ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AND COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER

AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
3/13/2024
POWER SYSTEMS 1 ( EPCE 3206) 1
 CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER – ONE

FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER
SYSTEM

3/13/2024 2
 Outline

√Introduction
√Generation
√Transmission
√Distribution
√AC and DC Transmission
√Single Phase and Three Phase Transmission

3/13/2024 3
 INTRODUCTION
Advantage of Electric Energy over other form of
energy

Electric Energy is:-

• Flexible: Easily converted to light, heat, mechanical

energy…

• Cost: it is cheaper

• Transportation: easy & simple to transport, cable

• Clean: has no smoke

3/13/2024 4
 What is power system?
Power system: is a science which deals with:

- Generation

- Transmission

- Distribution and

- Utilization of electric power system.

3/13/2024 5
 Historical development of power system
• William Gilbert (1544-1603) Gilbert took the decisive step in the
history of science from occasional experimental investigations of
isolated problems by his predecessors to a comprehensive
examination of a whole area of physics, magnetism, and the
creation of a qualitative theory employing genuine theoretical
concepts

• Sir Joseph John Thomson OM FRS (18 December 1856 – 30

August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel Laureate in
Physics. J.J. Thomson's experiments with cathode ray tubes
showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged
subatomic particles or electrons. Thomson proposed the plum
pudding model of the atom, which had negatively-charged
electrons embedded within a positively-charged "soup.
3/13/2024 6
 ….History
• Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile, the first
electric battery.
• With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be
generated chemically and debunked the prevalent
theory that electricity was generated solely by living
beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of
scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar
experiments, which eventually led to the development
of the field of electrochemistry

• Michael Faraday
• in 1821 he invented the first electric motor,
• In the early 1830s he discovered a way to convert
mechanical energy into electricity on a large scale,
creating the first electric generator
3/13/2024 7
 ….History
Thomas Alva Edison
• One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all
time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous
influence on modern life, contributing inventions
such as the incandescent light bulb.
• Nikola Tesla, (born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Austrian
Empire [now in Croatia]—died January 7, 1943, New
York, New York, U.S.), Serbian American inventor and
engineer who discovered and patented the rotating
magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current
machinery.

3/13/2024 8
 ….History
• James Watt (1736-1819) Famous for: Inventing the Watt steam
engine, which converted steam back to water. Developing a
rotary engine which mechanised weaving, spinning and transport.

• On September 30, 1882, the world's first hydroelectric power

plant began operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin.
The plant, later named the Appleton Edison Light Company, was
initiated by Appleton paper manufacturer H.J.

• Transformer:- Takara Hasbro in 1885 invented transformer.

3/13/2024 9
 Structure of power system

Source of Energy

Energy Converter

Energy Storage

Transmission &
Distribution

Utilization
3/13/2024 10
 Structure of power system

3/13/2024 11
 [Link]

√ Generators can be classified as AC/ DC generators

√ Synchronous generator are the most common used AC
Generators.
√ The max. capacity of a single generator ranges up to 34KV,
due to insulation problems.
3/13/2024 12
 Energy Sources
1. Conventional Energy sources
✓ Non Renewable Energy Sources
✓ Convectional energy sources are stocks of energy sources
which deplete (cannot continuously re emerged) using natural
process.
✓ Some of convectional Energy sources are:-
1. Fossil fuels:- from remains of dead animals and plants
✓ Coal - Solid Fuel
✓ Oil – Liquid fuel &
✓ Gas – as Natural Gas
2. Nuclear fuels:- by fission of uranium Refer on text books
13
3/13/2024
Coal
 Nuclear Power Plant

In nuclear power plants, neutrons collide with

uranium atoms, splitting them. ...
In the core of nuclear reactors, the fission of
uranium atoms releases energy that heats water to
about 520 degrees Farenheit.
This hot water is then used to spin turbines that are
connected to generators, producing electricity.
 B. Non-Conventional Energy Sources
➢ Non-conventional energy sources also called Renewable energy.

➢ They are sources that are continuously replenished by

natural processes.

➢ Some sources of renewable energy are:-

- sunlight (solar Energy) - wind
- falling-water - sea-waves (tidal)
- geothermal heat - biomass

3/13/2024 16
 Solar Photovoltaic (PV):

3/13/2024 Refer on text books 17

 Solar Photovoltaic (PV):

3/13/2024 Solar Photovoltaic

Alemante A. Array 18
 Wind Energy Technology

1. Vertical - axis wind

turbines, in which the axis
of rotation is vertical with
respect to the ground (and
roughly perpendicular to
the wind stream),

2. Horizontal-axis turbines,
in which the axis of
rotation is horizontal with
respect to the ground (and
roughly parallel to the
wind stream.)
Figure 1.5Wind Turbine Configuration
3/13/2024 Refer on text books 20
3/13/2024 Refer on text books 21
 Tidal Energy

Tidal energy is created using the movement of tides and

oceans, where the intensity of the water from the rise and
fall of tides is a form of kinetic energy. Tidal
power surrounds gravitational hydropower, which uses
the movement of water to push a turbine to generate Refer on text books
electricity
3/13/2024 Alemante A. 22
 Transformer

3/13/2024 23
 Transformer
✓ is a static machine
✓ operates on ac supply and works on the principle of mutual
induction
✓ Transformers can be categorized in different ways, depending
upon their purpose.

3/13/2024 24
• The usual generation voltages are: 33KV, 11KV,6.6kv…

• The large network between power station and

consumers can be classified in to four parts.

These are:-

i. Primary transmission line : 760kv, 400kv, 230kv,

132KV

ii. Secondary transmission line: 66kv, 33kv

iii. Primary distribution: 11kv, 6.6kv

iv. Secondary distribution: 380V, 220V

3/13/2024 25
 2. Transmission Systems
❑ The transmission system is composed of
✓ Step-up and Step-down substations

❑ Transmission lines can be

✓ DC or AC transmission system
➢ DC Transmission
❑ Advantages.
✓ It requires only two conductors
✓ There is no inductance, capacitance
✓ There is no reactance, phase displacement and surge problems
✓ less voltage drop so it has better voltage regulation.
3/13/2024 26
 DC Transmission
✓ The potential stress on the insulation is less it requires less
insulation.
✓ Less corona loss and reduced interference with
communication circuits.
✓ There are no stability problems and synchronizing
difficulties.
DC Transmission
❑ Disadvantages
✓ Electric power cannot be generated at high d.c. voltage
due to commutation problems.
✓ The d.c. voltage cannot be stepped up for transmission of
power at high voltages.
✓ The d.c. switches and circuit breakers have their own
limitations.
3/13/2024 27
3/13/2024 28
 AC Transmission
❖ Now a day, electrical energy is
almost exclusively generated
transmitted and distributed in
AC forms.
Disadvantages
Advantages
✓ Required more copper
✓ The power can be generated
at high voltages. ✓ more complicated
construction
✓ The maintenance of AC sub-
stations is easy and cheaper. ✓ AC. line has capacitance.
Therefore, there is a
✓ stepped up or stepped down continuous loss of power due
by transformers with ease and to charging current even when
efficiency. the line is open.

3/13/2024 29
 AC vs DC

3/13/2024 30
 Single phase and three-phase transmission
➢ Single phase system
✓ There will be only one phase,
✓ Minimum amount of power can be transported.
✓ Generating station and load station single phase

Pulsating power due to single phase supply

3/13/2024 31
 Three-phase transmission
➢ Three phase system
✓ Three phase system is where three phases are send
together from the generator to the load.
✓ Each phase are having a phase difference of 120°, i.e.
120° angle electrically.
✓ Each of the three phases can be used as single phase.

3/13/2024 32
 Phase Shift & Operator

3/13/2024 33
 Constant power due to 3-phase system

3/13/2024 34
 Why Three Phase is preferred Over Single Phase?
✓ Higher power/weight ratio of alternators smaller, lighter and
cheaper.
✓ 3-phase requires less copper or aluminum to transmit the same
quantity of power of a specific distance than a single phase
system.
✓ Three phase motors are self-starting due to the rotating
magnetic .
✓ But a single phase motor is not self-starting, it requires a
capacitor and an auxiliary winding.
✓ In Single phase systems, the instantaneous power is not constant
and is sinusoidal where as in a three phase the instantaneous
power is always the same.
✓ Three phase supply can be rectified into dc supply with a lesser
ripple factor.
3/13/2024 35
 Three phase circuit connections
Star Connection:-
✓ Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission
because it is having the neutral point.
✓ Balanced system:- equal current will flow through all the three
phases -
✓ When the current will not be equal in any of the phase, then it is
unbalanced current -

3/13/2024 36
 Delta Connection
✓ Three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken.
✓ Preferred for short distance transmission due to the
problem of unbalanced current in the circuit.

Vab = Van or VL = Vph

Iab = 3Ian or I L = 3I ph

3/13/2024 37
 Distribution Systems
o Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of
electric power : it carries electricity from the transmission
system to individual consumers.

o It is composed of:
✓Medium Voltage (MV) lines (33kV, 15 kV).

✓MV/LV transformer substations (33/15/ kV to 400/380 V).

✓380,V 3-phase and 220 v single phase Distribution lines .

3/13/2024 38
 Distribution Systems

3/13/2024 39
 Load or Energy Sink

3/13/2024 Alemante A. 40
 Load or Energy Sink
✓ Load is the end equipment of the power system where the
transmitted electrical energy is converted to other forms of
useful energy.
Electrical Loads
➢ Domestic Loads:-Lightning,Fans,Frig,AC ,Heater,Oven,Small
Motors.
➢ Commercial loads:- Loads at School,Hospital,Hotels,Market
places.
➢ Industrial Loads:- Small Scale,Meduim Scale & large Scale
Industries.
➢ Agricultural Loads:- Motor Pump sets.

3/13/2024 41
 Ac Power Review
Apparent Power
✓ The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent
power, and it is the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, without
reference to phase angle.
✓ This power is measured in kVA or MVA.
✓ It has been seen that the power is consumed only in resistance. A pure
inductor and a pure capacitor do not consume any power,

3/13/2024 Alemante A. 42
 Real Power
,

• Alternative words used for Real Power (Actual

Power, True Power, Watt-full Power, Useful Power,
and Active Power)
• In a DC Circuit, power supply to the DC load is
simply the product of Voltage across the load and
Current flowing through it i.e., P = V I.
• In DC Circuits, there is no concept of phase angle
between current and voltage. In other words, there
is no Power factor in DC Circuits

Measured in watt

3/13/2024 43
 Reactive Power
,
✓ Reactive power (Q) is a term for the imaginary (non-real) power from
inductive loads like motor or capacitive loads (less common)

✓ Reactive power is used to provide the voltage levels necessary for

active power to do useful work.

✓ Reactive power is essential to move active power through the

transmission and distribution system to the customer

✓ Oscillating power in to and out of the load because of its reactive

element (L or C).

✓ Measured in VAR
3/13/2024 44
 Phase Shifts
➢ For a pure resistor: the impedance angle is zero,

3/13/2024 45
 Phase Shifts
➢ For a purely capacitive : the current leads the voltage by 90°

3/13/2024 46
➢ purely inductive :- the current lags the voltage by 90°,

3/13/2024 47
➢Real power supplied by the source is equal to the sum of the
real powers absorbed by the load and the real losses in the
system
0 =  Pgen −  Ploads −  Plosses

➢ Reactive power must also be balanced: The balance is

between the sum of leading and the sum of lagging reactive
power producing elements

0 =  Qleading +  Qcaps −  Qlagging −  Qinduc

➢The total complex power delivered to the loads in parallel is
the sum of the complex powers delivered to each

3/13/2024 0 =  Sgen −  Sloads − Slosses 48

Example 1
Two loads Z1 = 100 Ω and Z2 =10 +j 20 Ω are connected
across a 200 V rms 60 Hz source:-
Find the Total real power, reactive Power and power
factor of the source.

Answer:- S=1200 – j 1600 VA

pf = 0.6 lagging

3/13/2024 49
Example 2:-
A balanced star connected load of 8+j6Ω per phase , is
connected to a balanced 3 phase 400V,supply
Find the line Current, Power factor and total VA.

Answer:- IL = 23.1 A,Pf =0.8 (lagging), S = 16 KVA

3/13/2024 Alemante A. 50
EXAMPLE 3

Three Equal star connected inductors take 8Kw at power

factor of 0.8 when connected across a 460 v,3 – Phase 3-
wire system. Find the circuit constants of the load per
Phase.

Answer:-
3/13/2024 51
 REFERENCE
1. C. L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems, New
Age International Publishers, 2004

2. V.K Mehta, Rohit Mehta, Principles Of Power

System, S. Chad &company [Link] ,Revised
Edition ,2015

3/13/2024 52
 End of the Lesson

3/13/2024 53