M related to the
coordinates of A and B?

Finding the Length of a Line Segment

MAKING SENSE
OF PROBLEMS Work with a partner. Use centimeter
ntimeter graph paper. 15

To be proficient in math, 14
a. Add point C to your graph as 13
you need to check your shown. 12
answers and continually 11
b. Use the Pythagorean Theoremem
ask yourself, “Does this —.
to find the length of AB
4
10
A(3,
3 4)
make sense?” 9
c. Use a centimeter ruler to 8

verify the length you found 7 2

6
in part (b). 5
d. Use the Pythagorean 4

Theorem and point M 34

−4 −2
2 2 4
2
from Exploration 1
1
to find the lengths of −2
2
— and MB
AM —. What can cm
B(−
B(−5,
−5, −
−2)
2) C(3, −2)
2
you conclude?
−4

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you find the midpoint and length of a line segment in a coordinate
plane?
4. Find the coordinates of the midpoint M and the length of the line segment whose
endpoints are given.
a. D(−10, −4), E(14, 6) b. F(−4, 8), G(9, 0)

Section 1.3 Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas 19

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 1.3 Lesson What You Will Learn
Find segment lengths using midpoints and segment bisectors.
Use the Midpoint Formula.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Use the Distance Formula.
midpoint, p. 20
segment bisector, p. 20
Midpoints and Segment Bisectors

Core Concept
Midpoints and Segment Bisectors
The midpoint of a segment is the point that divides the segment into two
congruent segments.

A M B
READING
The word bisect —
M is the midpoint of AB .
means “to cut into — —
So, AM ≅ MB and AM = MB.
two equal parts.”
A segment bisector is a point, ray, line, line segment, or plane that intersects the
segment at its midpoint. A midpoint or a segment bisector bisects a segment.

C
A M B
D

⃖⃗ —.
CD is a segment bisector of AB
— —
So, AM ≅ MB and AM = MB.

Finding Segment Lengths

In — bisects XY
I the skateboard design, VW — at point T, and XTT = 39.9
39 9 cm.
cm Y
Find XY.
F

SOLUTION
—. So, XT = TY = 39.9 cm.
Point T is the midpoint of XY
P V
Segment Addition Postulate
tee T
XY = XT + TY
(Postulate 1.2)
W
= 39.9 + 39.9 Substitute.
= 79.8 Add.
— is 79.8 centimeters.
So, the length of XY X

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at [Link]

—. Then find PQ.
Identify the segment bisector of PQ

1. 7
18 2. 27
2

P M Q P M Q

20 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 Using Algebra with Segment Lengths
—. Find the length of VM
Point M is the midpoint of VW —.
4x − 1 3x + 3
V M W

SOLUTION
Step 1 Write and solve an equation. Use the fact that VM = MW.

VM = MW Write the equation.

4x − 1 = 3x + 3 Substitute.
x−1=3 Subtract 3x from each side.
x=4 Add 1 to each side.
Check
Because VM = MW, the length of Step 2 Evaluate the expression for VM when x = 4.
S
—
MW should be 15. VM = 4x − 1 = 4(4) − 1 = 15
MW = 3x + 3 = 3(4) + 3 = 15 ✓ — is 15.
So, the length of VM

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at [Link]

—
3. Identify the segment bisector of PQ .
—
4. Identify the segment bisector of RS .
Then find MQ. Then find RS.

n
5x − 3 11 − 2x 4x + 3 6x − 12
P M Q R M S

Bisecting a Segment
— by paper folding. Then find the midpoint M of AB.
Construct a segment bisector of AB
—

SOLUTION
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Draw the segment Fold the paper Label the midpoint

— on a piece
Draw AB Fold the paper so that B is Label point M. Compare
of paper. on top of A. AM, MB, and AB.
AM = MB = —12 AB

Section 1.3 Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas 21

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 Using the Midpoint Formula
You can use the coordinates of the endpoints of a segment to find the coordinates of
the midpoint.

Core Concept
The Midpoint Formula
The coordinates of the midpoint of a segment y
are the averages of the x-coordinates and of y2 B(x2, y2)
the y-coordinates of the endpoints.
y1 + y2
x 1 + x2 y 1 + y 2
If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are points in a 2 M ( 2
, 2 )
coordinate plane, then the midpoint M
— has coordinates
of AB
y1
A(x1, y1)
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 x1 x1 + x2 x2 x
( —, — .
2 2 ) 2

Using the Midpoint Formula

— are R(1, −3) and S(4, 2). Find the coordinates of the
a. The endpoints of RS
midpoint M.
— is M(2, 1). One endpoint is J(1, 4). Find the coordinates
b. The midpoint of JK
of endpoint K.

SOLUTION y
a. Use the Midpoint Formula. S(4, 2)
2

(
1 + 4 −3 + 2
2 2
5 1
M —, — = M —, −—
2 2 ) ( )
2 4 x
( 1
The coordinates of the midpoint M are —52 , −—2 . ) −2
M(?, ?)

b. Let (x, y) be the coordinates of endpoint K. R(1, −3)

Use the Midpoint Formula.
Step 1 Find x. Step 2 Find y. y J(1, 4)
4
1+x 4+y
—=2 —=1
2 2
2
1+x=4 4+y=2 M(2, 1)

x=3 y = −2
2 4 x

The coordinates of endpoint K are (3, −2). −2

K(x, y)

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at [Link]

5.
— are A(1, 2) and B(7, 8). Find the coordinates of the
The endpoints of AB
midpoint M.
—
6. The endpoints of CD are C(−4, 3) and D(−6, 5). Find the coordinates of the
midpoint M.
—
7. The midpoint of TU is M(2, 4). One endpoint is T(1, 1). Find the coordinates of
endpoint U.
—
8. The midpoint of VW is M(−1, −2). One endpoint is W(4, 4). Find the coordinates
of endpoint V.

22 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 Using the Distance Formula
You can use the Distance Formula to find the distance between two points in a
coordinate plane.

Core Concept
The Distance Formula y B(x2, y2)
If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are points in a
y2 − y1
READING coordinate plane, then the distance between
A and B is
The red mark at the corner —— A(x1, y1)
of the triangle that makes AB = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 . x2 − x1 C(x2, y1)
a right angle indicates a x

right triangle.
The Distance Formula is related to the Pythagorean Theorem, which you will see
again when you work with right triangles.
Distance Formula Pythagorean Theorem
(AB)2 = (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 c 2 = a2 + b 2

y B(x2, y2)
c
b
y2 − y1
a
A(x1, y1) C(x2, y1)
x2 − x1
x

Using the Distance Formula

Your school is 4 miles east and 1 mile south of your apartment. A recycling center,
where your class is going on a field trip, is 2 miles east and 3 miles north of your
apartment. Estimate the distance between the recycling center and your school.

SOLUTION
You can model the situation using a coordinate plane with your apartment at the origin
(0, 0). The coordinates of the recycling center and the school are R(2, 3) and S(4, −1),
respectively. Use the Distance Formula. Let (x1, y1) = (2, 3) and (x2, y2) = (4, −1).
——
RS = √ (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 Distance Formula N
—— 4
= √ (4 − 2)2 + (−1 − 3)2 Substitute. R(2, 3)
— 2
= √ 22 + (−4)2 Subtract.
READING —
= √ 4 + 16 Evaluate powers.
W 2 E
The symbol ≈ means “is —
approximately equal to.” = √ 20 Add. S(4, −1)
−2
S
≈ 4.5 Use a calculator.

So, the distance between the recycling center and your school is about 4.5 miles.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at [Link]

9. In Example 4, a park is 3 miles east and 4 miles south of your apartment. Find the
distance between the park and your school.

Section 1.3 Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas 23

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 1.3 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at [Link]

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY If a point, ray, line, line segment, or plane intersects a segment at its midpoint,
then what does it do to the segment?
—
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE To find the length of AB , with endpoints A(−7, 5) and B(4, −6),
you can use the _____________.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, identify the segment bisector of —
RS . In Exercises 9 and 10, identify the segment bisector of
Then find RS. (See Example 1.) —. Then find XY. (See Example 2.)
XY
3. 9.
k 3x + 1 8x − 24
17
X M Y
R M S
N
4.
A 10.
9 n

R M S 5x + 8 9x + 12

5. X M Y
22
R M S

CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 11–14, copy the segment

6. s and construct a segment bisector by paper folding. Then
label the midpoint M.
12
11.
R M S A B

12.
In Exercises 7 and 8, identify the segment bisector of C D
—
JK . Then find JM. (See Example 2.) 13.
F
7. 7x + 5 8x
J M K E

14.
8. G

3x + 15 8x + 25
J M K

24 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 In Exercises 15–18, the endpoints of —
CD are given. Find 35. WRITING Your friend is having trouble understanding
the coordinates of the midpoint M. (See Example 3.) the Midpoint Formula.
15. C(3, −5) and D(7, 9) a. Explain how to find the midpoint when given the
two endpoints in your own words.
16. C(−4, 7) and D(0, −3)
b. Explain how to find the other endpoint when given
17. C(−2, 0) and D(4, 9) one endpoint and the midpoint in your own words.

18. C(−8, −6) and D(−4, 10) 36. PROBLEM SOLVING In baseball, the strike zone is
the region a baseball needs to pass through for the
In Exercises 19–22, the midpoint M and one endpoint
of —
umpire to declare it a strike when the batter does not
GH are given. Find the coordinates of the other swing. The top of the strike zone is a horizontal plane
endpoint. (See Example 3.) passing through the midpoint of the top of the batter’s
shoulders and the top of the uniform pants when the
19. G(5, −6) and M(4, 3) 20. H(−3, 7) and M(−2, 5)
player is in a batting stance. Find the height of T.
21. H(−2, 9) and M(8, 0) (Note: All heights are in inches.)

22. G(−4, 1) and M −— (

2 , −6
13
)
In Exercises 23–30, find the distance between the
two points. (See Example 4.)
60
23. A(13, 2) and B(7, 10) 24. C(−6, 5) and D(−3, 1) T

25. E(3, 7) and F(6, 5) 26. G(−5, 4) and H(2, 6) 42

27. J(−8, 0) and K(1, 4) 28. L(7, −1) and M(−2, 4)

22
29. R(0, 1) and S(6, 3.5) 30. T(13, 1.6) and V(5.4, 3.7)

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 31 and 32, describe and

0
correct the error in finding the distance between
A(6, 2) and B(1, −4).

✗
31.
AB = (6 − 1)2 + [ 2 − (−4) ]2 37. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The figure shows
= 52 + 62 the position of three players during part of a water
polo match. Player A throws the ball to Player B,
= 25 + 36
who then throws the ball to Player C.
= 61
y

✗
32. ——— 16
Player C
AB = √ (6 − 2)2 + [ 1 − (−4) ]2
Distance (m)

— (24, 14)
= √ 42 + 52 12
—
= √ 16 + 25 8 Player B
— (18, 7)
= √ 41 Player A
4
≈ 6.4 (8, 4)

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x
COMPARING SEGMENTS In Exercises 33 and 34, the Distance (m)
endpoints of two segments are given. Find each segment
length. Tell whether the segments are congruent. If they a. How far did Player A throw the ball? Player B?
are not congruent, state which segment length is greater. b. How far would Player A have to throw the ball to
33.
—
AB : A(0, 2), B(−3, 8) and —
CD : C(−2, 2), D(0, −4) throw it directly to Player C?

— —
34. EF : E(1, 4), F(5, 1) and GH : G(−3, 1), H(1, 6)

Section 1.3 Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas 25

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 38. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Your school is 41. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Two points are
20 blocks east and 12 blocks south of your house. located at (a, c) and (b, c). Find the midpoint and the
The mall is 10 blocks north and 7 blocks west of distance between the two points.
your house. You plan on going to the mall right after
school. Find the distance between your school and the —
42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? AB contains midpoint M and
mall assuming there is a road directly connecting the
school and the mall. One block is 0.1 mile. points C and D, as shown. Compare the lengths. If
you cannot draw a conclusion, write impossible to
39. PROBLEM SOLVING A path goes around a triangular tell. Explain your reasoning.
park, as shown.
A C M D B

y a. AM and MB
60
P
Distance (yd)

b. AC and MB
40
c. MC and MD
20 d. MB and DB
Q R
0
0 20 40 60 80 x
43. ABSTRACT REASONING Use the diagram in
Distance (yd)
Exercise 42. The points on AB— represent locations you
a. Find the distance around the park to the pass on your commute to work. You travel from your
nearest yard. home at location A to location M before realizing that
you left your lunch at home. You could turn around to
b. A new path and a bridge are constructed from
—. Find QM to
point Q to the midpoint M of PR
get your lunch and then continue to work at location
B. Or you could go to work and go to location D
the nearest yard. for lunch today. You want to choose the option that
c. A man jogs from P to Q to M to R to Q and back involves the least distance you must travel. Which
to P at an average speed of 150 yards per minute. option should you choose? Explain your reasoning.
About how many minutes does it take? Explain
your reasoning. 44. THOUGHT PROVOKING Describe three ways to
divide a rectangle into two congruent regions. Do the
40. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims there regions have to be triangles? Use a diagram to support
is an easier way to find the length of a segment than your answer.
the Distance Formula when the x-coordinates of the
endpoints are equal. He claims all you have to do
45. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS The length of XY is
—
is subtract the y-coordinates. Do you agree with his —
24 centimeters. The midpoint of XY is M, and C is on
statement? Explain your reasoning. — — so that
XM so that XC is —23 of XM. Point D is on MY
3 —
MD is — of MY. What is the length of CD ?
4

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Find the perimeter and area of the figure. (Skills Review Handbook)
46. 47. 48. 49.
5m 12 yd
3m 13 yd
10 ft

4m
5 cm 3 ft 5 yd 5 yd

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution. (Skills Review Handbook)

z
50. a + 18 < 7 51. y − 5 ≥ 8 52. −3x > 24 53. — ≤ 12
4

26 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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