ARITHMETIC
CHAPTER 1: CLOCKS AND CALENDARS
Clocks
Key Concepts and Terms
1. Hands of a Clock
- Hour Hand: Small hand, completes one rotation in 12 hours.
- Minute Hand: Long hand, completes one rotation in 1 hour.
- Second Hand: Thin and fast-moving, completes one rotation in 1 minute.
2. Minute Space
- The clock face is divided into 60 equal divisions.
1 minute space = 6°.
Total circumference = 360°.
3. Relative Speeds
- Minute Hand: Covers 6° per minute.
- Hour Hand: Covers 0.5° per minute.
- Relative Speed: (6 - 0.5) = 5.5° per minute.
4. Key Scenarios
1. Overlap: When both hands coincide. This happens once every hour.
Time of overlap can be calculated using:
T = (60H)/11, where H is the hour.
2. Right Angle: Hands are at a 90° angle. This happens twice every hour.
3. Straight Line (180°): Hands are opposite to each other. This happens once every hour.
Formulas
1. Angle Between the Hands:
Angle = |(30 × H) - (11/2)M|
Where H = hours, M = minutes.
2. Finding Time When Angle is Known:
Time = (2/11) × (Angle Difference)
3. Mirror Image of a Time:
Subtract the given time from 12:00.
Examples
Example 1: Find the time when the hands of a clock form a 90° angle between 3 and 4 o'clock.
Solution:
Angle = 90°, H = 3.
90 = |(30 × 3) - (11/2)M|
90 = |90 - (11/2)M|
Solving, M = 15 or M = 45.
Time = 3:15 and 3:45.
Example 2: What is the mirror image of 5:25?
Solution:
12:00 - 5:25 = 6:35.
Mirror image = 6:35.
Tips and Tricks
1. For overlap or opposite hands, divide 60 minutes proportionally between the speeds of the
hands.
2. Memorize key values:
- Right angles occur at 15 and 45 minutes past each hour.
- Opposite positions occur at 30 minutes past.
Calendars
Key Concepts
1. Ordinary Year and Leap Year
- Ordinary Year: 365 days (52 weeks + 1 day).
- Leap Year: 366 days (52 weeks + 2 days).
Leap Year Rules:
1. Divisible by 4 but not 100 (e.g., 2004).
2. Divisible by 400 (e.g., 2000).
2. Odd Days
- Days left after complete weeks.
- Used to determine the day of the week for any date.
Odd Days in a Year:
- Ordinary Year = 1 odd day.
- Leap Year = 2 odd days.
3. Month-wise Odd Days
Formulas
1. Day of the Week for a Given Date:
Day = (Base Day + Odd Days) mod 7
Where Base Day is the known weekday for a reference date.
The term "mod" stands for modulo operation, which is a mathematical operation that finds the
remainder when one number is divided by another. In this context, "mod 7" means finding the
remainder when the total number of odd days is divided by 7.
In problems involving calendars, mod 7 is used because there are 7 days in a week. This helps to
determine the day of the week based on the remainder:
• Remainder 0 → Sunday
• Remainder 1 → Monday
• Remainder 2 → Tuesday
• Remainder 3 → Wednesday
• Remainder 4 → Thursday
• Remainder 5 → Friday
• Remainder 6 → Saturday
2. Odd Days for a Date:
Add:
- Days from full centuries.
- Years passed in the current century.
- Days passed in the current year.
Examples
Example 1: Find the day of the week on 15th August 1947.
Solution:
Count Odd Days:
- 1600 years: 0 odd days.
- 300 years: 1 odd day.
- 47 years: (11 leap + 36 ordinary) = 11×2 + 36×1 = 58.
Total = 1 + 58 = 59 mod 7 = 3.
Month + Day (January to August 15):
Jan (3) + Feb (1) + March (3) + ... + Aug (15) = 3.
Total odd days = 3 + 3 = 6.
Day = Friday.