2 Is Matter Around Us Pure

Syllabus

Elements, Molecules, Compounds, Mixture, Suspension, Colloids, Solution

Facts that Matter

 Compounds

Compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined chemically in a

definite ratio.

Characteristics:

1. The properties of compound differ from those of its constituents.

2. Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.
3. Compound is a homogeneous substance.
4. Constituent elements can be separated by chemical process.
 Mixtures

It is made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed in any ratio/proportion.

 Properties:

 It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

 The properties of constituent substances are retained.
 No new compound is formed.
 Constituents of a mixture can be separated by simple physical processes.
 It does not have fixed melting and boiling point.

Separation of Mixtures:

Type of Mixture Separation method

1. Two immiscible liquids. Example, oil + By using separating funnel
water
2. Ammonium chloride + sand Sublimation
3. Dyes in black ink. (One solvent; Chromatography
different constituents)
4. Two miscible liquids. (Acetone + water) Distillation
1. 5. Solid particles insoluble from Centrifugation
(solvent) liquid.
(Milk + Cream)
Physical and Chemical Change

Physical Change Chemical Change

 No new substance is formed. A new substance is formed
 Properties of constituent elements / Properties of constituent elements/substance
substance is retained. changes.
 Change does not involve loss or gain of Loss or gain of heat may be involved in this
heat. reaction.
 This change is generally reversible. This change is generally irreversible (can be
reversible also).
 Solution

It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solute Solvent
A substance which is dissolved in a solvent. Liquid part of solution in which a substance is
E.g., salt, sugar. dissolved. E.g., water.
Solute can be solid, liquid or gas. Solvent can be liquid, solid or gas.
TYPES OF SOLUTION
  Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solution or Amount of
solute/Amount of solvent x 100
 Mass by mass percentage of a solution
= Mass of solute/Mass of solvent x 100
 Mass by volume percentage of a solution
= Mass of solute/ Volume of solvent x 100
 Volume by volume percentage of a solution
= Volume of solute/ Volume of solution x 100

Suspension Colloidal Solution

Size of solute particles are visible with
 Size of solute particles are not visible with
naked eyes naked eyes.
 Shows tyndall effect Shows tyndall effect
 Translucent or opaque Translucent
 Solute particles settle down Colloidal particles do not settle down
 Different Types of Colloids

Dispersed Phase Dispersing Medium Type Example

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile
exhaust
Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Solid Liquid Solution Milk of magnesia,
mud
Gas Solid Foam Sponge, pumice
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured gemstone,
milky glass

NCERT IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

Q1. What is meant by a substance?

Ans. A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. A substance is a pure single form of
matter.

Q2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Ans.

Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures

  It has uniform composition. It does not have a uniform composition.
 No visible boundaries of separation. Shows visible boundaries of separation.
 They consist of only one phase. They consist of more than one phase.
Example: sugar + water → sugar Example: sugar + sand
solution.
Q3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

Ans. Same as Q2 above.

Q4. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?

Ans.

Sol. (colloid) Solution Suspension

1. Size of solute particles Size of solute particles less Size of solute particles is more
between 1 nm to 100 than 1 nm (109 m) than 100 nm.
nm.
2. It is stable. Stable. Unstable.
3. It scatters a beam of It does not scatter light. It scatters a beam of light.
light.
4. Solute particles pass Solute particles pass through Solute particles do not pass
through filter paper. filter paper. through filter paper.
Q5. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100g of water at 293 K.
Find its concentration at this temperature.

Ans. Mass of solute (sodium chloride) = 36 g

Mass of solvent (water) = 100 g

Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent

= 36 g + 100 g = 136 g

Concentration = Mass of solute/ Mass of solution * 100

= 36/136 * 100 = 23.47%

Q6. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling
points is more than 25°C), which are miscible with each other?

Ans. A mixture of kerosene and petrol which are miscible with each other can be separated by
distillation.

Method
  Take the mixture in a
distillation flask
 Fit it with a thermometer.
 Arrange the apparatus as
shown in the figure.
 Heat the mixture slowly.
 Petrol vaporises first as it
has lower boiling point. It
condenses in the condenser
and is collected from the
condenser outlet.
 Kerosene is left behind in
the distillation flask.

Q7. Name the technique to separate

(i) butter from curd,

(ii) salt from sea-water,
(iii) camphor from salt.

Ans.

(i) Centrifugation,
(ii) Evaporation,
(iii) Sublimation.

Q8. What type of mixtures are separated by the technique of crystallisation?

Ans. Crystallisation technique is used to purify solid with some impurities in it.

Example: Salt from sea-water.

Q9. Classify the following as chemical or physical changes:

 cutting of trees,
 melting of butter in a pan,
 rusting of almirah,
 boiling of water to form steam,
 passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen
and oxygen gas,
 dissolving common salt in water,
 making a fruit salad with raw fruits and
  burning of paper and wood.

Ans. Physical Change

 cutting of trees
 melting of butter in a pan
 boiling of water to form steam
 dissolving common salt in water
 making a fruit salad with raw fruits

Chemical Change

 rusting of almirah
 passing of electric current through
water and then breaking down
into hydrogen and oxygen gas
 burning of paper and wood

Q10. segregating the things around you as pure substances or mixtures.

Ans.

Pure substances-Water, bread, sugar and gold.

Mixtures- Steel, plastic, paper, talc, milk and air.

NCERT TEXTUAL QUESTIONS SOLVED

Q1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?

(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.

(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium
chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.

Ans.
(a) Evaporation
(b) Sublimation
(c) Filtration
(d) Chromatography
(e) Centrifugation
(f) Separating funnel
(g) Filtration
(h) Magnetic separation
(i) Winnowing/ sedimentation
(j) Decantation and filtration

Q2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words, solution, solvent, solute,
dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.

Ans.

1. Take a cup of water in a container as solvent and heat it.

2. Add sugar in it which is solute. Heat it till all sugar dissolves.
3. You get a solution of water and sugar.
4. Sugar is soluble in water completely.
5. Add half a tea-spoon of tea-leaves, it is insoluble in water.
6. Boil the content, add milk which is also soluble in water, boil again.
7. Filter the tea with the help of strainer, the tea collected in cup is filtrate and the tea
leaves collected on the strainer is residue.

Q3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and
collected the data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of
substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

Substance Dissolved Temperature in K and Solubility

283 293 313 333 353
Potassium nitrate 21 32 62 106 167
Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Potassium chloride 35 35 40 46 54
Ammonium chloride 24 37 41 55 66
(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of
potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves
the solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution
cools? Explain.
 (c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this
temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?

Ans.

(a) Mass of KNO3 needed to produce a saturated solution of KNO3 in 100 grams of water at
313 K = 62 g
:. Mass of KNO3 needed in 50 grams of water at 313 K = = 62.0 × 50/100 = 31.0 g
(b) Crystals of potassium chloride will be obtained on cooling the saturated solution.
(c) Solubility of each salt at 293 K is
(i) Potassium nitrate → 32 g
(ii) Sodium chloride → 36 g
(iii) Potassium chloride → 35 g
(iv) Ammonium chloride → 37 g
Ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at this temperature.
(d) On increasing the temperature, solubility of a salt increases.

Q4. Explain the following giving examples:

(a) Saturated solution

(b) Pure substance
(c) Colloid
(d) Suspension

Ans.

(a) Saturated solution: In a given solvent when no more solute can dissolve further at a
given temperature is called saturated solution.
(b) Pure substance: A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. E.g., gold, silver.
(c) Colloid: A colloid is a solution in which the size of solute particles are bigger than that of
true solution. These particles cannot be seen with our naked eyes, they are stable. e.g.,
ink, blood.
(d) Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles are big enough
to settle down. e.g., chalk-water, paints, etc.

Q5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: soda water,
wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.

Ans. Homogeneous: Soda water, vinegar, filtered tea, air.

Heterogeneous: Wood, soil.

Q6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?

Ans. By finding the boiling point of a given colourless liquid. If the liquid boils at 100°C at
atmospheric pressure, then it is pure water. This is because pure substances have fixed melting
and boiling point.

Q7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a "pure substance"?

(a) Ice
(b) Milk
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide
(f) Mercury
(g) Brick
(h) Wood
(i) Air.

Ans. Pure substances are: Ice, iron, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide and mercury.

Q8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.

(a) Soil
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(d) Coal
(e) Soda water.

Ans. Solutions are: Sea water, soda water and air.

Q9. Which of the following will show "Tyndall effect"?

(a) Salt solution

(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution.

Ans. Milk and starch solution.

Q10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.

(a) Sodium (b) Soil (c) Sugar solution

 (d) Silver (e) Calcium carbonate (f) Tin

(g) Silicon (h) Coal (i) Air

(j) Soap (k) Methane (l) Carbon dioxide

(m) Blood

Ans. Elements Compounds Mixtures

Sodium Calcium carbonate Sugar solution

Silver Methane Soil

Tin Carbon dioxide Coal

Silicon Soap Blood

Q11. Which of the following are chemical changes?

(a) Growth of a plant

(b) Rusting of iron
(c) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle.

Ans. Chemical changes are:

(a) Growth of a plant

(b) Cooking of food
(c) Rusting of iron
(d) Digestion of food
(e) Burning of a candle
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct option:
1. Fog, clouds are an example of
(a) Aerosol
(b) Suspension
(c) Colloid
 (d) Emulsion
2. Sponge can be compressed, it is a
(a) Solid
(b) Liquid
(c) Gas
(d) Form
3. An impure sample of potash alum can be purified by
(a) Evaporation
(b) Crystallization
(c) Centrifugation
(d) Filtration
4. Chalk dissolved in water is an example of
(a) true solution
(b) colloid
(c) suspension
(d) saturated solution
5. 50 gm sugar is dissolved in a glass of water at 30°C. On heating this solution it will
(a) Crystallize
(b) Evaporate
(c) become unsaturated
(d) sugar will char
6. Which of the following shows tyndall effects?
(a) salt solution
(b) ugar solution
(c) starch solution
(d) copper sulphate solution
7. Pick up the odd one out.
(a) Brass
(b) Air
(c) Sand
(d) Graphite
8. Which of the following is liquid-liquid solution?
(a) face-cream
(b) emulsion
(c) milk
(d) all of these
9. To separate two miscible liquids by fractional distillation, it should have one of the
following condition
 (a) should be miscible
(b) should be immiscible
(c) difference in the boiling point should be less than 25 K
(d) none of these
10. To obtain toned and double toned milk from full-cream milk we can
(a) filtrate it
(b) sediment it
(c) distillate it
(d) centrifuge it
11. The separation technique which involves the difference in their densities is
(a) Sublimation
(b) separation by separating funnel
(c) centrifugation
(d) both (b) and (c)

Ans. 1—(a), 2—(d) or (a), 3—(b), 4-(c), 5—(c), 6-(c), 7—(d), 8-(d), 9-(c), 10—(d), 11—（a）.

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Define solvent.

Ans. The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is called the
solvent.

Q2. Define solute.

Ans. The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is called solute.

Q3. What is 'tincture of iodine'?

Ans. A solution of iodine in alcohol is known as tincture of iodine. It has iodine (solid) as the
solute and alcohol (liquid) as the solvent.

Q4. What are alloys?

Ans. The homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal is called an
alloy. E.g., steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

Q5. Give one example of gas in liquid solution.

Ans. Cold-drinks, carbon dioxide gas as solute is mixed with water as a solvent.

Q6. How can a solution be dilute or concentrated?

Ans. The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent decides whether the solution is dilute or
concentrated.

Q7. What is "concentration of a solution"?

Ans. The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount of
solution or the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of solvent.

Q8. State the difference between aqueous and non-aqueous solution.

Ans. Aqueous solutions have water as solvent and non-aqueous solutions do not have water as
solvent.

Q9. What is "solubility" of a solute?

Ans. The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given temperature is
called its solubility.

Q10. What is saturated solution?

Ans. The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at given temperature is
called saturated solution, where no more solute can dissolve further.

Q11. What is unsaturated solution?

Ans. If the amount of solute contained in a solution is less than the saturation level, it is called
an unsaturated solution.

Q12. How can you convert saturated solution into unsaturated or vice-versa?

Ans. Saturated solution on heating becomes unsaturated and unsaturated solution on cooling
becomes saturated.

Q13. Why water is called universal solvent?

Ans. Water can dissolve large number of substances in it.

Q14. What is Tyndall effect?

Ans. The scattering of light by colloidal particles is known as Tyndall effect.

Q15. How can we separate colloidal mixtures?

Ans. By centrifugation, in a centrifuge machine the colloidal solution is kept in a test tube,
rotated very fast and due to centrifugal force the colloidal particles are separated.
Q16. What is emulsion?

Ans. When both the dispersed phase and dispersing medium is liquid, it is called emulsion.

E.g., milk, face cream.

Q17. What is aerosol?

Ans. When the solid or liquid is dispersed in a gas it is called aerosol. E.g., smoke, fog.

Q18. What is the principle for separation of immiscible liquids?

Ans. The principle of separating immiscible liquids into layers depends on their densities.

The less denser liquid collects at the top and more denser liquid at the bottom.

Q19. What is chromatography?

Ans. Chromatography is the technique used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in the
same solvent.

Q20. What is distillation?

Ans. Distillation is the separation technique of two miscible liquids that boils without
decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.

Q21. How can you separate two liquids that have less than 25 K difference of boiling points?

Ans. To separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the difference in boiling
points is less than 25 K, is fractional distillation.

Q22. What is condenser?

Ans. It is an apparatus used to convert gas into liquid by cooling it.

Q23. What is crystallisation?

Ans. When a saturated solution is heated and allowed to cool slowly, crystal of the solute
dissolved in the saturated solution are separated from it. It is used to purity solids.

Q24. How will you separate miscible and immiscible liquids?

Ans. Miscible liquid can be separated by distillation and immiscible liquids can be separated by
using separating funnel.

III. Short Answer Type questions

Q1. Why is mixture called impure substance?

Ans. Mixture consists of different components which retain their properties and can be easily
separated by physical processes, hence it is called as impure substance.

Q2. Give the differences between mixture and compound.

Ans.

Mixture Compound
1. Constituents combine in any ratio to 1. Constituents combine in fixed ratio to
form mixture. form a compound.
2. Constituents retain their properties. 2. Constituents do not retain their properties
as a new substance is formed.
3. Constituents can be separated by 3. Constituents cannot be separated by
physical processes. physical processes.
Q3. Distinguish between a physical change and chemical change.

Ans.

Physical Change Chemical Change

1. No new substance is formed. 1. New substance is formed.
2. It is a reversible change. 2. It is irreversible change.
3. The properties of constituents are 3. The properties of constituents are not
retained. retained.
4. No new substance is formed. 4. Completely new substance is formed.
Q4. State the properties of a solution.

Ans. Properties of a solution are:

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

2. Particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm and cannot be seen by naked eyes.
3. Do not scatter beam of light.
4. Solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration
and thus, solution is stable.

Q5. State the properties of a suspension.

Ans. Properties of a suspension

 Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture having particle size greater than 100 nm.
 The particles of a suspension can be seen by naked eyes.
 Particles can scatter a beam of light.
 It is unstable.
Q6. What is a colloidal solution?

Ans. It is a heterogeneous solution which appears to be homogeneous, particles size is very

small and so cannot be seen with naked eyes but it is stable. E.g., milk and blood.

Q7. State the properties of colloidal solution.

Ans. Properties of colloidal solution.

 It is a heterogeneous mixture having particle size between 1 nm to 100 nm.

 Size of particles is very small, cannot be seen with naked eyes.
 It scatters a beam of light.
 They are stable as the particles do not settle when left undisturbed.

Q8. Give the applications of centrifugation.

Ans. Application of centrifugation are:

1. Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine test.

2. Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
3. Used in washing machines as a spinner to squeeze out water from wet clothes.

Q9. Give the applications of chromatography.

Ans. Applications of chromatography are

1. To separate colours in a dye.

2. To separate pigments from natural colours.
3. To separate drugs from blood.

Q10. Why is crystallisation better than evaporation?

Ans. Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a
solution.

Crystallisation is better than evaporation because during evaporation

 Some solids decompose or some, like sugar may get charred on heating to dryness.
 Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration which on
evaporation contaminates the solid.

Q11. How will you separate a mixture of oil and water?

Ans. To separate a mixture of oil and water, we need a separating funnel as both are immiscible
liquids.
Pour the mixture in separating funnel and let the funnel stand undisturbed for sometime. So
that separate layer of oil and water are formed. Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and
pour out the lower layer of water carefully.

Q12. A student is given a mixture of naphthalene ball's powder and common salt. He need to
separate this mixture. How will he do this?

Ans. The properties of both naphthalene

and common salt should be known,

before we choose the separation technique.

Naphthalene is a sublimate which

on heating changes to gaseous state

directly. Hence to separate a volatile

compound (sublimate) from a nonvolatile

compound (non-sublimate), the sublimation process is used.

In a China dish the mixture is kept,

and is placed on a stand. An inverted

funnel is kept over the mixture in

China dish with plugged stem. The

sublimate on heating gets collected

on the funnel and common salt

remains in the China dish.

Q13. How can we obtain different gases from air?

Ans. Air is a homogeneous mixture and its components can be separated by fractional
distillation.

The flow diagram shows the steps involved in the process.

Air
 Compressed and cooled by increasing pressure and decreasing temperature.

Liquid Air

Allow to warm up slowly in fractional distillation column.

Gases get separated at different heights.

Oxygen Argon Nitrogen

Boiling Point (°C) -183 -186 -196
% Air by volume 20.9 0.9 78.1
Q14. Draw a flow diagram to show how the water purification system in water works.

Ans.

Water is collected in the reservoir The water is sent to sedimentation tank to allow
solids to settle It is then passed to 2nd tank i.e., loading tank, so that the
suspended impurities are loaded to settle down as sediment. Then water reaches
the filtration tank

In filtration tank water passes through different layers of sand and gravel as shown in the above
figure. This is for adsorption of impurities.

The clear water reaches a chlorinated tank where water is mixed with bleaching powder/
chlorine to kill bacteria and then supplied to houses.

Q15. Why is air considered as a mixture and not compound?

Ans. Air is considered as a mixture because it exhibits following properties:

 1. Each component present in air retains its properties.
2. Each component can be separated by simple physical processes.
3. The components do not have any fixed proportion. All gases are present in different
amount. Example, in greener area-more oxygen and water vapour is present; near
industrial area-air consists of lot of impurities and smoke suspended in it.

Q16. How can you prove that water is a compound?

Ans. When electricity is passed through water at two different electrodes, we get two different
gases i.e., oxygen and hydrogen during electrolysis of water are produced.

The ratio of oxygen: hydrogen is 1:2 by number of molecules.

 The properties of oxygen and hydrogen gases are entirely different from that of liquid
water.
 The ratio of oxygen: hydrogen combination is always constant i.e., 1: 2 by volume.
 To separate the components of water, we need electrolytic cell, and it is not a simple
process.
 This proves that water is a compound.

Q17. How can we convert saturated solution into unsaturated by heating?

Ans. Saturated solution is said to be saturated at a given temperature when there is no more
scope of solute particles to dissolve/ dissociate into water. It is because the solute particle has
taken all the intermolecular space present in the solvent.

On heating, the molecules of solvent gain kinetic energy, start vibrating and try to move away
from each other thereby accommodating some more solute particle in this space and hence it
becomes an unsaturated solution.

Q18. What is the difference in fog and smoke?

Ans. Fog is a colloidal solution with liquid dispersed in gas.

Smoke is a colloidal solution with solid dispersed in gas.

Q19. If 20 g of salt is present is 220 g of solution, calculate the concentration of solution.

Ans. Concentration of solution = Mass of solute/ (Mass of solute + Mass of solvent) * 100

Mass solute = 20 g

Mass of solute + solvent = 220 g

Concentration of solution = 20/220*100 = 9.09%

Q20. A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.

Fractional distillation

Simple distillation

Crystallization

Filtration

Diffusion

From the list choose the most suitable technique to separate the following:

(a) Water from aqueous copper (II) sulphate…………………………………………………………………………

(b) Helium from a mixture of helium and argon…………………………………………………………………….
(c) Copper (II) sulphate from aqueous copper (Il) sulphate …………………………………………………..
(d) Ethanol from aqueous ethanol ………………………………………………………………………………………..
(e) Barium sulphate from a mixture of water and barium sulphate ………………………………………

Ans.

(a) simple distillation

(b) fractional distillation
(c) crystallization
(d) diffusion
(e) filtration

Q21. In Chromatography: Sometimes a spot will remain on the base line, where sample was
first applied:

(a) Suggest what affinity this substance would have for solvent.
(b) Suggest the value for Rf of this substance.
(c) Outline how you could determine whether these materials are pure or a mixture?

Ans.

(a) The spot on the base line is not soluble in the solvent.
(b) Its Rf value is 0.
(c) The solvent can be changed, only such solvent should be used in which the given sample
can travel. The pure substances always have rf value less than 1.
Q22. Some students proposed measuring the position of each spot from the top, others
proposed from the center. Explain which method is better?

Ans. To measure the distance travelled by the spot it is always advisable to measure the
distance from the base line. The measurement from the center will not give the correct value of
Rf.

Q23. Distinguish between the pure and impure substances.

Ans. Pure substance have fixed boiling and melting point and the impure substances boil or
melt over the range of the temperature.

Q24. On adding impurity to a substance what happens to its Boiling point / Melting point?

Ans. The boiling point and the melting point does not remain fixed. The boiling point increases
on addition of impurity.

Q25. Pure ethanol boils at 78.4° C and freezes at -114.3° C. You have a sample of ethanol

which boils between 79.1° C and 79.9° C

(a) What can you say about its purity?

(b) What will you expect to find, when you measure its freezing point?

Ans.

(a) The sample is impure as it is boiling over a range of temperature.

(b) The freezing point will lower.

Q26. It is important that some substances are pure. Give two examples.

Ans. Pure substances are required for several things in life like medicine and food should be
pure if impurities are added into it can become fatal.

IV. Long Answer Type questions

Q1. Give the difference between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension.

Ans. The difference between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension

Property True Solution Colloidal Solution Suspension

1. Particle size less than 1nm. between 1nm and more than 100 nm.
100 nm.
2. State Stable Stable Unstable
3. Tyndall effect No Yes Yes
 (Scattering of
light)
4. Separation by Not possible Not possible Is possible
filtration
5. Nature Transparent Transparent Translucent/ opaque
Q2. State the different types of colloids with examples.

Ans. Different colloids are formed due to different dispersed phase and dispersing medium.

Dispersed Phase Dispersing Medium Type Example

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust
Gas Liquid Form Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Solid Liquid Solution Milk of magnesia, mud
Gas Solid Form Sponge, pumice
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
Solid Solid Soild sol Coloured gemstone, milky glass
Q3.

(a) Define solution.

(b) Give different types of solutions with one example each.

Ans.

(a) Solution: It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. It consists of solute

and solvent.
(b) Different types of solution:
(i) Based on solvent-Aqueous and non-aqueous
Aqueous solution has water as solvent (sugar + water)
Non-aqueous solution has some other solvent but not water. Example, (sulphur +
carbon disulphide)
(ii) Depending on the amount of solute dissolved in solvent-Dilute solution and
concentrated solution Dilute solution-Less amount of solute particles are present in a
solvent. Concentrated solution-Amount of solute present in its maximum capacity in a
solvent.
(iii) Amount of solute present in its maximum capacity at a given temperature
Saturated and unsaturated solution.
Saturated solution-It is a solution in which no more solute can further dissolve in a given
solvent at a given temperature.
Unsaturated solution—It is a solution in which some more solute can dissolve in a
solvent at a given temperature.
 (v) Depending on the size of solute particles
True solution Suspension Colloid
Size is very small and Size is very big and Size is intermediate

particles cannot be seen can be seen through throughbetween true solution

through naked eyes naked eyes and suspension.

Q4. How can you separate the following mixtures?

(a) Sand + iron

(b) Cream from milk
(c) Salt + water
(d) Ammonium chloride + NaCl
(e) Copper sulphate + water
(f) Rice and dal (uncooked)
(g) Gases from air
(h) Petrol and diesel from crude oil
(i) Drugs from blood
(j) Acetone from water

Ans.

(a) Sand + iron - magnetic separation

(b) Cream from milk -centrifugation
(c) Salt + water -evaporation
(d) Ammonium chloride + NaCl -sublimation
(e) Copper sulphate + water -crystallisation
(f) Rice and dal (uncooked) -hand picking
(g) Gases from air -fractional distillation
(h) Petrol and diesel from crude oil -fractional distillation
(i) Drugs from blood -chromatography
(j) Acetone from water -distillation

Q5. The Rf value of a sample = distance travelled by sample/distance travelled by solvent front
The Rfvalue of the mixture used in chromatogram is:

A = 0.4, B = 0.5, C = 0.7, D = 0.9

(a) Calculate the Rf value of the two chromatograms shown in the figure.
(b) Name one solvent used in chromatography.
(c) Why is the line used for spotting drawn with pencil?
(d) If the chromatograms are colorless how can you locate them on the paper?

Ans.

(a) Use scale to find the solvent front and find the Rf value by using the above formula.
(b) Water and alcohol.
(c) The pencil will not interfere in the chromatography.
(d) By using the locating agent like ninhydrin the colorless spots can be detected.

Q6. A metal coin is dissolved in acid. Chromatography is used to test the solution formed. The
diagram given shows the Solvent front chromatogram obtained.

(a) Describe how the chromatogram would be set up in the laboratory.

(b) What can you say about the composition of the coin?
(c) Which of the spots (A, B or C) is more soluble in the solvent that was used in the
chromatography?

Ans.

(a) To set up the chromatogram use the solvent, take chromatography paper and draw the
base line with pencil, place the spot of the chromatogram on this line and dip it in the
solvent such that the base line of the paper stays above the solvent line.
(b) The coin consists of three different materials as the chromatogram shows three spots.
(c) The spot B is more soluble in the solvent as it travelled the maximum distance.

Q7. Compare the simple distillation and fractional distillation.

Ans. Simple distillation: The distillation flask is used to separate two substances having the
difference in their boiling point more than 23 degrees.

Fractional distillation: The fractionating column in the set up helps in the separation of the
fractions which may have very low difference in their boiling point.

The fractionating column is a long chamber which controls the separation of one fraction at a
time starting from the one with the lowest boiling point.
 V. Activity-Based Questions
1. Let us divide the class into groups A, B, C and D.

 Group A takes a beaker containing 50 ml of water and one spatula full of copper
sulphate powder. Group B takes 50 ml of water and two spatula full of copper sulphate
powder in a beaker.
 Groups C and D can take different amounts of copper sulphate and potassium
permanganate or common salt (sodium chloride) and mix the given components to form
a mixture.
 Report the observations on the uniformity in colour and texture.

Observations:

 Groups A and B have obtained a uniform composition throughout. Such mixtures are
called homogeneous mixtures or solutions.
Some other examples of mixtures are:
(i) salt dissolved in water. (ii) sugar dissolved in water.
 Comparing the colour of the solutions of the two groups. Though both the groups have
obtained copper sulphate solution but the intensity of colour of the solutions is
different. This shows that a homogeneous mixtures can have a variable composition.
 Groups C and D have obtained mixtures, which contain physically distinct parts and have
non-uniform compositions. Such mixtures are called heterogeneous mixtures.
Example: Mixture of sodium chloride and iron fillings, salt and sulphur; and oil and water
are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
2.
 Take approximately 50 ml of water each in two separate beakers.
 Add salt in one beaker and barium chloride in the second beaker with continuous
stirring.
 When no more solute can be dissolved, heat the contents of the beaker to raise the
temperature by about 5°C.
 Start adding the solute again.
 Is the amount of salt and sugar or barium chloride, that can be dissolved in water at a
given temperature, the same?
 Answers:

 Beakers (A) and (B) are saturated solutions. On heating the beakers, the solution
becomes unsaturated. Some more solute can be dissolved in it.
 No, different substances in a given solvent have different solubilities at the same
temperature.
3.
 Let us again divide the class into four groups-A, B, C and D.
 Distribute the following samples to each groups:
 Few crystals of copper sulphate to group (A).
 One spatula full of copper sulphate to group (B).
 Chalk powder or wheat flour to group (C).
 Few drops of milk or ink to group (D).
 Each group should add the given sample in water and stir properly using a glass rod. Are
the particles in the mixtures visible?
 Direct a beam of light from a torch through the beaker containing the mixture and
observe from the front. Was the path of the beam of light visible?
 Leave the mixtures undisturbed for a few minutes (and set up the filtration apparatus in
the meantime).
Is the mixture stable or do the particles begin to settle after sometime?
 Filter the mixture. Is there any residue on the filter paper?
 Discuss the results and form an opinion.

Observations:

Group A B C D
1. Mixture crystals H20 + CuSO4 H20 + CuSO4 Water + Chalk Water + Milk
crystals powder powder
2. Visibility of No No Yes No
particles in water.
3. Light beam No No Yes Yes
scattering
4. Stability of Stable Stable Unstable Stable
particles
 5. Residue obtained No No Yes No
on filtration
6. Inference Solution Solution Suspension Colloidal

4.
 Fill half a beaker with water.
 Put a watch glass on the mouth of the beaker, as shown in the figure given on next
page.
 Put few drops of ink on the watch glass.
 Now start heating the beaker. We do not want to heat the ink directly. You will see that
evaporation is taking place from the watch glass.
 Continue heating as the evaporation goes on and stop heating when you do not see any
further change on the watch glass.
 Observe carefully and record your observations.
Questions:
 What do you think has got evaporated from the watch glass?
 Is there a residue on the watch glass?
 What is your interpretation? Is ink a single substance (pure) or is it a mixture?
Answers:
 Water and volatile substances get evaporated from the watch glass.
 Yes, residue is obtained on the watch glass.
 Ink is a mixture of a dye in water.
5.
 Take some full-cream milk in a test tube.
  Centrifuge it by using centrifuging machine for two minutes. If a centrifuging machine is
not available in the school, you can do this activity at home by using a milk churner,
used in the kitchen.
 If you have a milk dairy nearby, visit it and ask
(i) how they separate cream from milk.
(ii) how they make cheese (paneer) from milk.

Questions:

 What do you observe on churning the milk?

 Explain how the separation of cream from milk takes place.

Answers:

 On churning of the milk, denser solid particles in the test tube remain at the bottom and
the lighter particles stay at the top.
 Separation of cream from milk takes place by centrifugation due to the differences in
the densities of the particles present in a mixture.
6.
 Let us try to separate kerosene oil from water using a separating funnel.
 Pour the mixture of kerosene oil and water in a separating funnel.
 Let it stand undisturbed for sometime so that separate layers of oil and water are
formed.
 Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water
carefully.
 Close the stopcock of the separating funnel as the oil reaches the stopcock.

Question:

Why a separating funnel is used?

Answer:

Separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids, because the two layers are formed
depending on their densities and the liquids can be separated.

7.
 Take a thin strip of filter paper.
 Draw a line on it using a pencil, approximately 3 cm above the lower edge (as shown in
figure given below).
 Put a small drop of ink (water soluble, that is, from a sketch pen or fountain pen) at the
centre of the line. Let it dry.
  Lower the filter paper into a jar /glass/beaker/ test-tube containing water so that the
drop of ink on the paper is just above the water level, as shown in the figure above and
leave it undisturbed.
 Watch carefully, as the water rises up on the filter paper. Record your observations.

Questions:

 What do you observe on the filter paper as the water rises on it?
 Do you obtain different colours on the filter paper strip?
 What according to you, can be the reason for the rise of the coloured spot on the paper
strip?

Answer:

 As the water rises up,

the ink particles (dye)
also rises along with it.
 Different colours are
obtained on the filter
paper strip as ink
contains dye-mixture
of two or more colour.
 The rise of the coloured
spot on the paper strip
shows the solubility of
coloured components
of ink in water. Those
which rise faster are
more soluble and get
eparated from the mixture.
8.
 Let us try to separate acetone and water from their mixture.
 Take the mixture in a distillation flask. Fit it with a thermometer.
 Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure below.
 Heat the mixture slowly keeping a close watch at the thermometer.
 The acetone vaporises, condenses in the condenser and can be collected from the
condenser outlet.
 Water is left behind in the distillation flask.

Questions:
  What do you observe as you start heating the mixture?
 At what temperature does the thermometer reading become constant for some time?
 What is the boiling point of acetone?
 Why do the two components separate?

Answers:

 On heating the mixture, the vapours of more volatile liquid i.e., acetone start rising in
the flask.
 Thermometer reading became constant at 56.6°C.
 Boiling point of acetone is 56.6°C.
 The two components separate due to difference in their boiling point and these
substances do not decompose on heating. The difference in the boiling point of acetone
and water is large.
9.
 Take some (approximately 5 g) impure sample of copper sulphate in a china dish.
 Dissolve it in minimum amount of water.
 Filter the impurities out.
 Evaporate water from the copper sulphate solution so as to get a saturated solution.
 Cover the solution with a filter paper and leave it undisturbed at room temperature to
cool slowly for a day.
 You will obtain the crystals of copper sulphate in the china dish.
 This process is called crystallisation.

Questions:

 What do you observe in the china dish?

 Do the crystals look alike?
 How will you separate the crystals from the liquid in the china dish?

Answers:

 The crystals of copper sulphate are obtained in the china dish.

 The crystals look alike to some extent.
 To separate crystals from the liquid in the china dish, we will use filter paper. The
crystals will be spread on the filter paper so that water is absorbed by the paper and
crystals are dried.
10.
 Divide the class into two groups. Give 50 g of iron filings and 3 g of sulphur powder in a
china dish to both the groups.
 Group I: Mix and crush iron filings and sulphur powder.
  Group II: Mix and crush iron filings and sulphur powder. Heat this mixture strongly till
red hot. Remove from flame and let the mixture cool.
 Group I and II:
 Check for magnetism in the material obtained. Bring a magnet near the material and
check if the material is attracted towards the magnet.
 Compare the texture and colour of the material obtained by the groups.
 Add carbon disulphide to one part of the material obtained. Stir well and filter. * Add
dilute sulphuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid to the other part of the material
obtained.
(Note: Teacher supervision is necessary for this activity.)
 Perform all the above steps with both the elements. (iron and sulphur separately).

Questions:

 Did the material obtained by the two groups look the same?
 Which group has obtained a material with magnetic properties?
 Can we separate the components of the material obtained?
 On adding dilute sulphuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid, did both the groups obtain a
gas? Did the gas in both the cases smell the same or different?

Answers:

 The material obtained after the activity by the two groups looked different.
 Group I obtained a material with magnetic properties.
 The components of the material can be separated only in the case of Group I.
 Yes, both the groups obtained a gas, on adding dilute sulphuric acid or dilute
hydrochloric acid.
The smell of the gas in both the cases is different.
The gas obtained by group I is hydrogen. It is colourless and odourless.
The gas obtained by group II is hydrogen sulphide. It is a colourless gas but smells like
rotten egg.
VI. Practical Based Questions (Solved)

Q1. A student was given a mixture containing copper oxide (insoluble) and copper sulfate
(soluble) and asked to separate them. Firstly, she stirred the mixture into water, then filtered it.
Next, she evaporated the filtrate.

(a) What substance was the residue in the filtration?

(b) Describe what the filtrate was.
(c) What difference in properties allows substances to be separated by filtration?
(d) What substance was collected by evaporation?
Ans.

(a) copper oxide

(b) A solution of copper sulphate
(c) Particle size
(d) Solid copper sulphate

Q2. Sandy is learning to cook. He accidentally mixed the icing sugar with the corn flour and
spilled some raw rice grains into it as well. (Icing sugar and cornflour are both fine powders.
Icing sugar is soluble, cornflour is not.) To separate this mess, he firstly sieved it. What went
through the sieve he stirred into water, and let it stand overnight? In the morning a sediment
had formed. He carefully poured the clear liquid into a tray and put it into the warm oven to
evaporate.

(a) What was caught by the sieve?

(b) What difference in properties allows substances to be separated by sieving?
(c) What was the sediment?
(d) What solid will be in the oven tray when dry?
(e) What other method might Sandy have used to collect the substance which was a
sediment?

Ans.

(a) Rice
(b) Particle size
(c) Corn flour
(d) Icing sugar (or just sugar)
(e) Filtration

Q3. Name the technique(s) which are suitable for separating the following mixtures:

Situation Separation Technique

(a) To obtain drinking water from muddy water.
(b) To separate petrol from crude oil.
(c) To remove leaves from a swimming pool.
(d) To obtain pure sugar from a solution.
(e) To determine whether the colouring in a fruit juice is a
single substance or a mixture of coloured substance.
(f) Obtain gasoline from crude oil.
(g) Purifying rain water for drinking.
(h) Obtain drinking water from sea water.
Ans.

Situation Separation Technique

(a) To obtain drinking water from muddy water. Filtration
(b) To separate petrol from crude oil. Fractional distillation
(c) To remove leaves from a swimming pool. Handpicking
(d) To obtain pure sugar from a solution. Evaporation
(e) To determine whether the colouring in a fruit juice is a Chromatography
single substance or a mixture of coloured substance.
(f) Obtain gasoline from crude oil. Fractional distillation
(g) Purifying rain water for drinking. Sedimentation, filtration and
chlorination
(h) Obtain drinking water from sea water. Evaporation
Q4. The following diagram shows a set-up of a simple distillation.

Identify the distillate collected in the receiver. How would you determine that the distillate
collected is a pure substance?

Ans. On boiling sea water the water boils and turns into gas and then condensed as the
distillate. A pure substance boils at a fixed temperature and the same can be noted on the
thermometer in the apparatus.

Q5. A mixture of pebbles, fine sand and salt was sieved. What passed through the sieve was
mixed with water and allowed to stand? A sediment formed. The clear liquid was poured off
and evaporated. The sediment was also dried. Use a flowchart to show the procedure and what
was collected.

Ans. Mixtures of pebbles, sand

& salt

Sieving Pebbles caught in sieve

 Stir into Water Sediment dried

Liquid evaporated Sand

Salt

Q6. A mixture of salt, water and chalk dust (insoluble) was filtered. The residue was dried. The
filtrate was divided into two parts. One part was evaporated, the other part was distilled.
Construct a flowchart and show what was collected at each step.

Ans.

Mixtures of salt, water

& chalk
Dried residue

Filtration Chalk

Filtrate Distillation

Evaporation Water

Salt
 TEST YOUR SKILLS

Q1. How will you separate two immiscible liquids?

Q2. You are given a saturated solution, how can you make it unsaturated solution?

Q3. If you have a dilute solution, how will you make it a concentrated solution?

Q4. Why is water called a universal solvent?

Q5. Give one example of gas in liquid solution.

Q6. Give two applications of centrifugation.

Q7. Why is air considered as a mixture and not compound?

Q8. How can you separate the following mixtures?

(a) ammonium chloride + sodium chloride

(b) copper sulphate + water

Q9. Give the difference between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension.

Q10. Draw a flow diagram to show the water purification system in water works.

Q11. Explain with an example:

(a) emulsion

(b) aerosol

(c) chromatography