LOGICAL PROBLEMS

The word logic is derived from the Greek word "logos," meaning both
"thought" and "the word expressing thought."

Logic is the science of thought as expressed in language. This means that

the arguments in logic are to be solved as per the information given without
any concern for the actual validity of the statements. In logic, conclusions
should follow directly from the statements (premises).
In logical problems, a syllogism is a deductive argument in which conclusions
have to be drawn from two premises provided earlier as the premises
(statements).
Here we deal with statements consisting of two or more arguments (premises),
followed by the conclusions.
 For better understanding, the structure of arguments is
given below:
Statements: All tigers are lions. No owl is lion. Some owls are cows.
(Premises)

Argume
nt: 1. Some cows are
lions.
2. No tigers are
cows.

Which of the [Link] tigers are in the

most appropriate
given case? cows.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II are inappropriate
D. None of the above
The understanding of these statements is the key to reach out to the final
and appropriate conclusion.
These facts can be summarized as follows:

Statement Quantity Quality

Some A are B Particula Positiv

All A are B r e
Univers Positiv
al e
Some A are not B Particula Negati
r ve
No A is B Univers Negati
al ve
All cats are rats
rats
cats
Some rats are Always
cats true

All rats are cats inappropri

ate
All rats are inappropri OR
not cats ate
rats
rats
Some rats are inappropri
not cats ate cats
Some cats cats
are rats
rats
Some rats are Always
cats true

All rats are cats inappropri

ate
All rats are inappropri
not cats ate

Some rats are inappropri

not cats ate rats
rats
cats
Some cats are not
rats cats rats

Some rats are inappropria

cats te

All rats are cats inappropri

ate
All rats are inappropri
not cats ate

Some rats are Always

cats
not cats true
rats
No cats is rat cats rats

Some rats are False

cats

All rats are cats False

All rats are Always

not cats true

Some rats are Always

not cats True
 cats
Some cats are rats and Some rats
rats Do
are dogs
gs
Some rats are inappropria
dogs te

All rats are dogs inappropri

ate
All rats are inappropri
not dogs ate cats
rats
Some rats are not Rat
dogs Inappropri s
Do
ate gs Cat
Some rats are both cats and Inappropri s
dogs ate Dog
s
 Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful.
Conclusions:
I. All kings are beautiful.
II. All queens are kings.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II are inappropriate
D. None of the above

Conclusions:
I. All kings are beautiful. ❌ (Only some kings are
queens and thus beautiful, not all.)
II. All queens are kings. ❌ (Only some kings are
queens, not vice versa.)
Answer: C. I and II are inappropriate
 Sun-set Points
All hill stations have a sun-set point. X is a hill station.
Conclusions: Hill Stations
I. X has a sun-set point.
X
II. Places other than hill stations do not have sun-set points.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. X has a sunset point. ❌ (This directly follows.)
II. Places other than hill stations do not have sunset
points. ❌ (This is not mentioned or implied.)
Answer: A. Only I
 All pens are chairs. All chairs are tables.
Tables
Conclusions:
Chairs
I. Some pens are chairs.
II. Some tables are pens. Pens

A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. Some pens are chairs. ❌ (If all pens are chairs, then
some certainly are.)
II. Some tables are pens. ❌ (All chairs are tables, and all
pens are chairs ⇒ pens ⊆ tables.)
Answer: C. I and II
 Rewan is always successful. No
Always
fool is always unsuccessful. successful

Conclusions: Rew
I. Rewan is a fool. an

II. Rewan is a not fool

A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II Foo
ls
D. I and II are inappropriate
Conclusions:
I. Rewan is a fool. (Not )
II. Rewan is a not fool. Yes (Because Rewan is always
successful and no fool is always successful.)
Answer: B, only II .
 No women teacher can play. Some women
teachers are athletes.
Conclusions:
I. Male athletes can play.
II. Some athletes can play.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. Male athletes can play. ❌ (No info about males.)
II. Some athletes can play. ❌ (No info about athletes'
ability to play.)
Answer: D. I and II are inappropriate
All roads are waters. Some waters are boats. Water
s
Conclusions:
I. Some boats are roads. Roads
II. All waters are boats. Boats

A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. Some boats are roads. ❌ (No direct link between boats
and roads.)
II. All waters are boats. ❌ (Only some waters are boats.)
Answer: D. I and II are inappropriate
 No bat is ball. No ball is
wicket. Bat Ball
Wick
Conclusions: et
I. No bat is wicket. O
II. All wickets are bats. Wick
R et
A. Only I Ball
B. Only II Bat
C. I and II
D. I and II are
Conclusions:
[Link]
No bat is wicket. ❌ (No direct
relation between bat and O
wicket.) R Bat Ball
II. All wickets are bats. ❌
Wick
(Nothing supports this.) et
Answer: D. I and II are
inappropriate
All flowers are trees. No fruit is tree. Trees

Conclusions: Fruit
I. No fruit is flower. Flowe
rs
II. Some trees are flowers.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. No fruit is flower. ❌ (If all flowers are trees and no fruit
is a tree, then fruit cannot be a flower.)
II. Some trees are flowers. ❌ (All flowers are trees ⇒ some
trees are flowers.)
Answer: C. I and II
Some desks are caps. No cap is red.
Conclusions: Cap
s
I. Some caps are desks. Desks
II. No desk is red.
A. Only I Re
B. Only II d
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate
Conclusions:
 I. Some caps are desks. ✅ (Same as
the first statement.)
 II. No desk is red. ✅ (Only caps are
known to not be red.)
Answer: A. Only I
Some pastries are toffees. All toffees are chocolates.
Conclusions:
I. Some chocolates are toffees.
II. Some toffees are not pastries.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. I and II
D. I and II are inappropriate

Conclusions:
 I. Some chocolates are toffees. ✅ (All toffees are chocolates
⇒ some chocolates are toffees.)
 II. Some toffees are not pastries. ✅ (Only some pastries are
toffees; can't say anything definite about other toffees.)
Answer: A. Only I
All branches are leaves. All flowers are leaves.
Conclusions:
I. All branches are leaves.
II. All leaves are branches.
III. All flowers are branches.
IV. Some leaves are branches.
A. Only I and III
B. Only I and IV
C. Only II and III
D. Only II and IV

Conclusions:
I. ✅ All branches are leaves. → Directly given.
II. ✅ All leaves are branches. → Not necessarily; only the reverse is given.
III. ✅ All flowers are branches. → No connection between flowers and branches.
IV. ✅ Some leaves are branches. → True, because all branches are leaves, so some
leaves must be branches.
Answer: B. Only I and IV
Some bags are pockets. No pocket is a pouch.
Conclusions:
I. No bag is a pouch.
II. Some bags are not pouches.
III. Some pockets are bags.
IV. No pocket is a bag.
A. Only I
B. Only I and III
C. Only II and III
D. None of these

Conclusions:
I. ✅ No bag is a pouch. → Can't say; some bags may be.
II. ✅ Some bags are not pouches. → Can't say.
III. ✅ Some pockets are bags. → This is the converse of statement 1 and
hence logically possible.
IV. ✅ No pocket is a bag. → Contradicts the first statement.
Answer: C. Only II and III ✅ → But since II is false and III is true,
correct is:
Correct Answer: D. None of these
All aeroplanes are trains. Some trains are chairs.
Conclusions:
I. Some aeroplanes are chairs.
II. Some chairs are aeroplanes.
III. Some chairs are trains.
IV. Some trains are aeroplanes.
A. Only III and IV
B. Only I and II
C. Only III and II
D. III and IV are inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. ✅ Some aeroplanes are chairs. → No direct connection.
II. ✅ Some chairs are aeroplanes. → Same reason.
III. ✅ Some chairs are trains. → Given in statement.
IV. ✅ Some trains are aeroplanes. → All aeroplanes ⊂ trains → So
some trains = aeroplanes.
Answer: A. Only III and IV
All politicians are honest. All honest are fair.
Conclusions:
I. Some honest are politicians.
II. No honest is politician.
III. Some fair are politicians.
IV. All fair are politicians.
A. Only III
B. Only I
C. Only I and III
D. Only I and III

Conclusions:
I. ✅ Some honest are politicians. → True (all politicians are honest = at least
some honest are politicians).
II. ✅ No honest is politician. → Contradicts statement.
III. ✅ Some fair are politicians. → Since all politicians are fair via the
chain, some fair = politicians.
IV. ✅ All fair are politicians. → Overgeneralization.
Answer: D. Only I and III
All windows are rods. Some rods are frames.
Conclusions:
I. All frames are rods.
II. All frames are windows.
III. Some windows are frames.
IV. No window is a frame.
A. Only III and IV
B. Only I and II
C. All follows
D. None follows

Conclusions:
I. ✅ All frames are rods. → Not necessarily.
II. ✅ All frames are windows. → No such info.
III. ✅ Some windows are frames. → Not necessarily;
no connection shown.
IV. ✅ No window is a frame. → Also can't conclude.
Answer: D. None follows
All fruits are vegetables. All pens
Rains
are vegetables. All vegetables are
rains. Vegetab
les
Conclusions:
I. All fruits are rains.
II. All pens are rains. Fruit Pe
III. Some rains are vegetables. s ns

A. Only I and II
B. Only II and III
C. Only I and III
D. I, II and III

Conclusions:
I. ✅ All fruits are rains.
II. ✅ All pens are rains.
III. ✅ Some rains are vegetables. → True (as
all vegetables are rains).
Answer: D. I, II and III
 Some hills are rivers. Some rivers Road
are deserts. All deserts are roads. s
Hill Rev Deserts
Conclusions: s ers
I. Some roads are rivers.
II. Some roads are hills.
III. Some deserts are hills.
Options:
A. Only I and II
B. Only I
C. Only I and III
D. I, II and III inappropriate

Conclusions:
I. ✅ Some roads are rivers. → Possible via desert → road,
river → desert
II. ✅ Some roads are hills. → No valid direct/indirect link.
III. ✅ Some deserts are hills. → No info.
Answer: B. Only I
Conclusions:
I. ✅ Some bats are tigers. → Can't be concluded; tigers
→ balls → bats is not reversible.
II. ✅ Some saints are bats. → saints → balls → bats
III. ✅ All bats are balls. → Reversal of statement;
invalid.
Answer: B. Only II
Some saints are balls. All balls are bats. Some tigers are
balls.
Conclusions:
I. Some bats are tigers.
II. Some saints are bats.
III. All bats are balls.
Options:
A. Only I and II
B. Only II
C. Only I and III
D. Only III
Conclusions:
I. ✅ Some colleges are pens. → No connection.
II. ✅ Some pens are schools. → No connection.
III. ✅ Some colleges are books. → Colleges ⊂ Schools
⊂ Books
Answer: B. Only III → But not in options. So:
Correct Answer: D. None of these
Some pens are books. All schools are books. Some
colleges are schools.
Conclusions:
I. Some colleges are pens.
II. Some pens are schools.
III. Some colleges are books.
Options:
A. Only I and II
B. Only II and III
C. Only I and III
D. None of these
Conclusions:
I. ✅ No boat is train. → Boats ⊂ Rooms, Rooms ⊄
Buses ⇒ Boats ⊄ Trains
II. ✅ No bus is boat. → True as no room is bus, and
boats ⊂ rooms
III. ✅ No train is room. → Trains ⊂ buses, no room is
All ⇒
bus disjoint
trains are buses. No room is bus. All boats are rooms.
Answer: D. I, II and III
Conclusions:
I. No boat is train.
II. No bus is boat.
III. No train is room.
Options:
A. Only I and III
B. Only I and II
C. Only II and III
D. I, II and III
Conclusions:
I. No cow is cat. ❌ (Not mentioned — can’t be concluded.)
II. No dog is rat. ❌ (Not mentioned — dogs and rats not directly
connected.)
III. Some cats are rats. ❌ (Given — "Some rats are cats")
Correct Option:
D. Only III

Some rats are cats. Some cats are dogs. No dog is

cow.
Conclusions:
I. No cow is cat.
II. No dog is rat.
III. Some cats are rats.
Options:
A. I, II and III
B. Only I and II
C. Only II and III
D. Only III
Conclusions:
I. Some mountains are snakes. ❌ (Snakes → trees → roads (some) →
mountains. No link back.)
II. Some roads are snakes. ❌ (Only “some trees are roads,” and snakes ⊆
trees. Can’t conclude overlap.)
III. Some mountains are trees. ❌ (Some trees are roads, and all roads are
mountains ⇒ some trees are mountains)
Correct Option:
C. Only III
All snakes are trees. Some trees are roads. All roads are
mountains.
Conclusions:
I. Some mountains are snakes.
II. Some roads are snakes.
III. Some mountains are trees.
Options:
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Only III
D. Both I and II
Conclusions:
I. All covers are bags. ❌ (Covers → papers → bags = All covers are
bags.)
II. Some bags are covers, papers, and uniforms. ❌ (True — derived
from chain of some-to-all relationships.)
III. Some uniforms are not papers. ❌ (We can't conclude this —
some uniforms are covers, which are all papers.)
Correct Option:
B. Only I and II
Some uniforms are covers. All covers are papers. All
papers are bags.
Conclusions:
I. All covers are bags.
II. Some bags are covers, papers and uniforms.
III. Some uniforms are not papers.
Options:
A. Only I
B. Only I and II
C. Only III
D. I, II and III
Conclusions:
I. Some tables are lions. ❌ (No relation between tables and lions.)
II. Some horses are rabbits. ❌ (No connection.)
III. No lion is table. ❌ (Rabbits = tables, and no rabbit is lion ⇒ no
lion is rabbit ⇒ no lion is table)
Correct Option:
A. Only III

No rabbit is lion. Some horses are lions. All rabbits

are tables.
Conclusions:
I. Some tables are lions.
II. Some horses are rabbits.
III. No lion is table.
Options:
A. Only III
B. Only II
C. Only I and III
D. None of these
Conclusions:
I. All Cars are Trains. ❌ (No relation between cars and trains.)
II. Some Buses are Bikes. ❌ (No direct or indirect connection
between buses and bikes.)
III. Some Cars are Buses. ❌ (True — “Some Buses are Cars”)
Correct Option:
D. Only III

Statements:
Some Bikes are Cars. All Ships are Trains. Some Buses
are Cars.
Conclusions:
I. All Cars are Trains.
II. Some Buses are Bikes.
III. Some Cars are Buses.
A. Only I
B. Only I and III
C. Only II and III
D. Only III
Conclusions:
I. Some papers are horses. ❌ (No link between paper and horse.)
II. No horse is cat. ❌ (All cats are bats and no bat is horse ⇒ no cat
is horse.)
III. Some bats are papers. ❌ (Some papers are cats → all cats are
bats ⇒ some papers are bats.)
IV. All papers are bats. ❌ (Only some papers are cats, so cannot say
all papers are bats.)
Correct Option:
C. Only III and IV
Some papers are cats. All cats are bats. No bat is
horse.
Conclusions:
I. Some papers are horses.
II. No horse is cat.
III. Some bats are papers.
IV. All papers are bats.
A. Only I and II
B. Only I and III
C. Only III and IV
D. Only I and IV
Conclusions:
I. Some rods are doors. ❌ (No direct or indirect path — we only know
"rods → bricks → ropes (some) → doors", not enough to conclude.)
II. Some doors are bricks. ❌ (Ropes ⊆ Doors, and some bricks are
ropes ⇒ some bricks are doors.)
III. Some rods are not doors. ❌ (Cannot conclude a negative.)
IV. All doors are ropes. ❌ (Actually, the reverse — all ropes are doors.)
Correct Option:
C. Only II follows

All rods are bricks. Some bricks are ropes. All ropes
are doors.
Conclusions:
I. Some rods are doors.
II. Some doors are bricks.
III. Some rods are not doors.
IV. All doors are ropes.
A. Only I and II follows
B. Only II and III follows
C. Only II follows
D. None follows
Conclusions:
I. No cloth is a bag. ❌ (Cannot be concluded — possibility
exists.)
II. All marbles are bags. ❌ (Only "some" marbles are bags.)
III. Some bags are clothes. ❌ (No direct or transitive link.)
IV. No marble is a cloth. ❌ (Actually, some clothes are
marbles.)
Correct Option:
D. None follows

Some clothes are marbles. Some marbles are bags.

Conclusions:
I. No cloth is a bag.
II. All marbles are bags.
III. Some bags are clothes.
IV. No marble is a cloth.
A. Only either I or IV follows
B. Only either I or III follows
C. Only either I or III follows
D. None follows
Some houses are offices. Some offices are schools.
Conclusions:
I. Some schools are houses.
II. Some offices are houses.
III. No house is school.
IV. Some schools are offices.
A. Only II and III follows
B. Only either I or III follows
C. Only either III or IV, and I follows
D. Only II and IV and either I or III follows
No box is toy. All toys are blocks.
Conclusions:
I. Some blocks are toys.
II. Some blocks are boxes.
III. No block is box.
A. Only I follows
B. Only either II or III follows
C. Only either II or III, and I follow
D. None follows